</a></span>"}'/> Krasnodar is the capital of Krasnodar Krai in southern Russia, with a popolulation in 2018 of just under 900,000. Its main industries are based on agriculture and food.
In the 18th century Russia expanded south under Catherine the Great, driving out Ottoman Turkey from control of the areas north of the Black Sea. The city that grew up here was called Yekaterinodar , Catherine's Gift, and became a diverse, entrepreneurial, attractive settlement. It was fought over in the Russian civil war, and since the Bolsheviks won, they got to rename it "Krasnodar", gift of the Reds. In 1942 / 43 it was occupied by the Nazis, with much destruction and death. However many of the old town buildings have been restored, though no-one could mistake the city's landmark hyperboloid tower for tsarist architecture.
From the airport, trolleybus 7 (1 hour) and minibuses 53 and 15 (40 minutes) operate service to main train station. Buses 1 and 1A operate service to the city centre. A taxi from the airport to the city centre should cost RUB500.
Several trains per day operate between Krasnodar and the Black Sea port city of Novorossiysk (RUB650, 3 hours), Rostov-on-Don (RUB600, 3-4 hours), and Volgograd (RUB900, 14-16 hours).
Buses operate approximately every 3 hours between Krasnodar and the Black Sea port city of Novorossiysk (RUB350, 3.5 hours). Buses operate hourly to the Russian resort town of Anapa (RUB350, 3.5 hours). There are 6 buses per day to/from Rostov-on-Don (RUB400, 4-6 hours). There is also a daily bus to Sochi (6 hours).
Krasnodar has a dense network of trams, trolleybuses, city buses, taxis, the boat across the Kuban river and marshrutkas. Public transport fees are generally approximately RUB30.
Krasnaya (Red) Street is the main street of the city. Part of the street is closed to vehicles during evenings, when it becomes the center of nightlife.
Theater Square has largest splash fountain in Europe .
Most are on Krasnaya Street
Around 20 entertainment complexes are open 24 hours/day. These complexes usually include bowling alleys, shopping centers, video arcades, casinos, and restaurants.
Cultural tourism is big business. Some people seek to embark on their travels with the sole intention of having a ‘cultural’ experience, whereas others may experience culture as a byproduct of their trip. We can argue that there is some form of cultural tourism in most holidays (even when taking an all-inclusive holiday you might try to local beer, for example).
But what do we mean by the term ‘cultural tourism’? What’s it all about? In this post I will explain what is meant by the term cultural tourism, providing a range of academic definitions. I will also explain what the different types of cultural tourists are, give examples of cultural tourism activities and discuss the impacts of cultural tourism. Lastly, I will provide a brief summary of some popular cultural tourism destinations.
Cultural tourism is the act of travellers visiting particular destinations in order to experience and learn about a particular culture . This can include many activities such as; attending events and festivals, visiting museums and tasting the local food and drinks.
Cultural tourism can also be an unintentional part of the tourism experience, whereby cultural immersion (with the local people, their language, customs, cuisine etc) is an inevitable part of a person’s holiday.
It has been suggested that tourism is the ideal arena in which to investigate the nature of cultural production (MacCannell, 1976). Tourism provides endless opportunities to learn about the way other people live, about their society and their traditions. Whether you are attending the Running of the Bulls Festival in Pamplona , visiting the pyramids in ancient Egypt , taking a tour of the tea plantations in China or enjoying the locally brewed Ouzo on your all-inclusive holiday to Greece, you will inevitably encounter some form of cultural tourism as part of your holiday experience.
The World Tourism Organisation (WTO) (1985) broadly define cultural tourism as the movements of persons who satisfy the human need for diversity, tending to raise the cultural level of the individual and giving rise to new knowledge, experience and encounters. Cultural tourism is commonly associated with education in this way, some describing it more narrowly as educational cultural tourism (e.g. Bualis and Costa, 2006; Harner and Swarbrooke, 2007; Richards, 2005).
Although a common, more specific definition has not been agreed amongst academics due to the complexity and subjectivity of the term, there do appear to be two distinct viewpoints. The first focusses upon the consumption of cultural products such as sites or monuments (Bonink, 1992; Munsters, 1994), and the second comprises all aspects of travel, where travellers learn about the history and heritage of others or about their contemporary ways of life or thought (MacIntosh and Goeldner, 1986).
Csapo (2012) pertains that the umbrella term of cultural tourism can encompass a number of tourism forms including heritage (material e.g. historic buildings and non-material e.g. literature, arts), cultural thematic routes (e.g. spiritual, gastronomic, linguistic), cultural city tourism, traditions/ethnic tourism, events and festivals, religious tourism and creative culture (e.g. performing arts, crafts).
In attempt to understand the scope of cultural tourism academics have developed a number of typologies, usually based upon the tourist’s level of motivation.
Bywater (1993) differentiated tourists according to whether they were culturally interested, motivated or inspired.
Culturally interested tourists demonstrate a general interest in culture and consume cultural attractions casually as part of a holiday rather than consciously planning to do so.
Culturally motivated tourists consume culture as a major part of their trip, but do not choose their destination on the basis of specific cultural experiences, whereas for culturally inspired tourists culture is the main goal of their holiday.
A more complex typology was proposed by McKercher and Du Cros (2002), who defined tourists based upon the depth of the cultural experience sought, distinguishing them in to one of five hierarchical categories.
The first is the purposeful cultural tourist for whom cultural tourism is their primary motive for travel. These tourists have a very deep cultural experience.
The second category is the sightseeing cultural tourist for whom cultural tourism is a primary reason for visiting a destination, but the experience is more shallow in nature.
The serendipitous cultural tourist does not travel for cultural reasons, but who, after participating, ends up having a deep cultural tourism experience, whilst the casual cultural tourist is weakly motivated by culture and subsequently has a shallow experience.
Lastly, the incidental cultural tourist is one who does not travel for cultural tourism reasons but nonetheless participates in some activities and has shallow experiences.
Adapting this theory, Petroman et al (2013) segments tourists based upon their preferred cultural activities.
The purposeful cultural tourist, described as according to Mckercher and Du Cros (2002), enjoys learning experiences that challenge them intellectually and visits history museums, art galleries, temples and heritage sites that are less known.
The tour-amateur cultural tourist is akin with the sightseeing cultural tourist above and they often travel long distances, visit remote areas, enjoy tours and wandering through the streets.
The occasional cultural tourist plays a moderate role in the decision of travelling and enjoys an insignificant cultural experience, their preferred activities being to visit attractions and temples that are easy to reach and to explore, although not to the extent that the tour-amateur cultural tourist does.
The incidental cultural tourist plays a small or no role in the decision to travel and enjoys an insignificant cultural experience, whilst visiting attractions that area within easy reach and heritage theme parks.
The last segment is the accidental cultural tourist, who plays a small or no role in the decision to travel but enjoys a deep cultural experience. This tourist type is diverse and as such has no preferred activities attributed to it.
Cultural tourism is important for many reasons. Perhaps the most prominent reason is the social impact that it brings.
Cultural tourism can help reinforce identities, enhance cross cultural understanding and preserve the heritage and culture of an area. I have discussed these advantages at length in my post The Social Impacts of Tourism , so you may want to head over there for more detail.
Cultural tourism can also have positive economic impacts . Tourists who visit an area to learn more about a culture or who visit cultural tourism attraction, such as museums or shows, during their trip help to contribute to the economy of the area. Attractions must be staffed, bringing with it employment prospects and tertiary businesses can also benefit, such as restaurants, taxi firms and hotels.
Furthermore, for those seeking a deep cultural experience, options such as homestays can have positive economic benefits to the members of the community who host the tourists.
Personally, I think that one of the most important benefits of cultural tourism is the educational aspect. Tourists and hosts alike can learn more about different ways of life. This can help to broaden one’s mind, it can help one to think differently and to be more objective. These are qualities that can have many positive effects on a person and which can contribute to making them more employable in the future.
Whether a tourist is seeking a deep cultural experience or otherwise, there are a wide range of activities that can be classified as cultural tourism. Here are a few examples:
There are a range of impacts resulting from cultural tourism activities, both good and bad. Here are some of the most common examples:
Revitalisation of culture and art.
Some destinations will encourage local cultures and arts to be revitalised. This may be in the form of museum exhibitions, in the way that restaurants and shops are decorated and in the entertainment on offer, for example.
This may help promote traditions that may have become distant.
Many tourists will visit the destination especially to see its local heritage. It is for this reason that many destinations will make every effort to preserve its heritage.
This could include putting restrictions in place or limiting tourist numbers, if necessary. This is often an example of careful tourism planning and sustainable tourism management.
This text by Hyung You Park explains the principles of heritage tourism in more detail.
Social change.
Social change is basically referring to changes in the way that society acts or behaves. Unfortunately, there are many changes that come about as a result of tourism that are not desirable.
There are many examples throughout the world where local populations have changed because of tourism. Perhaps they have changed the way that they speak or the way that they dress. Perhaps they have been introduced to alcohol through the tourism industry or they have become resentful of rich tourists and turned to crime. These are just a few examples of the negative social impacts of tourism.
Globalisation and the destruction of preservation and heritage.
Globalisation is the way in which the world is becoming increasingly connected. We are losing our individuality and gaining a sense of ‘global being’, whereby we more and more alike than ever before.
Globalisation is inevitable in the tourism industry because of the interaction between tourists and hosts, which typically come from different geographic and cultural backgrounds. It is this interaction that encourage us to become more alike.
Similarly, destinations risk standardisation in the process of satisfying tourists’ desires for familiar facilities and experiences.
While landscape, accommodation, food and drinks, etc., must meet the tourists’ desire for the new and unfamiliar, they must at the same time not be too new or strange because few tourists are actually looking for completely new things (think again about the toilet example I have previously).
Tourists often look for recognisable facilities in an unfamiliar environment, like well-known fast-food restaurants and hotel chains. Tourist like some things to be standardised (the toilet, their breakfast, their drinks, the language spoken etc), but others to be different (dinner options, music, weather, tourist attractions etc).
Along similar lines to globalisation is the loss of authenticity that often results from tourism.
Authenticity is essentially something that is original or unchanged. It is not fake or reproduced in any way.
The Western world believe that a tourist destination is no longer authentic when their cultural values and traditions change. But I would argue is this not natural? Is culture suppose to stay the same or it suppose to evolve throughout each generation?
Take a look at the likes of the long neck tribe in Thailand or the Maasai Tribe in Africa. These are two examples of cultures which have remained ‘unchanged’ for the sole purpose of tourism. They appear not to have changed the way that they dress, they way that they speak or the way that they act in generations, all for the purpose of tourism.
You can learn more about what is authenticity in tourism here or see some examples of staged authenticity in this post.
Because tourism involves movement of people to different geographical locations cultural clashes can take place as a result of differences in cultures, ethnic and religious groups, values, lifestyles, languages and levels of prosperity.
The attitude of local residents towards tourism development may unfold through the stages of euphoria, where visitors are very welcome, through apathy, irritation and potentially antagonism when anti-tourist attitudes begin to grow among local people. This is represented in Doxey’s Irritation Index, as shown below.
Culture clashes can also be exasperated by the fundamental differences in culture between the hosts and the tourists.
There is likely to be economic inequality between locals and tourists who are spending more than they usually do at home. This can cause resentment from the hosts towards the tourists, particularly when they see them wearing expensive jewellery or using plush cameras etc that they know they can’t afford themselves.
Further to this, tourists often, out of ignorance or carelessness, fail to respect local customs and moral values.
There are many examples of ways that tourists offend the local population , often unintentionally. Did you know that you should never put your back to a Buddha? Or show the sole of your feet to a Thai person? Or show romantic affection in public in the Middle East?
Whilst many would argue that cultural tourism is ingrained to some extent in travel to any country, there are some particular destinations that are well-known for their ability to provide tourists with a cultural experience.
It is impossible not to visit India and experience the culture. Even if you are staying in a 5 star Western all-inclusive hotel in Goa, you will still test Indian curries, be spoken to by Indian workers and see life outside of the hotel on your transfer to and from the airport.
For most people who travel to India, however, cultural tourism is far more than peeking outside of the enclave tourism bubble of their all-inclusive hotel.
Thousands of international tourists visit the Taj Mahal each year. Many more people visit the various Hindu and Buddhist temples scattered throughout the country as well as the various Mosques. Some visit the famous Varanassi to learn about reincarnation.
Most tourists who visit India will try the local dal, eat the fresh mutton and taste chai.
All of these activities are popular cultural tourism activities.
Thailand is another destination that offers great cultural tourism potential. From the Buddhist temples and monuments and the yoga retreats to homestays and village tours, there are ample cultural tourism opportunities in Thailand .
Israel is popular with religious tourists and those who are taking a religious pilgrimage, as well as leisure tourists. I visited Israel and loved travelling around to see the various sights, from Bethlehem to Jerusalem . I’m not religious in any way, but I loved learning about the history, traditions and cultures.
New York is a city that is bustling with culture. It is world famous for its museums and you can learn about anything from World War Two to the Twin Towers here.
Many would argue that shopping is ingrained in the culture of those who live in New York and many tourists will take advantage of the wide selection of products on offer and bargains to be had on their travels to New York.
You can also treat yourself to watching a traditional West End show, trying some of the famous New York Cheesecake and enjoying a cocktail in Times Square!
Dubai might not be the first destination that comes to mind when you think of cultural tourism, but it does, in fact, have a great offering.
What I find particular intriguing about Dubai is the mix of old and new. One minute you can be exploring the glitz and glamour of the many high-end shopping malls and skyscrapers and the next you can be walking through a traditional Arabian souk.
As you can see, there is big business in cultural tourism. With a wide range of types of cultural tourists and types of cultural tourism experiences, this is a tourism sector that has remarkable potential. However, as always, it is imperative to ensure that sustainable tourism practices are utilised to mitigate any negative impacts of cultural tourism.
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Want to learn more about cultural tourism? See my recommended reading list below.
Mike Krings
LAWRENCE — If you knew one of the great wonders of the world would disappear soon, you might be inclined to visit while you still can. That kind of “last chance tourism” is real, as people around the world rush to visit natural landmarks before such sites succumb to the effects of climate change. A new study from the University of Kansas documents “eco-necrotourism,” ecological grief and what public land managers can do in the face of people rushing to see Earth’s wonders before they disappear.
It's no secret people form deep emotional bonds to lands and places that are important to them and their loved ones. But little has been done to explore the psychological effects of people losing natural wonders. Robin Kundis Craig, Robert A. Schroeder Distinguished Professor of Law at KU, and Katrina Fischer Kuh of Pace University both specialize in environmental law and climate change’s effects on policy. During a conversation, they realized they have visited sites they wanted to see before they disappeared.
“This seems to be a real phenomenon. Visits are driven by tourists who want to see things before they are gone,” Craig said. “But no one was taking into account the psychological aspect of what is happening.”
The researchers have written a study examining literature from the tourism industry, psychology, public policy and law regarding visits driven by a desire to see natural wonders before they no longer exist. Their article, published in the Florida State University Law Review, coined the term “eco-necrotourism,” or tourism as a form of mourning.
Tourism literature has thoroughly documented last chance tourism. Real book titles such as “Last Chance Tourism,” “500 Places to See Before They Disappear” and “100 Places to Go Before They Disappear” all encourage travelers to catch fading natural wonders. And science has backed up that many natural wonders are indeed disappearing. Glacier National Park, for example, has documented the dwindling size of its namesake glaciers for decades, while Everglades National Park in Florida has documented how rising sea levels and agricultural practices have led to saltwater encroaching on the freshwater habitats of unique flora and fauna.
Craig and Kuh outline how visits in such sites have largely increased as people clamor to see them while they can. They also explore the ethics of last chance tourism, including questions of whether increased visitors exacerbate the dwindling of certain natural wonders and how some public land managers have responded to the phenomenon so far. They note that in some cases, such as Glacier National Park, increased visitors are not necessarily speeding the glaciers’ melting, but in places such as the Great Barrier Reef, inexperienced divers and other visitors can and have contributed to damaging the ecosystem.
Whether visitors are hastening a site’s decline, those motivated to see such disappearing wonders do in fact experience forms of grief. The authors cite examples such as people holding funerals for glaciers that have disappeared in locations such as Iceland just like they would for a deceased family member. They also cite psychological research documenting that people experience grief when they lose lands or natural features that are meaningful to them. Such ecological grief is only beginning to be acknowledged, but has and will continue to drive eco-necrotourism, the authors wrote, and as such dictates that public land managers would be well served to consider it in their management plans.
In the paper’s third section, the authors examine how public land managers can consider eco-necrotourism and ecological grief as part of their policy and management plans.
“How do we think governance of these places might have to change to accommodate visitors who are there for psychological reasons? That is a question we need to consider,” Craig said. “People do feel real grief when environments they are attached to start to see harm. This is a fairly new area of study, but there is a lot of evidence of it coming from many different places. Indigenous peoples have for decades, and wheat farmers in Australia, for example, have experienced grief over loss of beloved environments.”
The authors also document how residents and tourists alike have expressed grief over such ecological losses. With that grief and the resulting simultaneous increased visits and degradation in mind, the authors examine a typology of public land management. Fundamental questions of management in such settings should be addressed, including considering visitor psychology in adaptation planning and if that requires changes to how people are allowed to experience parks or whether visitor numbers need to be capped.
Some sites will eventually have a last visitor. Managers need to consider that possibility and ask who will be given precedence to be the last to see a natural wonder. Whether that priority is given to children, Indigenous populations, families, scientists, documentarians seeking to preserve memory for future generations or others is a question managers should contemplate. Finally, managers can also make equitable decisions about how disappearing sites are managed by giving Indigenous populations who have centuries of experience with the land a larger seat at the table to decide how the sites are managed.
“We’re not prescribing anything, because anything we did would be inappropriate for probably at least 70% of parks. Plus, there is the challenge of shifting memory. New generations are not going to view and remember the same things about sites as previous generations,” Craig said. “But, we need to start considering these questions and anticipating how visits are changing.”
As climate change’s effects continue to develop around the world, nature parks can provide valuable case studies on legal, governmental and policy responses to those changes, the authors wrote. Such parks have the advantage of generally being governed by central government organizations. By acknowledging psychological effects of environmental loss and ecological grief, they can provide examples of how to plan for and adapt to the psychological influence of climate degradation and peoples’ desires to experience natural wonders, while also mourning their changing nature.
KU News Service
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Human-made attractions. The Colosseum in Rome, Italy, is considered one of the most popular tourist attractions in the world. The Great Wall of China, a popular tourist attraction. The Taj Mahal in Agra, India, a popular tourist attraction. More than 7-8 million visit the Taj Mahal each year. [citation needed]
TOURIST ATTRACTION definition: a place that people visit for pleasure and interest, usually while they are on holiday: . Learn more.
Definition and Characteristics of a Tourist Destination. A tourist destination can be described as a place that attracts tourists and visitors due to its unique features, attractions, and offerings. It is a location that people intentionally travel to, seeking experiences, relaxation, adventure, or cultural enrichment.
tourism, the act and process of spending time away from home in pursuit of recreation, relaxation, and pleasure, while making use of the commercial provision of services.As such, tourism is a product of modern social arrangements, beginning in western Europe in the 17th century, although it has antecedents in Classical antiquity.. Tourism is distinguished from exploration in that tourists ...
Towns and cities. Examples of tourist cities: Paris, Rome, London, New York, Sydney, Shanghai, Cape Town, Rio de Janeiro. Towns and cities are popular types of tourist destinations. One of the reasons for this popularity is accessibility. Typically, large towns and cities are well connected.
The meaning of TOURIST ATTRACTIONS is things tourists usually like to see or do. How to use tourist attractions in a sentence.
Tour operators play an important role in the travel and tourism industry. Tourist Destinations. A tourist attraction is a place of interest for tourists, typically for its inherent or exhibited cultural value, historical significance, nature or building beauty or amusement opportunities. These are the basic fundamentals of the tourism industry.
Attractions are a core component of tourism. They are often called "tourist attractions" because they tend to attract tourists. Attractions are the places, people, events, and things that make up the objects of the tourist gaze and attract tourists to destinations. Common examples include natural and cultural sites, historical places, monuments, zoos and game reserves, aquaria, museums and ...
[17] [18] In 1976, the Tourism Society of England's definition was: "Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to destinations outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes."
TOURIST ATTRACTION meaning: a place that people visit for pleasure and interest, usually while they are on holiday: . Learn more.
Tourism industries (also referred to as tourism activities) are the activities that typically producetourism characteristic products. The term tourism industries is equivalent to tourism characteristic activities and the two terms are sometimes used synonymously in the IRTS 2008, 5.10, 5.11 and figure 5.1.
A national park is an area that is protected due to its cultural heritage, varied wildlife and/or beautiful countryside. National parks are popular types of tourist attractions. There are clear boundaries showing where the park begins and ends. ,And laws exists to protect the nature and wildlife so that it can all be enjoyed by current and future generations.
What is tourism? If we want to understand what a tourist is, first we need to fully comprehend the concept of tourism. As I explain in my article discussing the definitions of tourism, tourism is a term that has no universally accepted definition.Tourism is the generic term used to cover both demand and supply that has been adopted in a variety of forms and used throughout the world.
It defines tourism as follows: Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or business/professional purposes. These people are called visitors (which may be either tourists or excursionists; residents or non-residents) and tourism ...
We could also define the different tourism types based on the travelers' motivations, goals, and needs. These can be broken down into 8 main types of tourism: ... Fashion tourism is a subset of shopping tourism and among the top tourist destinations for it are cities like Milan, New York, Paris, London, and more. Cultural tourism.
Abstract. The Changing Meaning of Travel, Tourism and Tourist Definitions Tourism is a highly complex phenomenon and can be fully understood only by adopting a multidisciplinary approach (Candela ...
TOURIST definition: 1. someone who visits a place for pleasure and interest, usually while on holiday: 2. a member of…. Learn more.
Krasnodar Krai is the warmest region of Russia. The climate is mostly temperate continental, on the Black Sea coast from Anapa to Tuapse - semi-arid Mediterranean climate, south of Tuapse - humid subtropical. Winters are mild and summers are hot. The average temperature in January in the plains is minus 3-5 degrees Celsius, on the Black Sea ...
tourist: [noun] one that makes a tour for pleasure or culture.
Krasnodar has many restaurants, pubs, eateries, sushi bars, hookah bars, pizzerias, coffee/tea houses and fast food places. The predominant Krasnodar cuisine is a mix of south Russian, Georgian, Armenian and Greek flavors with emphasis on fresh local grown produce minimally spiced and mostly flavored by parsley, dill and cilantro.
Cultural tourism is the act of travellers visiting particular destinations in order to experience and learn about a particular culture. This can include many activities such as; attending events and festivals, visiting museums and tasting the local food and drinks. Cultural tourism can also be an unintentional part of the tourism experience ...
Krasnodar is the largest city and capital of Krasnodar Krai by population and the second-largest by area. It is the 17th-largest city in Russia as of 2010 and the 13th-largest city in Russia as of 2021. It is located on the right bank of the Kuban River. It is 1300 km south of the Russian capital, Moscow. The Black Sea lies 120 km to the west.
Tourism literature has thoroughly documented last chance tourism. Real book titles such as "Last Chance Tourism," "500 Places to See Before They Disappear" and "100 Places to Go Before They Disappear" all encourage travelers to catch fading natural wonders. And science has backed up that many natural wonders are indeed disappearing.
Krasnodar Krai is located in the southwestern part of the North Caucasus and borders Rostov Oblast in the northeast, Stavropol Krai and Karachay-Cherkessia in the east, and with the Abkhazia region (internationally recognized as part of Georgia) in the south. [14] The Republic of Adygea is completely encircled by the krai territory. The krai's Taman Peninsula is situated between the Sea of ...