travel geese

How do geese know how to fly south for the winter?

Professor of Biology, Clarkson University

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How do geese know how to fly south for the winter? – Oscar V., age 9, Huntington, New York

To be ready to migrate in the fall, geese start preparing in midsummer. Babies born in the spring are mostly grown up by then. Adult geese grow a new set of plumage after shedding their old feathers – a process called molting .

They need flight and body feathers to be in good condition for the long flight ahead, and to insulate their bodies from the winter cold. For a few weeks during this process, geese can’t fly at all, and they stay out on the water to avoid predators.

Geese have a clock in their brain that measures how much sunlight there is each day . The days grow shorter during the late summer and early fall, and that’s how geese know it’s time to get ready for the journey south. Families join together in larger flocks. Geese gorge on grains and grasses to fatten up in preparation for their journey.

When it’s time to go

There are two different types of bird migration. For most bird species that migrate from temperate climates to the tropics in winter, migration is instinctual . These birds, such as swallows, orioles and warblers, leave their northern breeding place before weather turns harsh and food becomes scarce.

Most migrate at night, individually rather than in flocks, and they know where to go and how to get there without guidance from parents or other birds. They migrate continuously, except for short stopovers to fuel up on insects, fruit, or seeds before continuing on their way.

Canada geese and other migratory geese species are different. They usually remain in their summer range until the weather is cold, water starts to freeze, and food gets hard to come by. Once conditions become so tough that they can’t find enough to eat, geese migrate.

Maybe you’ve observed flock members signaling they’re ready to go: They honk loudly and point their bills toward the sky . Single families of geese, or flocks of several families together, take off and head south. Flocks join with other flocks. Geese fly by day or night, depending on factors like weather conditions or brightness of the moon.

Geese navigate based on experience , using landmarks including rivers, coastlines and mountain ranges. They may also use celestial cues such as the sun and stars. Geese have a physical compass in their head that allows them to tell north and south by detecting the Earth’s magnetic field .

Young geese learn the migration route and landmarks by following their parents and other experienced geese. People who have raised and socially bonded with geese have even taught the birds new migration routes by leading them in an ultralight aircraft – as in the movie “ Fly Away Home .”

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On their way

Geese are heavy birds, and they fly fast – over 30 miles per hour – using powerful wing beats, rather than gliding like eagles or vultures. All this flapping for a heavy bird takes a lot of energy . Geese work very hard during migration flights. To reduce the effort, geese fly at night when the air is calmer, or in the day when there’s a helpful tailwind ; they avoid flying into a headwind that would blow them backward.

In addition, they have another energy-saving trick. To reduce drag and to receive a little extra lift, geese fly close behind and about one wing length to the side of the one immediately in front. When all flock members do this, the familiar V shape appears.

This form of drafting, also called vortex surfing , saves a lot of energy. Following another bird at the right distance blocks any headwind. The flapping of the bird ahead creates a forward movement of air called a slipstream, which helps pull the trailing bird forward. And little pockets of spinning air, called vortices, produce lift that helps keep a trailing bird aloft. The same physics explains why fighter jets fly in V formation to conserve fuel.

The bird at the point of the V, in the front of the flock, gets no advantage from drafting. It is working much harder than the others. When it gets too tired, it drops back and another takes the lead. Recently, ornithologists have discovered that when families migrate together as a flock, the parents take turns at the tip of the V . The younger geese, which are not as strong, line up along the V behind the lead parent.

Most geese that breed in a particular region will migrate along similar routes, called flyways . For example, geese that pass by my house in Northern New York follow the Atlantic flyway. They’ll end up on the Atlantic Coast and migrate south following the shoreline.

Rather than migrate nonstop to their wintering grounds, many geese travel in stages, pausing at traditional stopover sites to rest and regain lost fat. Geese from the most northern populations travel to the farthest south . More southerly breeding populations don’t migrate as far. This is called leapfrog migration, since the northern geese literally fly over the more southern birds. Why this happens is a bit of a mystery , but it’s possible the northern breeders continue further south to avoid competing for food with southern geese that have already found good wintering conditions closer to their summer homes.

Because geese learn migratory routes, they can flexibly adjust where they go as conditions change . Goose migration stopover sites and wintering grounds have shifted, for example, because of changes in farming practices, availability of lawns and golf courses, and other changes in land use. Migratory geese are now adjusting when and where they migrate as a consequence of global climate change . And some groups of Canada geese have decided to just stay put and skip the migration altogether .

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Facts About the Geese Migration You Didn’t Expect To Learn Today

Jim Addison

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Geese tend to migrate from one place to another in order to have access to better resources, therefore, following the seasons.

Whilst this has been the tradition of geese for thousands of years, the recent onset of global warnings plus more water and food resources in Northern America throughout the year, means that more and more geese are becoming resident in US states further north.

Do Canada Geese Migrate?

Migratory behavior is exhibited by many species of animals, including Canada geese. These geese migrate south in winter and north in summer, following the patterns of the changing seasons.

Some people may be surprised to learn that these birds can travel such a great distance , but their migration is a very efficient way to take advantage of the available food sources.

Following the seasons, the geese can find the best areas for feeding and nesting . Migration is a fascinating phenomenon and Canada geese are just one of the many birds that engage in this behavior.

Bird migration is a survival strategy that has evolved in response to environmental changes. It is instinctual for many bird species to migrate from temperate climates to the tropics during winter.

Birds and other animals that migrate can take advantage of seasonal resources, such as food availability and temperature.

Migration can be triggered by several environmental cues, including changes in day length or temperature. For many birds, migration is a vital part of their life cycle and helps them survive and thrive.

Migrating Canada geese head south in flocks and can cover a great distance in a relatively short time. The migration of this bird species is timed to take advantage of seasonal resources, such as food availability and temperature.

Where Do Canada Geese Fly in the Winter?

Many Canada geese fly south to avoid the cold weather in Canada during the winter. They can be found in many different states in the US, including Texas , Florida , and California.

Some geese may stay in the northern states if the weather is mild, but most will eventually migrate to warmer climates.

What Are Resident Canada Geese?

There are Canadian Geese that live in the Lower 48 all year. They are called resident Canada geese. They don’t move around a lot unless it’s cold, and they can’t find food or open water.

These North American birds can be found along the Pacific coast, the Great Lakes, North Dakota and southwestern British Columbia.

Besides the milder climate, urban and suburban areas provide many geese and birds with a steady supply of food and offer a safe haven against hunters and natural predators.

Some bird enthusiasts consider resident Canadian geese to be a nuisance. Large flocks of nuisance geese often congregate in urban areas where they are not welcome, such as golf courses and parks.

This situation has created co-habitation problems between humans and geese .

Most geese can be aggressive and territorial. A male and female goose will protect their nest site, eggs and goslings from anything and anyone. Not to mention, they leave their droppings everywhere.

Although the Migratory Bird Treaty Act protects them, some states allow limited hunting of resident Canadian geese outside the traditional hunting season.

How Can You Tell Migrating Geese From Resident Ones?

One way to tell the difference between migratory and resident Canadian geese is by their behavior. Migratory Canada geese typically fly south in the fall and return to Canada in the spring to nest.

Resident Canadian geese , on the other hand, stay in the same area all year long. But apart from their behavior, it’s difficult to tell them apart.

There is no obvious physical difference between a migrating Canada goose and a resident Canada goose.

Do Black Brent Geese Migrate?

Brent geese migrate in family groups. They spend winters on the west coast of North America, from southern Alaska to California. Some brent geese also spend winters in Europe, particularly in Ireland.

The migration of brent geese is still not fully understood, but it is thought that they may use the Earth’s magnetic field to guide them on their journey.

Do Snow Geese Migrate?

Snow geese migrate along the snow line in order to continue to eat along their migration route. Their diet is mostly plant-based, including seeds, roots, leaves, grasses, and berries.

By following the snow line along the Central Flyway, they are able to find food more easily and continue their journey.

Conclusion on Geese Migration

Geese migration is unpredictable, especially nowadays. Geese are interesting creatures that follow the patterns of nature in order to survive and thrive.

They migrate with the changing of the seasons, in search of better resources.

This instinctual bird behavior has been observed for centuries, but there are a lot of things we still don’t know about these wild birds.

Additional FAQs on Geese Migration

What type of geese are in north america.

There are several goose species in North America. The six common species of goose that breed in North America: the Canada goose, cackling geese, black brant, snow goose, Ross’s goose , and white-fronted goose.

• Canada geese, which have seven subspecies, are among the common geese in North America with a population of about 3.6 million. It is found throughout North America, from Alaska to northern Mexico.
• The cackling goose is native to northern America. It looks a lot like a Canada goose or barnacle goose. It breeds in a variety of tundra habitats in northern Canada and Alaska. The estimated cackling goose population is around 203,700.
• Black Brent Geese have a population of about 125,000. The black brent goose population is found along the coast of northwestern Canada, Alaska, and eastern Siberia.
• The snow goose has a population of about 13 million. It is found in the arctic and subarctic regions of northern America and Russia during spring and summer.
• The Ross’s goose has a population of about 1.7 million. It breeds almost exclusively in Canada.
• The Great white-fronted goose has a population of about 700,000. It is found in northern Canada and Alaska.

How Did Climate Change Affect Migratory Geese?

Climate change has significantly impacted the migration patterns of the migratory geese population.

Earlier springs and milder winters have encouraged the geese to stay in northern areas for extended periods rather than migrate southward as they traditionally have.

This has led to overcrowding in certain areas and competition for food sources.

Additionally, the increased number of geese in northern areas has put pressure on local ecosystems.

As a result of these changes, the Canada goose migration patterns have become less predictable. The birds are now seen in parts of the country where they were once rarely spotted.

Do All Geese Fly in v Formation?

Migratory birds like geese and ducks fly in V formation to save energy during their long journey.

The lead bird in the formation breaks the wind for the rest of the birds, during the birds in the back use less energy because they follow the leader’s path.

This formation allows the flock to fly for long periods without tiring.

Not all birds migrate in V formation , however. Some birds, like the albatross, fly solo or in small groups.

Do Geese Change Migration Routes Each Year?

Geese are able to change their migratory routes, stopover sites, and wintering grounds as conditions change.

For example, if there is a lack of food in one area, they will move to another area where there is more food.

Additionally, the locations of these sites can change from year to year. This flexibility allows the geese to adapt to different conditions and helps ensure their survival.

When Do Canada Goose Migration Flights Begin?

The majority of the geese in the northern hemisphere remain in their summer range until food becomes scarce and the water starts freezing.

They migrate from their nesting grounds every autumn, from September to December.

Bird migration flights usually begin at dusk, although you could see migrating geese flying in their distinctive V formation at any time of day.

Geese migrate north from their non-breeding sites to their breeding sites in April, May, or early June for the breeding season.

Some geese travel farther north including northern Alaska and the sub-Arctic region.

Are there Greylag Geese in the US?

Greylag geese can be found in the US and Canada.

They are different from the Domestic Graylag Goose, which is a flightless bird that is often seen on farms or in city parks.

Greylag geese are smaller than the Domestic Graylag Goose and are able to fly. A small flock of these geese can be found near bodies of water, such as lakes or ponds.

How Do Young Geese Learn About Migration?

Migratory birds have a unique ability to navigate their way to specific destinations during their annual migrations.

After the incubation period and once the goslings hatch, they immediately walk, swim and find their own food such as aquatic plants and other plant material with the supervision of their parents.

Young geese learn migration routes by following their parents and other adult geese. Parents fly with their young and form migratory flocks .

Following the lead of older, more experienced geese, the young can make the journey to their wintering grounds without getting lost.

As the weather gets colder in the fall, migratory birds begin preparing for their long journey. In the late summer, adult geese being to molt. And just before the time they migrate, they eat more food to build up their energy reserves, and they also start to grow new feathers.

The new wing feathers are essential because they help warm the birds during their long flight.

When it’s time to migrate, geese head southward. They typically travel in large groups or flocks, which makes the journey easier and safer.

The trip can be long and arduous, but eventually, the birds reach their destination.

Once there, they’ll spend the winter resting and feeding before beginning the journey back north in the spring.

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How Far Do Geese Migrate In The Winter?

Sep 6, 2023

Geese Winter Migration

Geese tend to follow similar patterns year-to-year migrating across the North American landscape, following similar migratory patterns not only in regards to the general path they fly, but also where they stop to rest, as well as the areas these birds spend their summers and winters. Geese fly across many parts of the North American continent as a means of escaping harsh or extreme weather, and these wildlife animals have an easier time finding food in areas with a warmer climate during the typically coldest months. Geese migration can look very different for different species, but generally these birds are known to migrate seasonally to avoid hard winters of the north and the exhausting hot summers in the south. Often these birds will fly north as Spring begins to begin their breeding and nesting seasons, and will return to their favorite spots in the south as autumn transitions into winter.

Geese Migration Behavior

There are over a dozen species of geese in the United States and each species of geese has unique migratory behavior. Canada Geese are often referred to as Resident Geese because Canada Geese living in the US tend to stay in the country and not cross the border into Canada like many other species and are often considered non-migratory geese. This was not always the case with Canada Geese, but now new generations of these birds will follow the example of parents and if they do migrate they do not follow the flight pattern as many other geese species. Most species of geese have followed similar migrating patterns for decades, however as Canada Geese and other species become more sedentary there is a growing concern that these somewhat invasive birds will become less and less likely to migrate for the winter months.

Canada Geese Migration

Canada Geese trends lean towards a more sedentary lifestyle now, often opting to migrate less distances, and sometimes they stay in warmer climates as these animals seem to prefer traveling less distances. This behavior doesn’t include all Canada geese, however, as some still migrate all of the way to the Arctic circle in the most northern part of Canada. Canada Geese fly to the south between September and October where they will remain until sometimes between April and June.

What is Geese Migration?

Migration is a yearly pattern that takes place across changing seasons that allow geese and other birds access to resources like sustenance, shelter, nesting spots, and general comfort. Geese forage for most of their food living off stems, roots, grass, worms, berries, and other parts of wildlife that can be difficult to find during the winter. Because of their ability to fly large distances rather quickly geese migrate in order to find a home that provides the most comfort and resources. These birds are able to fly a great distance in a single day, even well over a thousand miles if the weather conditions allow for it. These birds are fairly unique in this aspect and in some cases can fly from the southern border of the United States to the Canadian border in one day. Geese tend to migrate in flocks and are known for their somewhat iconic V shaped flight pattern filling the skies both earlier and later in the year.

Where Do Geese Fly to?

Geese migration is difficult to miss in most parts of the country as there are over 3.5 million geese living in the United States. They usually migrate in large flocks in their iconic V shaped pattern, and their distinct honking sound can typically be heard from the ground as the geese fly over us. Flight patterns of geese vary between different species of geese with some migrating vast distances from the far north parts of Canada all of the way to the southern border of the United States. There are many different flight paths, but overall they are seeking warmer climates to reside in for the coldest of months.

Reasons for Geese Migration

Because geese typically live near ponds, lakes, or other quiet bodies of water, geese fly south for the winter months to trade the freezing temperatures of the north in exchange for bodies of water that are warmer and haven’t frozen over. While Geese tend to return to the same migration locations individual flocks have their own migration patterns. Geese also have unique motivations for migration as some wait until they are forced to by the extreme Canadian temperatures of the north, and other geese migrate willingly. Between finding a safe place body of water to live near, access to more food, and finding a place to have their offspring, migration is a key part of the life of a goose.

Molting Season

Molting season typically occurs once per year for geese and essentially lands them reducing their ability to travel by air. Occurring after their breeding season geese lose their flight feathers for around six weeks in the summertime, and because of this these birds are grounded and forced to walk or swim everywhere they go. Because geese have many wildlife predators they tend to migrate to parts of Canada and the U.S. that offer both protection and plenty of resources. These safe environments typically include a body of water that allows the birds both protection from wildlife land-dwelling predators and gives them the ability to quickly swim away from any dangerous animals. Because molting season occurs after young geese are born the adults need to provide a safe environment to raise them. If a local body of water suddenly is filled with geese later in the summer, which is outside of the normal geese migration pattern, it is likely after breeding and nesting season and the birds are temporarily seeking shelter. Unfortunately these birds can grow quite fond of an area or body of water, especially if it is fairly accommodating to their overall needs, and you may find them returning year-after-year.

Nesting Season

Geese nesting season falls earlier in the year, often beginning around June after their spring migration to the north. After they are done migrating for the season and finding a suitable location for breeding and nesting these birds will begin the process of nesting. Some estimates say that there are over three and a half million Canada geese living in North America, and a majority of those birds will be seeking nesting spots that keep their eggs protected from the wildlife around this time of the year. Once geese find a nesting area they like, such as a pond, public park, nature center, or other suitable location, they may return annually to continue breeding and nesting. In some cases geese return to the same breeding and nesting locations for over a decade making it feel like a permanent fixture of their yearly cycle. Because of this it is important to handle geese infestations quickly as they can continue to get worse over time. While young geese don’t always stay with their parent’s flock forever in some situations they will and these migrating, breeding, and nesting patterns can be passed down from one goose to another.

Returning to the Same Places Annually

Geese appear to be creatures of habit, often returning to the same migration spots every winter as they seek out a safe place to live that provides enough food for their flock and their inevitable geese offspring. As winter comes to an end geese will return with their flock to their birthplace sometimes even over 3,000 miles away. These animals love returning to their nesting spots every year to begin breeding and have a comfortable home. It is not fully understood how geese understand where to go or how they remember flight paths, but when geese fly south for the winter they have been known to return to their original nesting spots for up to 12 years in a row.

These birds are fairly intelligent and some studies even show signs that a goose may recognize a person they have experiences with even after years of being apart. If geese are living on your property or a property you manage it is likely they will return year after year, especially if there are young geese in their flock which indicates that local breeding and nesting is occurring.

Deterring Geese from Settling on Your Property

There are different methods for deterring geese from choosing your property as their migration destination. To prevent them from nesting on your property or near your body of water we always recommend removing access to food. This includes bird feeders and discouraging humans from feeding them and providing any sort of sustenance.

Utilizing Trained Border Collies

Go Geese Go uses highly trained border collie dogs to cause the geese to think they are being stalked by prey and make them less likely to continue inhabiting the same space. Geese can be quite stubborn, but we have found this method of goose control to be the most effective. Our team works with everyone from private property owners to managers of large corporate sites to continue deterring geese from nesting and causing trouble in the area. For more information on our geese control services please reach out to us today.

Go Geese Go: Geese Control Experts

Go Geese Go is made up of a team of geese control experts. We provide expertise and tips based on our professional experiences working with wild birds and utilize our own resources to scare away the birds without causing any harm to them. To get more information on our services please check out our website or call our office and we can provide you with more information and a consultation on your geese infestation.

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The Canada Goose Migration: a Grand Spectacle of Nature

The musical honking of Canada geese and their V-shaped flocks streaming overhead are classic signs of autumn. I hear the clamor of geese as they fly low over my house, preparing to land in the hayfield in our valley. Sometimes I spot the large, black-necked birds before they take off to continue their journey. Where are they coming from, I wonder, and where are they going?

The majority of Canada geese breed in Canada and Alaska, although they now nest in all of the lower 48 states. Geese that breed in the northernmost parts of their range migrate long distances to winter in the central and southern United States and as far south as Mexico. Those nesting in southern Canada and the northern U.S. migrate shorter distances. In places where the water does not freeze and humans have created ideal goose habitat in the form of parks, golf courses, and agricultural fields, Canada geese find abundant food year-round and may not migrate at all.

Some of the Canada geese that migrate through the Northeast during the fall are part of the so-called Atlantic Population, comprised of a smaller-bodied subspecies of Canada goose. These birds nest in northern Quebec and fly over Vermont and New York State west of the Connecticut River en route to their wintering grounds on the Atlantic Coast between New Jersey and North Carolina. Chesapeake Bay and the Delmarva Peninsula in Delaware and the eastern shores of Maryland and Virginia host large concentrations of these geese. Other Canada geese migrating over our region are from the North Atlantic Population, breeding in eastern Labrador and Newfoundland. They generally follow the coastline, or Atlantic Flyway, on their journey to wintering grounds only as far south as the coast of New England.

Decreasing daylength in late August and September cues the geese to begin congregating at staging areas along the shores of Labrador and Newfoundland and in the Ungava, Hudson, and James bays. Family groups of parents and young stay together for a year and migrate together. As geese begin to call louder and louder and point their beaks towards the sky, suddenly a flock takes off, a loose group of families and individuals, headed south.

Flocks usually arrange themselves in a V-formation to reduce wind resistance and conserve energy. The lead goose must contend with more drag forces, so experienced individuals take turns leading. Each goose flies behind and to the side, or above, the bird in front of it, taking advantage of the updraft produced when the preceding bird flaps its wings. According to the Audubon Encyclopedia of North American Birds , geese flying in a V-formation can fly as much as 71 percent farther than they could individually.

Migrating Canada geese fly at relatively low altitudes, usually between 980 and 3,300 feet. They often travel at speeds of more than 30 miles per hour. Studies have shown that geese from the Atlantic Population complete the trip to their wintering range in less than a week, and some flocks make the journey in a single day. In fall, flocks often use the winds of incoming high pressure weather systems to assist their flight. Researchers believe Canada geese use landmarks such as rivers, coastlines, and mountains to navigate, as well as the sun, stars, and the earth’s magnetic field. Juvenile geese learn migration routes by following their parents.

Most Canada geese are very vocal while flying, using their calls to coordinate movements of the flock. Flocks stop to rest and feed along the way at traditional stopover sites. Bad weather may cause them to reverse direction and temporarily retreat north. The timing of migration can vary, but geese that breed in northern Canada and migrate over our region usually have reached their wintering grounds by late October. Those moving around in November and December are likely Northeastern residents travelling shorter distances.

Migratory geese generally winter in coastal areas with slow-moving rivers, bays, marshes, and tidal flats and near agricultural fields where they feed on grasses and waste grains. Some Canada geese do not winter as far south as they used to due to climate change, farming practices that leave more grain in the fields, and changes in hunting pressure.

I’ve always been impressed with the arduous migration Canada geese undertake, their navigational skills, and ability to fly as a unit. Observing the flocks passing overhead is an annual autumn ritual for me – and a sure sign of winter’s coming.

by Susan Shea

Susan Shea is a naturalist, writer, and conservationist based in Vermont.

The Outside Story is sponsored by the Wellborn Ecology Fund of the New Hampshire Charitable Foundation .

© by the author; this article may not be copied or reproduced without the author's consent.

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Blog Where Do Geese Migrate?

If you have a large goose population in or near your yard, it’s probably the Canada goose. The Canada goose is the most common goose in North America. These birds don’t always migrate, but when they do, they fly south from Canada in the fall so they can overwinter throughout the US. Then, in the spring and early summer, they fly back to Canada to breed and have goslings. When dealing with a goose problem, it's very difficult to find a resolutions without the assistance of a professional animal removal company .

The migration pattern of these birds defines their family and life cycle. From breeding in the warmer months and hunkering down when the temps drop, Canada geese have a pretty solid system. However, there’s a lot more to know about these birds. That’s why the experts at Varment Guard have compiled the what, the where, the when, and the how of geese migration.

The What: Canada Geese

The Canada goose is the largest and most widely known goose species in North America. Canada geese have a grey or brown crest, back, and wing feathers with a white or grey underbelly. Their bills, feet, neck, tail, and head are black.

The Why: The Reason Geese Migrate

Like most birds, geese migrate up north because it’s the best place for their offspring; they fly south to avoid the cold. However, only some of the Canada geese in North America migrate. Migrating Canada geese have designated breeding and non-breeding sites that they return to every year.

The When: Migration Season for Geese

Canada geese that migrate do so twice a year. In September or October, Canada geese fly south to their non-breeding sites to avoid the cold. They’ll stay in their non-breeding sites all winter.

Geese migrate north to their breeding sites in April, May or Early June. Migration flights usually begin at dusk, although you could see migrating geese flying in their distinctive “V” formation at any time of day.

The Where: A Goose’s Migration Location

Geese that migrate tend to breed in Canada (hence the name). Sometimes geese fly even farther north to breed—including northern Alaska or even the low arctic!

When geese fly south for overwintering, they commonly settle somewhere in the middle of the US or southern US. Canada geese are widely distributed and the only reliable way to tell where a particular goose family came from is to look for goslings. If the geese near you are breeding in the spring, then they probably live near you all year. Therefore, if it’s spring and you don’t see any goslings, they’re probably in their non-breeding territory.

The How: Knowing Where to Go

Migrating Canada geese return to the exact nesting and overwintering locations every year. In fact, migrating geese use various stop-off resting points as they travel—these remain largely the same as well. This means that the geese that you see every spring or fall are probably the same geese that were around your home the year before!

So, how do geese know where to go? Believe it or not, nobody fully understands how bird’s migratory navigation works. There are currently several competing theories, however. Some theorists believe that birds have a kind of olfactory “map” that helps them smell their way home. Others believe that birds orient themselves using the earth’s magnetic field. Canada geese mate for life and typically migrate with flocks of other family groups in that well-known “V” formation. These groups could help determine where to go and how to stay on course.

The Importance of Geese Migration and How it Could Affect You

It’s important to be aware if geese are breeding and rearing goslings near you. Canada geese aren’t naturally aggressive but have no issue defending their young. If you encounter geese with their goslings, do not approach them or make any sudden movements. Geese tend to be more aggressive defending their nesting territory in the spring when their offspring are at their most defenseless.

Geese build nests near sources of water and will walk their goslings back and forth between the food, water, and the nest. Geese feed primarily on wetland grasses and weeds. During fall and winter, they’ll look for berries, seeds, and grains. Manicured grass is particularly easy for goslings to eat, which is why it’s not unusual for Canada geese to approach residential lawns.

You may also encounter geese if you live near bodies of water, especially in the spring and fall. Unless geese are worried about their children, they’re mostly uninterested or timid around people. As long as you leave them alone, Canada geese should leave you alone.

Are Canada Geese Causing You Trouble? Give us a Call.

Canada geese aren’t as horrible as their reputation may suggest. Mostly, they’re just trying to stay warm and protect their kids. However, that doesn’t mean you want them hanging around your lawn.

If you’re playing host to a family of Canada geese, give Varment Guard a call. We can safely, humanely, and effectively remove Canada geese from your property and keep them from coming back. The goose family will be on their merry way and you won’t have to deal with angry honks or hisses.

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How do geese know how to fly south for the winter?

Geese fly day or night, depending on when conditions are best.

To be ready to migrate in the fall, geese start preparing in midsummer. Babies born in the spring are mostly grown up by then. Adult geese grow a new set of plumage after shedding their old feathers – a process called molting .

They need flight and body feathers to be in good condition for the long flight ahead, and to insulate their bodies from the winter cold. For a few weeks during this process, geese can’t fly at all, and they stay out on the water to avoid predators.

Geese have a clock in their brain that measures how much sunlight there is each day . The days grow shorter during the late summer and early fall, and that’s how geese know it’s time to get ready for the journey south. Families join together in larger flocks. Geese gorge on grains and grasses to fatten up in preparation for their journey.

File photo courtesy: USFWS /Wikipedia.

WHEN IT'S TIME TO GO

There are two different types of bird migration. For most bird species that migrate from temperate climates to the tropics in winter, migration is instinctual . These birds, such as swallows, orioles and warblers, leave their northern breeding place before weather turns harsh and food becomes scarce.

Most migrate at night, individually rather than in flocks, and they know where to go and how to get there without guidance from parents or other birds. They migrate continuously, except for short stopovers to fuel up on insects, fruit, or seeds before continuing on their way.

Canada geese and other migratory geese species are different. They usually remain in their summer range until the weather is cold, water starts to freeze, and food gets hard to come by. Once conditions become so tough that they can’t find enough to eat, geese migrate.

Maybe you’ve observed flock members signaling they’re ready to go: They honk loudly and point their bills toward the sky . Single families of geese, or flocks of several families together, take off and head south. Flocks join with other flocks. Geese fly by day or night, depending on factors like weather conditions or brightness of the moon.

Geese navigate based on experience , using landmarks including rivers, coastlines and mountain ranges. They may also use celestial cues such as the sun and stars. Geese have a physical compass in their head that allows them to tell north and south by detecting the Earth’s magnetic field .

Young geese learn the migration route and landmarks by following their parents and other experienced geese. People who have raised and socially bonded with geese have even taught the birds new migration routes by leading them in an ultralight aircraft – as in the movie “ Fly Away Home .”

ON THEIR WAY

Geese are heavy birds, and they fly fast – over 30 miles per hour – using powerful wing beats, rather than gliding like eagles or vultures. All this flapping for a heavy bird takes a lot of energy . Geese work very hard during migration flights. To reduce the effort, geese fly at night when the air is calmer, or in the day when there’s a helpful tailwind ; they avoid flying into a headwind that would blow them backward.

In addition, they have another energy-saving trick. To reduce drag and to receive a little extra lift, geese fly close behind and about one wing length to the side of the one immediately in front. When all flock members do this, the familiar V shape appears.

This form of drafting, also called vortex surfing , saves a lot of energy. Following another bird at the right distance blocks any headwind. The flapping of the bird ahead creates a forward movement of air called a slipstream, which helps pull the trailing bird forward. And little pockets of spinning air, called vortices, produce lift that helps keep a trailing bird aloft. The same physics explains why fighter jets fly in V formation to conserve fuel.

This video explains some of the physics of how the V formation helps keep geese up in the sky for less energy.

The bird at the point of the V, in the front of the flock, gets no advantage from drafting. It is working much harder than the others. When it gets too tired, it drops back and another takes the lead. Recently, ornithologists have discovered that when families migrate together as a flock, the parents take turns at the tip of the V . The younger geese, which are not as strong, line up along the V behind the lead parent.

Most geese that breed in a particular region will migrate along similar routes, called flyways . For example, geese that pass by my house in Northern New York follow the Atlantic flyway. They’ll end up on the Atlantic Coast and migrate south following the shoreline.

Rather than migrate nonstop to their wintering grounds, many geese travel in stages, pausing at traditional stopover sites to rest and regain lost fat. Geese from the most northern populations travel to the farthest south . More southerly breeding populations don’t migrate as far. This is called leapfrog migration, since the northern geese literally fly over the more southern birds. Why this happens is a bit of a mystery , but it’s possible the northern breeders continue further south to avoid competing for food with southern geese that have already found good wintering conditions closer to their summer homes.

Because geese learn migratory routes, they can flexibly adjust where they go as conditions change . Goose migration stopover sites and wintering grounds have shifted, for example, because of changes in farming practices, availability of lawns and golf courses, and other changes in land use. Migratory geese are now adjusting when and where they migrate as a consequence of global climate change . And some groups of Canada geese have decided to just stay put and skip the migration altogether .

Hello, curious kids! Do you have a question you’d like an expert to answer? Ask an adult to send your question to [email protected] . Please tell us your name, age and the city where you live.

And since curiosity has no age limit – adults, let us know what you’re wondering, too. We won’t be able to answer every question, but we will do our best.

Tom Langen , Professor of Biology, Clarkson University

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article .

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8 cool things you should know about Canada geese

• 2/24/2020 2:12:00 PM
• View Count 158109

Canada geese can be seen all across Iowa. These big birds, who can be spotted flying in their well-known V formations, have some pretty interesting features. Check out these fun facts about Canada geese: 

Baby geese, called goslings, are impressionable little birds. They’ve been known to follow just about anything that moves, from dogs to humans, mistaking the creatures for their mother. The impressionable young use this skill to mimic the adults, learning how to swim just 24 hours after hatching. At only one day old, goslings can dive 30 to 40 feet underwater. 

Parent geese teach their young how to fly when the goslings are two to three months old. The goslings will stay with their parents for the first year of their life and even migrate with the adults that year.

As the goslings continue to grow and become more independent of their parents, they may group together with other young geese. These groups, called “gang broods,” can consist of up to 100 goslings. 

Partners for life

Canada geese don’t start looking for a mate until they’re two or three years old. While looking for a mate, the geese use assortative mating, meaning they look for a goose about the same size as themselves. The birds mate for life, which can be anywhere from 10 to 25 years. If their partner dies, the remaining goose will try to find a new one.

Hefty birds

The Canada geese in Iowa belong to the largest of its subspecies. Historically, these birds have been known as “giant” Canada geese and are the largest geese in the world. Most adults weigh between five and 14 pounds, with some weighing up to 20 pounds. Females weigh slightly less than males. 

Almost wiped out

In the early 1900s, giant Canada geese nearly became extinct. Programs began to reestablish the subspecies. One program, which occurs each year, involves rounding up geese and putting a band around their leg. These bands help researchers learn about the geese’s migratory patterns and their life span. With protections and research, the bird will continue to thrive. 

Seasoned travelers

Since geese need open water where they can swim away from land predators, as well as for food, frozen winter water doesn’t suit the birds. Geese will travel from 2,000 to 3,000 miles during the winter if they can’t find open water, returning to their birth place in the spring. Canada geese can travel 1,500 miles in a day if the weather permits. These birds tend to fly around 40 miles per hour during migration, though that can increase up to 70 miles per hour if they catch a strong tailwind. Migrating groups tend to have 30 to 100 birds.

Energy efficient flight

The “V” formation geese travel in makes them recognizable even high in the sky. Each bird in line flies a little higher than the goose in front of it. One explanation for the formation is that the front bird breaks the headwind so the birds behind it can draft along the airflow from the front. Geese communicate by honks while migrating and shift positions so the birds can take turns flying in the front to help the geese from getting too tired. 

Winged and dangerous

Canada geese aren’t afraid to face a threat. If a parent goose feels something is a threat to their nest or goslings, they may attack. Stretching out their neck while hissing and honking loudly serves as a warning to predators, along with biting and slapping with their wings. 

Once a year, usually when the weather warms up, geese molt their feathers. During this 6-week period, geese are unable to fly, leaving them vulnerable to predators including coyotes, foxes and raccoons. Water plays an important role in the safety of geese. They’ll retreat into water if their warnings don’t scare predators away. 

Geese in the suburbs

As urbanization increases, Canada goose migration decreases. Expansive, manicured lawns and man-made ponds have become new favorite hangouts for these birds. Natural predators aren’t very common in these spots, and constructed water areas are often heated and don’t freeze during the winter. Geese love the large grass spaces because they can digest grass and have wide, unobstructed views to keep an eye out for anything coming toward their young. With food, water and safe places, these geese no longer need to leave during the winter.

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Waterfowl Migration Flyways

DU Projects in Migration Flyways

Ducks and geese follow ancient pathways from their breeding grounds to wintering areas, an epic journey that has amazed mankind for millennia. Each fall, millions of waterfowl migrate south to warmer regions in search of food and habitat. We don't know for certain how ducks and geese navigate during migration, but scientists believe the birds take cues from the position of the sun, moon, and stars in the sky; geographic landmarks like rivers and mountains; and magnetic fields invisible to the human eye.

Conservation Projects by Flyway

• Atlantic Flyway
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• Pacific Flyway

Banding research helped waterfowl managers map the major migration corridors followed by ducks and geese, which are known today as flyways. For management purposes, North America is divided into four flyways—the Atlantic, Mississippi, Central, and Pacific.

For more information about waterfowl hunting management, visit  www.flyways.us .

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Why Do Geese Fly in "v" Formation?

Geese are a type of bird belonging to the family Anatidae , which also includes ducks and swans. Geese are known for their adaptability to various habitats, their impressive migration patterns and their strong social bonds. In fact, geese are being skilled flyers that undertake long-distance journeys between their breeding grounds and wintering areas. They possess strong wings and can travel long distances during their migratory journeys, showcasing their aerial prowess.

In the following AnimalWised article, we will explore everything you need to know about geese flight, including why the mysteries behind why geese adopt the iconic "V" formation during their flights , alongside other intriguing details about their flight patterns.

Can geese fly?

How do geese fly, why do geese fly in a v formation, when do geese fly.

Geese are highly skilled and proficient fliers , known for their impressive aerial abilities. Flying is a natural and essential behavior for geese, enabling them to travel long distances, find suitable habitats, and access food resources.

Geese are remarkable birds characterized by their impressive wingspan , which typically ranges from 147 to 180 cm (58 to 71 inches). This anatomical feature enables them to soar through the skies with ease, showcasing their natural talent for flying. Geese are particularly skilled in migration, a behavior deeply ingrained in their instincts.

During regular flight, geese can maintain speeds of approximately 48 km/h (ca. 30 mph). However, during migration, they can achieve even faster speeds, reaching up to 60 km/h (ca. 37 mph) in certain circumstances. It's important to note that these higher speeds are exceptional and not the norm. In rare instances, geese have been known to achieve an impressive 90 km/h (ca. 56 mph) while flying, but such occurrences are uncommon.

While their aerial abilities are noteworthy, geese also display proficiency on land . They are agile walkers, capable of swift movements that allow them to evade predators or unwanted attention. Taking cues from their duck relatives, geese are equally at home in water. They gracefully float and navigate using their webbed feet, finding comfort and ease in aquatic environments.

You might be interested in this other article, where we explain the differences between swans vs. geese vs. ducks .

As mentioned before, these wild birds possess exceptional aerial abilities, which are essential for their marked migratory patterns . Geese have long, narrow wings that are well-suited for efficient flight.

When geese take off, they typically run across the ground or water, flapping their wings vigorously to generate enough lift to become airborne. Their powerful leg muscles propel them into the air, and once they achieve sufficient lift, they extend their wings fully.

During sustained flight, geese rely on continuous flapping of their wings to maintain altitude and propel themselves forward. They use their strong pectoral muscles to power their wingbeats. The downward stroke provides the main propulsion, while the upward stroke helps maintain stability and lift.

When in flight, geese typically position their wings in a slightly dihedral shape , forming a slight "V" angle. This wing position aids stability and helps maintain the characteristic V-shaped flight formation when flying in flocks.

Geese are skilled at gliding , using their wings to catch and ride air currents. By adjusting the positioning and angle of their wings, they can take advantage of updrafts and thermals, which provide additional lift and help conserve energy. Gliding allows geese to cover longer distances with minimal effort.

While birds are widely recognized for their remarkable ability to fly, it may come as a surprise that there are certain bird species that are flightless. If you're intrigued by these fascinating avian creatures, we invite you to explore our other article dedicated to flightless birds .

Geese are known for their iconic V-shaped flight formations , which have captivated the curiosity of observers for generations. The primary reason behind this unique flying pattern lies in the principles of aerodynamics and the benefits it offers to the geese as they embark on their migratory journeys.

This formation provides several advantages . The lead bird takes the brunt of the wind resistance, creating a slipstream that reduces drag for the geese flying behind. This aerodynamic configuration enables the flock to conserve energy during long flights.

The bird positioned at the front of the V formation bears the brunt of the wind resistance and sets the pace for the group. By flapping their wings vigorously and frequently, they create a "draft" or a flow of air that aids the birds flying behind them. This drafting effect allows the trailing geese to conserve energy by experiencing reduced air resistance, making their flight more efficient.

Another benefit of flying in a V formation is enhanced communication within the flock. The formation facilitates visual and vocal communication, allowing geese to stay connected and maintain cohesion during their long-distance journeys. The clear line of sight enables the birds to monitor and respond to the movements of their fellow flock members, enhancing coordination and navigation as they traverse vast distances.

Geese also exhibit a fascinating team dynamic while flying in a V formation. When the leading bird becomes fatigued, it will drop back and allow another member to take the lead position. This rotation allows each goose to experience the more challenging role of flying at the front, while benefiting from the energy-saving position of the V formation for the majority of the flight.

Organisms are interconnected and rely on each other for survival and success. Geese exemplify this cooperative process, showcasing the beauty of shared effort in the tapestry of life.

Did you know that swans also adopt a V-shaped flight formation? Learn more about these fascinating birds in this other article about swans and the different types that exist .

Geese are primarily diurnal birds , which means they are most active during the daylight hours. They typically engage in flight and other activities, such as feeding and socializing, during the daytime. Geese are known to start their day early, often taking flight shortly after sunrise.

In the morning , geese are often observed flying in search of food sources or moving between different habitats. They may fly to fields, meadows, or bodies of water where they can find suitable vegetation or aquatic resources to feed on. Geese are herbivorous and commonly graze on grasses, grains, and other plant matter.

As the day progresses, geese may continue to fly intermittently, particularly if they are searching for new feeding areas or navigating to different habitats. However, they also spend significant periods of time resting, preening their feathers, or floating in water bodies.

When do geese migrate?

Geese typically migrate during specific times of the year, with the exact timing varying depending on the species and geographic location .

In general, geese begin their migratory journey in the autumn or fall season . This timing coincides with the changing weather patterns and decreasing food availability in their breeding grounds. Geese prepare for migration by forming larger flocks and exhibiting behaviors such as increased feeding and energy storage to sustain them on their long journey.

The specific months of migration can vary, but it often occurs between late summer and early winter. For many species, this period can span from September to November in the northern hemisphere. In the southern hemisphere, migration typically occurs during their corresponding seasons.

During migration, geese travel from their breeding grounds to wintering grounds, where they can find more suitable habitat and food resources. The distance and duration of the migration can vary greatly depending on the species and the distance they need to cover. Some geese may migrate relatively short distances within the same region, while others undertake impressive long-distance journeys spanning thousands of miles.

In the spring , geese migrate back to their breeding grounds, returning to their familiar nesting sites to mate and raise their young. The timing of spring migration varies but generally occurs between February and May in the northern hemisphere, depending on the region and species.

It's important to note that while migration is a typical behavior for many geese populations, there are also sedentary populations that do not undertake long-distance movements and remain in their local areas throughout the year. These sedentary geese may only make short movements in response to changing environmental conditions.

If you are interested in learning more about other animals that migrate, don't miss our other article, where we have listed 20 migratory animal species .

If you want to read similar articles to Why Do Geese Fly in "v" Formation? , we recommend you visit our Facts about the animal kingdom category.

• BirdLife International. (2018). greylag goose . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018. Available at: e.T22679889A131907747. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22679889A131907747.en
• Vargas, S. (2002). " Grey gosling ". Animal Diversity Web. Available at: https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Anser_anser/

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These High-Flying Geese Are ‘the Astronauts of the Bird World’

Bar-headed geese migrate above 26,000 feet. A better understanding of their efficient use of oxygen could have implications for human medical treatment.

By Devi Lockwood

Each year, bar-headed geese migrate over the Himalayas from India, at sea level, to the Tibetan highlands in China and Mongolia. This journey includes an elevation change of more than 26,000 feet in eight to 12 hours.

“They’re the astronauts of the bird world,” said Julia York , a graduate student at the University of Texas at Austin who has been studying bar-headed geese since she was an undergraduate at the University of British Columbia.

Humans who climb the Himalayas have to acclimatize or use an oxygen mask. The bar-headed goose, however, uses oxygen more efficiently. Scientists have known for decades that these geese have an enhanced ability to bind oxygen in their hemoglobin, a process that moves large quantities of oxygen to individual cells .

In the past, experiments have been done on bar-headed geese that were resting or walking on a treadmill. Studies have demonstrated that bar-headed geese have more capillaries around individual cells in their pectoral muscles than barnacle geese and other related species that don’t fly at such high altitudes. Those cells are also dense with mitochondria, which use oxygen to supply energy to the cell .

Additionally, bar-headed geese hug the terrain as they fly over the Himalayas, taking advantage of the relatively more oxygen-rich air over valleys.

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A study published Tuesday at eLife highlights the work of Jessica Meir , an astronaut and physiologist, and her colleagues, including Ms. York. They obtained 19 bar-headed goose eggs from Sylvan Heights Bird Park in Scotland Neck, N.C. (a dozen in 2010 and seven more in 2011).

Dr. Meir and Ms. York were present with the goslings for several weeks after they hatched, allowing the geese to view them as caretakers. The geese were then taken to the University of British Columbia. When the geese reached adulthood, the researchers took measurements of how they flew in reduced oxygen conditions in a wind tunnel, closely mimicking their migration conditions.

Dr. Meir and her team found that the geese slowed their metabolism in oxygen-limited conditions, decreasing the amount of oxygen they needed to fly. They also employed more efficient flight strategies, changing the biomechanics of their upstroke and downstroke to conserve oxygen.

Dr. Meir’s team also showed that the temperature of the blood in the birds’ veins decreased as they flew in conditions with less oxygen. Hemoglobin, the protein that binds oxygen in the blood, has a thermal sensitivity. When blood is cold, it can carry more oxygen than when it is warm. As the temperature in the veins near their lungs drops, bar-headed geese could theoretically circulate more oxygen to the chest muscles that enable them to fly.

“If you can get by with using less, then if you’re in an environment that has less, you’re going to be more successful,” Dr. Meir said.

If we can understand more about how bar-headed geese are able to thrive in oxygen-deprived conditions, there might eventually be applications for the medical treatment of people who have been deprived of oxygen, for example after having a heart attack or stroke. And while human organs can be damaged in low-oxygen conditions, the geese are able to fly for hours.

“I think geese get a bad rap sometimes,” Ms. York said. “They’re amazing athletes.”

She marveled at their capacity to migrate long distances at high altitudes, in continuous flight.

“The bar-heads have done that migration for millions of years before the Himalayas were as tall as they are now,” Ms. York said, “and the birds have been pushed as the mountains have moved up to go higher and higher.”

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This Secret Canada Goose Flash Sale Has Jackets, Parkas, and More Up to Nearly $400 Off — but Not for Long

It pays to prep your winter wardrobe before the cold weather hits.

Travel + Leisure / Madison Woiten

It can be difficult to imagine icy commutes and snow-covered streets in the middle of August when much of the world is reeling from a record-breaking summer heatwave . But with autumn just over a month away — and with plenty of end-of-summer sales in full swing — now is the best time to take stock of your cold-weather wardrobe. And thanks to online retailer Gilt , you can fill any winter wardrobe gaps you might have with heavily discounted layers from luxury performance and editor-loved brand Canada Goose . 

Gilt’s Next-Season sale , running from now until Friday, August 23, rewards Canada Goose fans for prepping your winter closet before temperatures hit below freezing with up to 20 percent off select styles. Ahead, we’ve gathered the 12 best deals on Canada Goose coats , parkas , jackets , and accessories we could find within the sale, But hurry: Several styles only have a few sizes left in stock. 

Canada Goose Muskoka Hoodie

Named after the scenic Muskoka Lakes region in Ontario, this 100 percent cotton hoodie comes with an adjustable drawstring hood, a large kangaroo pocket, cuffed sleeves, and a cuffed waist. Soft yet breathable, this pullover features a tonal Canada Goose logo patch that matches the sweatshirt’s Northstar White shade. Usually $425, it’s currently listed at $359 — but if you’re looking for an even more budget-friendly option, try this one from Amazon . 

Canada Goose Davie Jacket

This lightweight Davie jacket, currently on sale for 15 percent off in the peachy shade “Dune,” was designed to be the ultimate travel essential, perfect for wearing on drizzly morning commutes, overnight camping trips, and everything in between. Its adjustable hood protects you from rain and sleet, while mesh venting underneath the jacket’s back panel provides breathability. Adjustable interior drawcords at the waist and cuffs allow you to trap — or release — body heat to your liking. 

Canada Goose x Angel Chen Chaka Vest

This utility vest from Canada Goose is jam-packed with functional yet stylish details — and is currently on sale for a rare 16 percent off. Two massive flap pockets on the breast and matching deep flap pockets on the hips give it a too-cool techwear vibe. The protective hood is removable a la its button snap closures and zippered side slits on the hem allow for additional airflow without having to unzip the front. The back of the vest reads “ Angel Chen ” in stoic, blocky letters in honor of the brand’s collaboration with the Chinese fashion designer. 

Canada Goose Updated Hybridge Base Jacket

Thanks to Gilt’s end-of-summer sale, you can score the internet-beloved and top-rated Hybridge Base Jacket right now while saving yourself $125. Constructed with down-filled quilted panels, this updated version is covered in a lightweight Cordura fabric shell meant to withstand harsh weather. Dynamic knit panels throughout allow you to move without restriction, while a storm flap underneath the front two-way zipper protects you from the elements. 

Canada Goose Mackay Reversible Jacket

This versatile Mackay Reversible Jacket, currently $130 off, is essentially two jackets in one. A reddish-brown sepia shade on one side and a light silver color on the other, this lightweight, down-filled jacket boasts two front pockets on each side and a zippered, button-front closure meant to trap in heat. The quilted hood adds an extra layer of protection from the elements. If darker colors match your style better, it’s also on sale in this sleek black colorway . 

Canada Goose Cortina Wool Cardigan

Wool sweaters are excellent insulators, trapping in body heat on chilly days. This long-sleeved Cortina Wool Cardigan, currently $75 off, is no exception: Made with 100 percent Merino wool — a natural, ethically sourced wool woven from Merino sheep hair — this cold-weather cardigan can be paired with leggings, jeans, and work pants alike. An open front and large lower slits on the sides allow for air movement, keeping you from getting too warm. 

Canada Goose Cashmere-Blend Gloves

These luxurious cashmere-blend gloves are perfectly suited for chilly autumn strolls and are currently on sale for $45 off. Available in three different sizes, these super-soft gloves reach up to the elbows. Not only does the length lend itself to maximum heat retention, but it also fits neatly under large jackets, preventing arm exposure to frigid temperatures. Maximize the coziness factor with this Canada Goose Alpaca-blend Scarf , also on sale for 14 percent off. 

Canada Goose Down Puffer Scarf

Throw it on top of a workout jacket, or bundle it up underneath a parka: This goose-down puffer scarf can add extra warmth to any outfit, and it’s currently $95 off until August 23. Constructed with a long-lasting, water-resistant polyamide outer shell, this lightweight scarf is filled with down feathers to help keep you warm and comfortable on chilly outings. It’s also on sale in navy blue and black , and pairs perfectly with these Canada Goose down mitts , also on sale. 

Canada Goose Coat

Found: The perfect trench coat for icy winters in the city. Currently on sale for $245 off, this sage green coat marries function with style. A removable hood and zippered side seams give you the power to customize it to suit your needs. Its ultra-deep zippered pockets are big enough to keep your valuables safe from the elements, while the adjustable Canada Goose logo belt finishes the look, creating a flattering cinched waist when tightened. 

Canada Goose Rossclair Parka

This hefty thigh-length Rossclair Parka might be the last winter jacket you’ll ever need. Currently listed at $365 less than its original price, this A-line parka is made with Canada Goose’s patented Arctic Tech fabric that’s water-repellent, durable, and built to withstand sub-zero temperatures. Just a few of the hidden additional features include three interior pockets, recessed rib-knit cuffs, interior backpack straps, and a tricot fabric-lined chin guard for ultimate comfort. 

Canada Goose Men’s Chilliwack Bomber Jacket

Constructed with a removable down-filled zippered hood, button closures on top of a two-way zipper, and fleece-lined hand-warmer pockets, this bomber was built to protect you from the outside elements — all while keeping you cozy underneath. On sale for 15 percent off, this jacket features rib-knit cuffs and hem for extra comfort and hidden straps on the inside that allow you to carry it over your shoulders like a backpack. Act fast, though: Both the men’s and women’s versions of the Chilliwack Bomber Jacket are flying off the Gilt site, with just a few sizes left in stock. 

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Collective Nouns for Geese: What's the Official Terms?

Last updated: 18 December 2023

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• Other names for a group of geese
• What is a flock of geese in flight called?
• Why do geese fly together in groups?
• Group Name in Water
• Why A Gaggle
• What is a group of baby geese called?
• When do geese flock together?
• Why do geese flock together in large groups?

Most geese are generally gregarious birds who form flocks during migration and outside of the breeding season. If you've seen a flock of geese, you may already know that they can be rather noisy, but that is the collective noun for a group of geese?

Geese have many different collective nouns, which change depending on where they are.

• For example, when on the ground or in the water, they are often referred to as a gaggle of geese .
• In flight, a group of geese is called a skein, team or wedge .
• On the water or flying close together, a wedge of geese .
• The most generic term that can apply to geese anywhere is a flock .

Continue reading as to why a group of geese got some of these wacky names, more information about flocks of geese, and the complete list of names.

A group of migrating snow geese flying together

• a bunch of geese
• a chevron of geese
• a christmas of geese
• a cluster of geese
• a covert of geese
• a drove of geese
• a flight of geese
• a gagelen of geese
• a gagelynge of geese
• a herd of geese
• a knob of geese
• a knot of geese
• a lag of geese
• a little knot of geese
• a nide of geese
• a nye of geese
• a plump of geese
• a sord of geese
• a string of geese
• a sute of geese
• a trip of geese
• a "V" formation of geese

When geese are flying together in groups, they are called either a flock, team or skein . If they are flying in a tight formation, close to one another, they can be called a wedge .

The term 'skein' is probably the most interesting one, as it's thought to have come from the word 'skein', which means a measure of yarn. This term is thought to be given to certain birds in flight (geese, swans and waterfowl) as they can often look like a piece of wool or yarn in the sky when flying in their formations!

Why a wedge?

When geese are flying in a tight 'V' formation, their shape can look like a wedge that you'd put under a door to force it to stay open. Which is the simple reason they are referred to as a wedge of geese when in the air.

A wedge of geese

It's relatively common to see a skein of geese flying together in a "V" shaped formation. When you see this happen, it generally means that the geese are migrating with their 'family' and are travelling to another location.

Often geese will join up with other families, and it can even sometimes mean that there are hundreds and even thousands of geese migrating together; now that's a sight!

Flying in flocks comes with many benefits. The main benefit is that flying in these groups and formations makes flying much more efficient for geese, which means they can fly further.

This is because each goose flies slightly above the bird in front of them, which reduces the resistance of the wind, meaning they conserve their energy better.

Geese mostly have two homes, one which they spend time during the winter and another for the summer. The majority of geese will flock and migrate to the south during the winter and the north during the warmer months.

Canada Geese are one of the exceptions to this and will travel in the opposite direction. This means they migrate south during the warmer months and back north during the colder months.

The majority of female geese will return to the same place each year to build nests and raise their young. This place is often the same place where they hatched themselves and will continue for their entire life - which can be as long as 35 years; however, the average lifespan is around 21 years.

On the water, the collective noun for a group of geese is a plump.

There is a common misconception that when geese gather on the water, that they are searching and hunting for fish, which is not correct.

One of the reasons you'll see geese plunging their heads below the surface is for food, but they're generally feeding on the aquatic plants that are found below the surface of the water.

A flock or wedge of Canadian Geese on the water

A group of geese together on land is called a gaggle simply because when they are together in these large groups, they often get rather noisy and rowdy.

The other definition for the term gaggle is a 'disorderly group of people', which can apply to geese in these large groups. The loud noise they produce can mean they can become rather disorderly, aptly earning them the name!

How many geese are required for a gaggle?

Generally, to qualify as a gaggle, there needs to be at least five geese in the group.

The most common collective noun given to a group of baby geese is a brood of goslings . This can be combined with other terms, such as a gaggle of goslings or a flock of goslings .

Other generic bird terms such as nestlings or fledglings can also be used; however, goslings is the most common.

Egyptian Goose with many goslings

Geese tend to form large groups when the breeding season is over. After the breeding season, they become much more social and gather in places rich with food sources.

The flocks are maintained for migration, and birds will stay together for the entire journey.

Although they are generally okay with being around one another, they may compete with each other with displays and fights, particularly in places where food is less abundant.

The main reasons geese form large flocks are for faster foraging of food, protection from predators, and during migration.

Foraging together in these large groups means they can all take advantage of the same food supplies. This is typical behaviour by species such as the pink-footed goose, who can regularly be found foraging together.

Protection from predators is another benefit of forming these large flocks. This is because there are more birds to look out for trouble nearby and can be quick to alert the rest of the congregation about any potential threats.

Predators can have a much harder time hunting for geese when they are in large groups as well, as they can often be overwhelmed by the number of 'targets' to catch, often meaning they get confused and won't get any!

One of the downsides to forming these large flocks is the noise that is produced. Because geese are rather noisy birds, when you put many of them together, this noise is multiplied and can mean predators have a better chance of tracking them down.

A large group of Canadian Goose gathered on a frozen lake

How many geese are in a flock?

There isn't a definitive answer to this, as it can vary, but generally speaking, it takes five or more geese together to be considered a flock or any other collective noun.

What is a pair of geese called?

There is no specific term for a pair of geese; however, they are mostly referred to simply as a pair of geese.

The name for a male goose is a gander, and a female goose is sometimes referred to as a dame; however, females are usually just a goose or geese (plural).

Geese Species Specific Terms

• The two most common terms for a group of snow geese are an avalanche and a blizzard.
• There are two specific collective nouns for a group of barnacle geese; an encrustment and a hull.
• A group of bean geese are known as a pod.

A pair of barnacle geese flying together

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33 Muscovy Duck Facts: Red-Faced Musky Duck-Goose

By: Author Drew Haines

Posted on Last updated: August 24, 2020

Categories Bird Profiles

Questions about Muscovy ducks? You’re in the right place! Get the answers to 33 Muscovy duck questions right here. You’ll learn about the red lumpy stuff on their face, their diet, size, and more. Plus lots of photos!

Table of Contents

33 Muscovy Duck Facts

They don’t look like ducks. They don’t quack like ducks. In some languages, they aren’t even called ducks.

Welcome to the world of Muscovy ducks. They’re some of the strongest members of the waterfowl family, but they’re also really fun to learn about, especially if you consider yourself an expert on birds and beasts.

Are you ready for a trip down a weird but intriguing road? Here are just a few Muscovy duck facts that are sure to delight you.

1. What does the Muscovy duck look like?

Muscovy ducks have a striking appearance; some people might even say they are kind of ugly birds .

Not only are they bigger and broader than most ducks, but they’re also colored with glossy black-and-white feathers and a distinctive red bill.

They also have caruncle , which are lumpy patches of skin that bulge or hang from the heads of birds. You’ve probably seen wattles on turkeys and roosters.

When people mention the “ warty ” appearance of a Muscovy duck, they’re referring to its caruncles.

2. Do all Muscovy ducks have red faces?

Yes, all Muscovy ducks have reddish faces. Some are a bright, vivid red while others are a muted orange-red, but they all have it.

As for the rest of their bodies, there can be some variations in color. Wild breeds tend to be darker while domesticated breeds are lighter.

For example, a wild Muscovy duck might be completely black with deep crimson wattles; a domesticated Muscovy duck might be white, brown, grey, yellow or lavender with neon red caruncles.

3. Why do Muscovy ducks have red faces?

The oil glands in the Muscovy duck’s caruncles are very important.

There are tiny, oily holes located in their caruncles, and when they groom themselves, they’ll preen and rub the oil all over their feathers . This protects them when they’re in the water.

4. Is a Muscovy duck a goose?

No. Muscovy ducks are often confused with geese since they don’t act very duck-like. They don’t quack; they prefer trees to lakes. You can be forgiven for wondering if they’re ducks at all.

Scientifically speaking, however, Muscovy ducks are, well, ducks. They are different than the typical ducks in your local pond, though.

The ones that you’re probably most familiar with are mallards ( anas platyrhynchos ) while the Muscovy duck has its own unique classification ( cairina moschata ).

At the end of the day, they’re all breeds of waterfowl, so don’t stress over their status too much. Just know that Muscovy ducks are indeed ducks .

5. What are mule ducks? Are they related to Muscovy ducks?

“Mule ducks” are the offspring of male Muscovy ducks and female Pekin ducks.

They’re named after mules because mules are the offspring of male donkeys and female horses. Both of these cross-bred hybrids are infertile , but they have other uses around farms and zoos, so they can be valuable sources of income for breeders.

Quick fact: Mule ducks are the most popular source of foie grass , a luxury dish made with the liver of a duck that’s been specifically fattened for slaughter. Not my kind of thing, but to each his own!

6. How big is a Muscovy duck?

The average male is around 25 – 33 inches (63-83 cm) long and the average female is 20 – 25 inches (50-63 cm).

7. How much do Muscovy ducks weigh?

Muscovy ducks are hefty birds. Males are around 10 – 15 pounds (4.5-6.8 kg) and females are 6 – 8 pounds (2.7-3.6 kg). Domesticated breeds can get even larger than that.

The heaviest male Muscovy duck reached 18 pounds;  that’s just a little lighter than my schnauzer dog!

8. What is the Muscovy duck’s wingspan?

Adult Muscovy ducks have a wingspan of 54 – 60 inches.

This is twice the size of a regular mallard, so it’s quite impressive when they fully stretch out. It’s one of the reasons why they’re often mistaken for geese .

9. How did the Muscovy duck get its name?

No one really knows where the name “Muscovy duck” came from, but there are a few theories.

The most probable explanation is that they’re named for a region of Russia near Moscow. “Muscovy” was its old name, and even though Muscovy ducks aren’t native to the area, they could’ve been exported there.

Another idea is that Muscovy ducks were named after a faraway place to give them value and make them seem exotic .

This wasn’t uncommon among traders and merchants in the Middle Ages; just like turkeys aren’t from Turkey and guinea pigs aren’t from Guinea, Muscovy ducks don’t have to be from Muscovy.

It’s also possible that they were named for the Muisca people of ancient Columbia. This puts them in the right time and the right region, and it’s not crazy to think that international traders mangled or misused variations of “Muisca” until it became “Muscovy.”

It’s even possible that the ducks began their lives as “Muisca” but ended them as “Muscovy” after people confused them with different waterfowl breeds from other lands.

Another possibility is that it was named after its musky odor .

We might not ever know the true origins of the Muscovy duck. Any ideas? Let us know in the comments!

10. What is the Muscovy duck’s Latin name?

The scientific name for the Muscovy duck is  cairina moschata .

There’s also a sub-classification for the domesticated breed known as  cairina moschata domestica .

11. Are there any other names for the Muscovy duck?

Different languages have different names for the entire species. For example, the Spanish term for Muscovy duck is  pato mudo  or “mute duck.”

In English, Muscovy ducks are also known as Barbary ducks. This is especially common in the culinary arts; many restaurants and cooking shows will talk about “Barbary ducks,” but it’s rare to see or hear a mention of “Muscovy duck” even though they’re the exact same thing.

Some people use “Barbary duck” to refer to dead or cooked ducks while “Muscovy duck” is used for living ones, but this practice isn’t widespread.

12. Are Muscovy ducks friendly?

It depends on the type of Muscovy duck that you’re trying to befriend. Wild ducks aren’t known for being sociable or agreeable, so if you’re traveling in South America and wondering if you should feed the flocks along the river, the answer is no .

If you’re talking about domesticated Muscovy ducks, however, they’re known for being quite friendly. They’re raised as livestock; they’re bought and sold as exotic pets.

They can learn to eat out of your hand and respond to a specific name. They can even wag their tail feathers, so it’s common for people to joke that they’re “ puppy ducks ” as they follow their owners around with their tails wagging and their eyes begging for a treat.

13. Are Muscovy ducks aggressive?

Muscovy ducks can get aggressive when they’re feeling bored, restless, territorial, frustrated, or hungry (just like me…).

They might also misbehave if they’ve reached sexual maturity but haven’t been provided a mate.

The good news is that Muscovy ducks can be trained out of their baser instincts. The trick is to start when they’re young. Respond swiftly to any signs of aggression with both verbal and physical commands, and don’t let them off the hook just because they’re young and cute.

While their snapping might seem adorable when they’re tiny, fuzzy ducklings, they’ll eventually grow into 10- and 15-pound birds and their snapping can do a lot more damage .

14. Can Muscovy ducks fly?

Muscovy ducks are excellent flyers. They’re quite fond of it, too, and it isn’t uncommon for a Muscovy duck to spend more time in the air than on the ground.

They like to perch on fences, sheds, rooftops, chicken coops and other places with height.

15. Do Muscovy ducks quack?

A quirky fact about Muscovy ducks is that they don’t quack .

They’re physically capable of it, and they can produce loud, quack-like sounds when stressed, but it isn’t a common feature of the species.

16. What sounds do Muscovy ducks make?

Muscovy ducks are known for their hissing. It’s a low, snake-like sound, but it isn’t necessarily a negative one. Muscovy ducks like to “chat” to both humans and animals by hissing at them .

It’s just how they communicate, and they do it when they’re happy, sad, agitated, excited and everything in between.

In addition, female Muscovy ducks can produce a cooing or trilling noise. It’s typically aimed at their babies. Unlike hissing, it’s almost always a happy or soothing sound.

17. Are Muscovy ducks loud?

Muscovy ducks aren’t very loud. Their hissing and cooing are often mistaken for whispering when people don’t realize what they’re listening to, and they don’t vocalize much in general unless there’s a reason for it.

The one exception to this is when they’re feeling chatty. If they’re in a large group, Muscovy ducks can start talking to each other and producing audible noises. Even then, however, they aren’t particularly boisterous. It will just sound like a group of people whispering instead of a single individual.

18. Why do Muscovy ducks wag their tails?

Many people are shocked when they see a Muscovy duck wagging its tail for the first time.

There are a few reasons why they do this, so if you own a Muscovy duck and are trying to interpret its mood, you’ll need to pay attention to context clues.

• Are they making noises and wagging their tails as they bob around your feet? They’re probably just being social.
• Are there other Muscovy ducks nearby? Is it mating season? They could be attracting the attention of potential suitors.
• Are they puffing themselves up or moving aggressively towards humans or animals? They might be wagging their tails to make themselves seem bigger and scarier. It’s a show of intimidation.

19. What are Muscovy ducks good for?

Despite their oddities, there are many reasons to keep a Muscovy duck around.

• They eat insects.  If you have a problem with flies, ticks or mosquitoes, Muscovy ducks will keep their populations under control.
• They can be raised for both meat and eggs.  Duck meat is a delicacy in many countries, and Muscovy ducks are said to taste even better than your traditional mallards. Their eggs are also said to be large and delicious.
• They can be bred with other duck species.  These hybrids are often infertile, but they can be used for the production of  foie gras .
• They make good companions for other livestock or wildlife.  Since they’re quiet, non-quacking ducks, you don’t have to worry about Muscovy ducks being a nuisance on your farm. They’ll serve as laid-back companions for your other animals.

20. How long do Muscovy ducks live?

There hasn’t been a lot of research on the lifespan of Muscovy ducks, but anecdotal evidence suggests that they can live anywhere from 5 – 15 years.

A lot depends on their health, environment, breed, diet, reproductive cycles, and whether their owner decides they want duck for dinner.

21. Where does the Muscovy duck live?

Muscovy ducks are originally from South and Central America.

However, they’ve been bred, bought, sold, traded and exported so much that they can now be found in farms and zoos all over the world.

There are even wild populations cropping up in places like Mexico, Canada, France, and the United States.

22. What is the natural habitat of the Muscovy duck?

Like many duck species, Muscovy ducks like to live near water. They can make themselves at home in ponds, rivers, lakes, marshes, and swamps.

An unusual quality of Muscovy ducks is that they also spend a lot of time in trees . They can fly, and they have strong claws that are made for gripping, so they’re comfortable perching on all kinds of branches. Mothers even make their nests in trees.

23. What do Muscovy ducks eat?

Muscovy ducks aren’t picky eaters. They’ll consume weeds, grasses, and grains in addition to all kinds of insects, reptiles, crustaceans, and amphibians. They’re just as happy chomping on a snail as a plant root.

Muscovy ducks are particularly famous for eating bugs. One  study  put Muscovy ducks on dairy farms and observed their impact on the creepy-crawlies of the area. In a matter of days, they’d reduced the fly population by 96.8% and the maggot population by 98.7%. They don’t fool around when it comes to their favorite snack.

24. Will Muscovy ducks eat ticks?

Yes. Muscovy ducks will eat ticks, flies, crickets, caterpillars, grasshoppers, maggots, and many other insects. They’ll even forage for larvae and pupae.

They’re excellent at pest control since they’ll consume the insects at every stage of life.

25. Can you eat a Muscovy duck? What does it taste like?

Muscovy ducks are known for having tasty, tender meat that’s supposed to be more like beef than poultry. You can find it in high-class restaurants under the label “Barbary duck.”

Barbary duck meat is also renowned for having much less fat than your typical duck meat. It’s so lean that it’s considered kosher in parts of Israel, and it’s often advertised as a healthier alternative to salty, fatty meat dishes.

26. How can you tell if a Muscovy duck is male or female?

The easiest way to tell the difference between male and female Muscovy ducks is their size.

Males are usually twice as large as females. They also tend to have brighter colors.

27. What do you call male and female Muscovy ducks?

Male ducks are called drakes. Female ducks are called hens.

28. What do you call a group of Muscovy ducks?

In groups, you can refer to them as flocks, teams, rafts or paddlings.

29. Do Muscovy ducks mate for life?

No, Muscovy ducks don’t mate for life . Unlike other species of duck, Muscovy ducks don’t form stable pairs.

They might return to the same mate if no other options are available, but in the wild, they’ll look for different partners with every mating season.

30. When do Muscovy ducks lay eggs?

The mating season for Muscovy ducks is between August and May. Males will attract females by wagging their tails and puffing up their crests.

When a female gets pregnant, she’ll form a nest in a tree hollow and lay her eggs in safety and security. The incubation period is between 30 – 35 days.

Adorable Muscovy duckling in a lake

Moms will fiercely guard their eggs during this time; they’ll only leave their nests once a day to drink some water or take a quick bath. Then, it’s right back to their babies.

31. How many eggs does the Muscovy duck lay? What do they look like?

Female Muscovy ducks lay 8 – 15 eggs at a time. They’re quite large, which is one of the reasons why they’re so prized. They can weigh twice as much as chicken eggs.

32. Are Muscovy ducks considered an invasive species?

Yes. They might be valuable to farmers who know how to handle them, but for everyone else, Muscovy ducks can be a real nuisance .

They leave droppings everywhere; they rip up lawns with their sharp claws; they create nests in patios, bushes, balconies and other residential areas. They can also damage ecosystems by killing all of the insects.

For these reasons, Muscovy ducks are considered an invasive species in many parts of Mexico, Canada, and the United States. There are even laws in place for people who want to buy them.

For example, in states like Florida, you aren’t allowed to raise Muscovy ducks for hunting purposes because they might escape your clutches and form wild populations that are difficult to control.

33. Tips for Getting Rid of Muscovy Ducks

Sure, these birds are pretty interesting; but you may not want them to make your home their home. Here are just a few ways that you might curb the local population of Muscovy ducks.

• Kick Them Off Your Property.  The easiest way to get rid of Muscovy ducks is to literally remove them from your land, no need to have them killed. You might not want to do this on your own; the ducks can be heavy and hard to handle, and you could run afoul of local laws if you wind up killing them. Call a nearby wildlife service instead. They should have trained professionals who can take away the ducks for you.
• Sterilize the Eggs.  ( I personally would never do this, I love animals too much and it seems wrong to me, but it is a common practice. ) If you’ve discovered a nest under your shrubbery, you might be tempted to break all of the eggs to keep them from hatching. However, this will only encourage the mother to lay more. A better option is to shake the eggs and keep them from becoming viable. It will take the mother a while to realize what’s happened, and you can start other anti-duck measures in the meantime.
• Make Your Yard Unappealing.  There are a number of ways that you can discourage Muscovy ducks from living and breeding on your property. For example, you can cover your pools and drinking trenches so that they aren’t called to the water. You can install lights, alarms, and noise-makers to scare them off. You can also buy a guard dog that will bark whenever they get too close.
• Trap Them.  If there are only a couple of strays waddling around your property, it’s relatively easy to lure them into a covered enclosure and trap them. Just make sure that you don’t relocate them on your own. Call a wildlife service and let them deal with it. Since Muscovy ducks are an invasive species, you don’t want to release them somewhere and cause a new population to grow.

These are four common ways that people deal with unwanted muscovy ducks.

As a bit of a tree hugger, I would definitely suggest going with the non-baby-murdering choices, but that’s just me. There are plenty of ways to get rid of them without killing them!

Delightful Ducks

We hope you enjoyed learning about Muscovy ducks! What was your favorite fact? Did we miss something important? Let us know in the comments below!

Drew Haines is an animal enthusiast and travel writer. She loves to share her passion through her writing.

She graduated high school at sixteen and started her own business, Everywhere Wild Media. And she runs Everywhere Wild and JustBirding . She also guest blogs on Storyteller.Travel

She lived in Ecuador for 6 years and explored the Galapagos Islands. Currently based in N.S., Canada.

Wednesday 23rd of August 2023

I recently came home after a long trip to find a large Muscovy male hanging out on my patio. When he saw me through the patio door, he began pecking at the glass. Thought this odd behavior. I didn't have any bird food and worry about feeding the wildlife, but I also could not have him hammering away at the glass. So I checked a website to find it was ok, but not great, to give him dry cat food. He gobbled it down. It doesn't seems that he'll be going away, so I will pick up some appropriate snacks for his morning visits.

Saturday 16th of July 2022

Thanks for the very interesting info on Muscovy ducks. We’ve been seeing these guys for 2 years, couldn’t find them in my bird book. Good to know!

Sunday 10th of July 2022

In dealing with an over population of Muscovys in my area of southern Louisiana we have found that most government 'relocation' groups do not relocate, but kill the ducks. Anyone calling for relocation assistance should ask where they're going and offer to follow them when they bring the ducks.

Wednesday 18th of May 2022

Loved your facts. We have a Muscovy duck that hangs out in our very large backyard by the river. He hangs with the honkers all day and appears to be “den mother “ to them all. When the geese come with the babies, he guards over them. We have named him Lucky. He comes to the call of his name, most days, and definitely wags that tail when we toss grains to him. I called him “ugly black chicken” when he first arrived,,, and then renamed him Lucky as we got to know each other. I’m still a little Leary about hand feeding him, as he is about taking it, but I’m sure we,ll get there one day. He showed up just about a year ago. Most days, when I awake, he’s standing by my deck, down on the grass, waiting for his “breakfast”. I love him !,,

Thursday 22nd of July 2021

I have a young Muscovy (2month old). She does not have any caruncles on her head. When will they appear?

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