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TMJ Muscle Range of Motion Measurements

lateral excursion range of motion

The notch fits into the midline of the lower central incisors.

TMJ Muscle Range of Motion Measurements A patient’s range of motion measurements should be recorded as part of every new patient exam. This adds anywhere from 20 seconds to a new patient exam if you only record the three opening movements, which are “comfort, active, and passive.” If you measure right and left lateral and protrusive movements, you might be adding 60 seconds to your exam time. Yes, it’s that quick.

Normal Range of Motion Opening : 40 to 60 mm. If a patient opens to 55 mm with either the comfort or active opening, there is no need to obtain the Passive opening. Additionally, do not have a patient open past 60 mm and do not push a patient open past 60 mm. If they can open to 60 mm or you can push them to 60 mm, then they have an excellent opening range of motion. Lateral : 8 to 12 mm Protrusive : 8 to 12 mm

Hirschinger TMJ Beverly Hills Range of Motion

Note in your chart if any of the movements cause pain and if any of the movements replicate their jaw pain. If a movement does cause pain, have the patient point with one finger where the pain occurs.

If the patient ever has a future problem with opening and/or moving their jaw, you now have a baseline of what their normal movements are. Do you think it is worth spending up to one additional minute of your time to record these measurements? You will if you ever have a patient who has a problem especially if they think you created it with an injection or by keeping them open too long.

As always, I’m happy to help any patient who is experiencing jaw pain or any facial pain including migraines, trigeminal neuralgia, sleep apnea or snoring issues at my office in Beverly Hills. Please let me know how I can help or if you have any questions.

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i would like to order your measuring device. how do I do this.

carl patrnchak, pt, co

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I just noticed your request so I apologize for the delay. The Range of Motion scale is not something I created. I buy mine from https://www.greatlakesortho.com/commerce/detail/?nPID=1352&CFID=3860914&CFTOKEN=bc32584062189817-8A7DC824-5056-9F7B-7994252789E82D7B

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lateral excursion range of motion

November 17, 2020

What is lateral excursion?

The human skull can be grossly divided into a movable and an immovable part. The movable part is formed by the lower jaw called the mandible. The rest of the skull forms the immovable portion. These two parts of the skull are connected by a joint near the ear. This joint is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).

The TMJ has three main parts. A temporal part, that is the part of the immovable portion of the skull. The temporal bone is a depression that receives the condyle. The condyle is a part of the mandible that makes the primary movements of the lower jaw. A disc located between the temporal bone and the condyle helps in the range of movements. The smooth movements of the articular disk are possible because of a fluid called the synovial fluid. This fluid acts as a lubricant, as a result of which our lower jaw can move freely during speech, chewing, etc.

The movements produced by the TMJ are protrusion (moving the lower jaw forward), retrusion (moving the lower jaw backward), elevation (mouth closure), depression (mouth opening), lateral excursion (side to side). In this article, we would be focusing on lateral excursion.

Simply put, lateral excursion is when the mandible moves to one side. But the mechanism behind this is not as simple as it sounds. The mandible is capable of two movements if we take the condyle as the hinge: rotation and translation. Imagine a vertical and horizontal axis passing through the condyles. The movement of the mandible with respect to the vertical axis is called rotation and with respect to the horizontal axis it is translation.

The forward movement of the mandible is a translatory motion. The sideways movement is a rotational motion. In lateral excursion, both these motions take place simultaneously. Let us understand this movement with an example. Imagine you want to move your lower jaw to the left side. This means that both the condyles would have to move towards the left. Since the jaw has to be moved to the left, the left condyle will rotate in the desired direction. In our case, the left side is the working side. The mandible is a single bone, if the left condyle moves, the right condyle will be also stretched towards the left. However, since there are many structures that limit this movement of the right condyle, it will simply move forward in translation. Hence, the right side in our example would be the non-working side.

The working and the non-working side function in conjunction to produce the desired movement. However, lateral excursion is not simply a movement attributed to the condyles. A key role is played by the muscles that are attached to the mandible. These are the muscles that find their origin in the immovable part of the skull are terminate their fibres in the moving mandible. The four muscles are lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid, temporalis and masseter. Each of these muscles help the mandible to glide forwards, downwards and sideways to make the lateral excursion.

Lateral excursion is one of the key functional movements that helps in chewing. It ensures that we humans do not simply chop down the food by simply opening and closing the mouth but also grind it to make a proper bolus for effective digestion. Lateral excursion is the second key step when we chew our food. Once the mouth opens and the food enters the oral cavity, the jaw moves sideways and grinds the food, closes gradually and finally the teeth meet each other before the mouth comes back in a state of rest.

Lateral excursion might be hampered due to problems in the gnathic system. A locked jaw, tumour, traumatic injury, muscle pain, disk injuries, congenital disorders may contribute to improper or no lateral excursion movement. While some of these disturbances need surgical intervention or pharmacological cover, minor disturbances can be corrected with home techniques focusing on physiotherapy.

Prosthetic treatments that involve fabrication of complete dentures give notable emphasis on lateral excursion. During the fabrication of dentures, the upper and lower canines are made to touch each other as the sideway movement occurs. When they glide over each other, the back teeth are no longer in contact which ensures proper lateral excursion. This is also called canine guidance .

Thus, lateral excursion is one of the vital movements that the mandible can perform considering how the entire surrounding musculature comes into picture for normal functioning.

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lateral excursion range of motion

TMJ Assessment: Jaw Range of Motion, Noise, and Tenderness

X-ray image showing articular fossa and condyle during a TMJ assessment

X-ray image showing articular fossa and condyle.

For TMJ mobilization procedures read: Closed Lock Mobilization: TMJ Exercises & Stretches .

Jaw Range of Motion Assessment

Prior to the procedure, introduce yourself to the patient, explain the purpose of the examination, obtain consent, and be sure to meet infectious control standards.

1. Interincisal Open Measurement

There are three interincisal measurements to assess a patient’s jaw range of motion : pain-free, unassisted, and assisted.

First, you’ll want to see how wide patients can open their mouth without any pain.  Ask your patient to “open their mouth as wide as possible without any pain and stop and hold when pain first becomes evident.”

Next, measure the active opening distance by placing your ruler, such as a TheraBite Jaw ROM Scale, on the incisal edge of the mandibular central incisor and measuring the distance to the incisal edge of the opposing maxillary central incisor.

Unassisted & Assisted

Next, measure the total voluntary movement ability of their jaw even if pain is present .  For this measurement, ask the patient to “open as wide as possible even if it hurts and hold this position,” and using your ruler, measure the active opening distance as described above.

For the passive or “assisted” measurement, repeat the same process, but this time have your patient open as wide as possible while you apply a small amount of prying pressure with your fingers on their incisor teeth.

Like what you’re learning?  Explore our online, postgraduate Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine degrees .

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2. Lateral Jaw Motion Assessment

Instruct your patient to move their jaw fully to one side with the teeth only slightly apart, and hold that position while you measure the distance.  Then do the same movement to the opposite side.

To find the maximum lateral jaw motion distance, measure from the upper centrals where the mandibular central midline is located with the teeth fully together to the mandibular midline when the jaw is fully positioned to either the right or left.

3. Protrusive Jaw Motion Assessment

Lastly, instruct the patient to separate their teeth slightly and move their jaw as far to the right as possible, forward, then hold it while you measure.  To measure the protrusive jaw motion, first measure the degree of overjet (labial surface of maxillary central to the labial surface of mandibular central with the teeth fully together), and then with the jaw fully forward, measure the distance from labial surface to labial surface and add the two measurements together.

Supplemental Activity:  What is the function of the Temporalis muscle in jaw movements?

TMJ Noise and Tenderness Exam

Left medial and lateral pterygoid muscles, left temporalis muscle, and Left masseter muscle

1. Dorsal TMJ Capsule Palpation

Have the patient open their mouth to find the lateral pole of condyle and then move your finger to the back and slightly inferior to the condyle pole to evaluate the dorsal surface of TMJ capsule .  Next, have the patient close their mouth and insert your smallest finger into the external auditory meatus.  Apply pressure forward to the back of the condyle making sure not to compress the tragus.

2. Lateral TMJ Capsule Palpation

Palpate the lateral capsule with the index finger placed just in front of the tragus of the ear.  Ask the patient to open slightly, while you feel for the lateral pole of the condyle.  Next, repeat the process by palpitating the lateral TMJ capsule with the mouth closed.

3. TMJ Noise Palpation

Position your middle and index fingers over the lateral pole and slightly in front of the condyle .  Instruct the patient to open and close their mouth during the examination, and using very light pressure, listen carefully for audible TMJ noises.

4. TMJ Noise Auscultation Under Loading Conditions

Place a stethoscope over the anterior zygomatic bone , not over the condyle, and listen for joint noise.   Next, test under loading conditions.  Use one hand to hold the stethoscope on the zygoma in front of condyle, place your other hand under the mandible, and use your fingers to find and apply upward pressure on the inferior bony border of the mandible near the angle.  Once you’re in position, instruct the patient to open wide, close, move forward, right, and left with their teeth apart as you listen for joint sounds.

Additional Reading on Orofacial Movement Disorders

Want to learn more about orofacial movement disorders ?  Check out these other articles by USC Ostrow professors:

  • Orofacial Motor Tics
  • Hemi-facial Spasms
  • Oromandibular Dystonia
  • Palatal Myoclonus

Postgraduate Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine Master’s Degree

Learn more about TMJ disorders by enrolling in our online, competency-based certificate or master’s program in Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine .

Mariela Padilla

Dr. Padilla obtained her DDS in 1989 at UCR, and in 1998 completed a Residency Program in Orofacial Pain at UCLA. In 2005, she obtained her Master’s Degree in Education and Curriculum Design. Dr. Padilla started her clinical practice as a general dentist in 1990, and then dedicated herself solely to Orofacial Pain and Temporomandibular Disorders. She designs programs and academic experiences for working professionals, and contributes with learning innovation and teaching development.

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Temporomandibular Joint Disorders pp 69–83 Cite as

Clinical Evaluation of the Temporomandibular Joint

  • Vankudoth Dal Singh 2 &
  • Vaishnavi Devi Majeti 2  
  • First Online: 27 August 2021

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1 Citations

Temporomandibular joint disorders can pose a challenge to the clinicians as the clinical signs and symptoms can mimic referred pain from the surrounding anatomical structures. A thorough and systematic hard and soft tissue evaluation involving the masticatory muscles, dentition, and maxillofacial skeleton is essential to arrive at an appropriate diagnosis. The various clinical examination techniques for functional temporomandibular joint assessment have been discussed in detail.

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Dal Singh, V., Majeti, V.D. (2021). Clinical Evaluation of the Temporomandibular Joint. In: Bhargava, D. (eds) Temporomandibular Joint Disorders. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2754-5_6

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lateral excursion range of motion

TMJ Movements

        Normal movements of the jaw during function, such as chewing, are known as excursions. There are two lateral excursions ( left and right ) and the forward excursion, known as protrusion, the reversal of which is retrusion.

        When the jaw is moved into protrusion, the lower incisors or front teeth are moved so that they first come edge to edge with the upper incisors, and then move past them, producing a temporary underbite. This is accomplished by sliding of the condyle down the articular eminance ( in the upper portion of the TMJ ) without any more than the slightest amount of rotation taking place ( in the lower portion of the TMJ ), other than that necessary to allow the lower incisors to come in front of the upper incisors without running into them.

        During chewing, the jaw moves in a specific manner as delineated by the two TMJs. The side of the mandible that moves sideways is referred to as either the working or rotating side, while the other side is referred to as either the balancing or orbiting side. The latter terms, although a bit outdated, are actually more precise, as they define the sides by the movements of the respective condyles.  When the jaw is moved into a lateral excursion, the working side condyle ( the condyle on the side of the jaw that moves outwards ) only performs rotation ( in the horizontal plane ), while the balancing side condyle performs translation. During actual functional chewing, when the teeth are not only moved side to side, but also up and down when biting of the teeth is incorporated as well, rotation ( in a vertical plane ) also plays a part in both condyles.

        The jaw is moved primary by four muscles: the masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid and the temporalis. These four muscles work in different groups to move the mandible in different directions. Contraction of the lateral pterygoid acts to pull the disc and condyle forward; thus, the action of this muscle serves to open the mouth. The other three muscles close the mouth; the masseter and the medial pterygoid by pulling up the angle of the mandible and the temporalis by pulling up on the coronoid process.

        When the mouth opens, two distinct motions occur at the joint. The first motion is ROTATION around a horizontal axis through the condylar heads. The second motion is TRANSLATION.  The condyle and meniscus move together interiorly beneath the articular eminence.

        In the closed mouth position, the thick posterior band of the meniscus lies immediately above the condyle. As the condyle translates forward, the thinner intermediate zone of the meniscus becomes the articulating surface between the condyle and the articular eminence. When the mouth is fully open, the condyle may lie beneath the anterior band of the meniscus.

9.5 Types of Body Movements

Learning objectives.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

  • Define the different types of body movements
  • Identify the joints that allow for these motions

Synovial joints allow the body a tremendous range of movements. Each movement at a synovial joint results from the contraction or relaxation of the muscles that are attached to the bones on either side of the articulation. The type of movement that can be produced at a synovial joint is determined by its structural type. While the ball-and-socket joint gives the greatest range of movement at an individual joint, in other regions of the body, several joints may work together to produce a particular movement. Overall, each type of synovial joint is necessary to provide the body with its great flexibility and mobility. There are many types of movement that can occur at synovial joints ( Table 9.1 ). Movement types are generally paired, with one being the opposite of the other. Body movements are always described in relation to the anatomical position of the body: upright stance, with upper limbs to the side of body and palms facing forward. Refer to Figure 9.12 as you go through this section.

Interactive Link

Watch this video to learn about anatomical motions. What motions involve increasing or decreasing the angle of the foot at the ankle?

Flexion and Extension

Flexion and extension are typically movements that take place within the sagittal plane and involve anterior or posterior movements of the neck, trunk, or limbs. For the vertebral column, flexion (anterior flexion) is an anterior (forward) bending of the neck or trunk, while extension involves a posterior-directed motion, such as straightening from a flexed position or bending backward. Lateral flexion of the vertebral column occurs in the coronal plane and is defined as the bending of the neck or trunk toward the right or left side. These movements of the vertebral column involve both the symphysis joint formed by each intervertebral disc, as well as the plane type of synovial joint formed between the inferior articular processes of one vertebra and the superior articular processes of the next lower vertebra.

In the limbs, flexion decreases the angle between the bones (bending of the joint), while extension increases the angle and straightens the joint. For the upper limb, all anterior-going motions are flexion and all posterior-going motions are extension. These include anterior-posterior movements of the arm at the shoulder, the forearm at the elbow, the hand at the wrist, and the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints. For the thumb, extension moves the thumb away from the palm of the hand, within the same plane as the palm, while flexion brings the thumb back against the index finger or into the palm. These motions take place at the first carpometacarpal joint. In the lower limb, bringing the thigh forward and upward is flexion at the hip joint, while any posterior-going motion of the thigh is extension. Note that extension of the thigh beyond the anatomical (standing) position is greatly limited by the ligaments that support the hip joint. Knee flexion is the bending of the knee to bring the foot toward the posterior thigh, and extension is the straightening of the knee. Flexion and extension movements are seen at the hinge, condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket joints of the limbs (see Figure 9.12 a-d ).

Hyperextension is the abnormal or excessive extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion, thus resulting in injury. Similarly, hyperflexion is excessive flexion at a joint. Hyperextension injuries are common at hinge joints such as the knee or elbow. In cases of “whiplash” in which the head is suddenly moved backward and then forward, a patient may experience both hyperextension and hyperflexion of the cervical region.

Abduction and Adduction

Abduction and adduction motions occur within the coronal plane and involve medial-lateral motions of the limbs, fingers, toes, or thumb. Abduction moves the limb laterally away from the midline of the body, while adduction is the opposing movement that brings the limb toward the body or across the midline. For example, abduction is raising the arm at the shoulder joint, moving it laterally away from the body, while adduction brings the arm down to the side of the body. Similarly, abduction and adduction at the wrist moves the hand away from or toward the midline of the body. Spreading the fingers or toes apart is also abduction, while bringing the fingers or toes together is adduction. For the thumb, abduction is the anterior movement that brings the thumb to a 90° perpendicular position, pointing straight out from the palm. Adduction moves the thumb back to the anatomical position, next to the index finger. Abduction and adduction movements are seen at condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket joints (see Figure 9.12 e ).

Circumduction

Circumduction is the movement of a body region in a circular manner, in which one end of the body region being moved stays relatively stationary while the other end describes a circle. It involves the sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction at a joint. This type of motion is found at biaxial condyloid and saddle joints, and at multiaxial ball-and-sockets joints (see Figure 9.12 e ).

Rotation can occur within the vertebral column, at a pivot joint, or at a ball-and-socket joint. Rotation of the neck or body is the twisting movement produced by the summation of the small rotational movements available between adjacent vertebrae. At a pivot joint, one bone rotates in relation to another bone. This is a uniaxial joint, and thus rotation is the only motion allowed at a pivot joint. For example, at the atlantoaxial joint, the first cervical (C1) vertebra (atlas) rotates around the dens, the upward projection from the second cervical (C2) vertebra (axis). This allows the head to rotate from side to side as when shaking the head “no.” The proximal radioulnar joint is a pivot joint formed by the head of the radius and its articulation with the ulna. This joint allows for the radius to rotate along its length during pronation and supination movements of the forearm.

Rotation can also occur at the ball-and-socket joints of the shoulder and hip. Here, the humerus and femur rotate around their long axis, which moves the anterior surface of the arm or thigh either toward or away from the midline of the body. Movement that brings the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body is called medial (internal) rotation . Conversely, rotation of the limb so that the anterior surface moves away from the midline is lateral (external) rotation (see Figure 9.12 f ). Be sure to distinguish medial and lateral rotation, which can only occur at the multiaxial shoulder and hip joints, from circumduction, which can occur at either biaxial or multiaxial joints.

Supination and Pronation

Supination and pronation are movements of the forearm. In the anatomical position, the upper limb is held next to the body with the palm facing forward. This is the supinated position of the forearm. In this position, the radius and ulna are parallel to each other. When the palm of the hand faces backward, the forearm is in the pronated position , and the radius and ulna form an X-shape.

Supination and pronation are the movements of the forearm that go between these two positions. Pronation is the motion that moves the forearm from the supinated (anatomical) position to the pronated (palm backward) position. This motion is produced by rotation of the radius at the proximal radioulnar joint, accompanied by movement of the radius at the distal radioulnar joint. The proximal radioulnar joint is a pivot joint that allows for rotation of the head of the radius. Because of the slight curvature of the shaft of the radius, this rotation causes the distal end of the radius to cross over the distal ulna at the distal radioulnar joint. This crossing over brings the radius and ulna into an X-shape position. Supination is the opposite motion, in which rotation of the radius returns the bones to their parallel positions and moves the palm to the anterior facing (supinated) position. It helps to remember that supination is the motion you use when scooping up soup with a spoon (see Figure 9.13 g ).

Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion

Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion are movements at the ankle joint, which is a hinge joint. Lifting the front of the foot, so that the top of the foot moves toward the anterior leg is dorsiflexion, while lifting the heel of the foot from the ground or pointing the toes downward is plantar flexion. These are the only movements available at the ankle joint (see Figure 9.13 h ).

Inversion and Eversion

Inversion and eversion are complex movements that involve the multiple plane joints among the tarsal bones of the posterior foot (intertarsal joints) and thus are not motions that take place at the ankle joint. Inversion is the turning of the foot to angle the bottom of the foot toward the midline, while eversion turns the bottom of the foot away from the midline. The foot has a greater range of inversion than eversion motion. These are important motions that help to stabilize the foot when walking or running on an uneven surface and aid in the quick side-to-side changes in direction used during active sports such as basketball, racquetball, or soccer (see Figure 9.13 i ).

Protraction and Retraction

Protraction and retraction are anterior-posterior movements of the scapula or mandible. Protraction of the scapula occurs when the shoulder is moved forward, as when pushing against something or throwing a ball. Retraction is the opposite motion, with the scapula being pulled posteriorly and medially, toward the vertebral column. For the mandible, protraction occurs when the lower jaw is pushed forward, to stick out the chin, while retraction pulls the lower jaw backward. (See Figure 9.13 j .)

Depression and Elevation

Depression and elevation are downward and upward movements of the scapula or mandible. The upward movement of the scapula and shoulder is elevation, while a downward movement is depression. These movements are used to shrug your shoulders. Similarly, elevation of the mandible is the upward movement of the lower jaw used to close the mouth or bite on something, and depression is the downward movement that produces opening of the mouth (see Figure 9.13 k ).

Excursion is the side to side movement of the mandible. Lateral excursion moves the mandible away from the midline, toward either the right or left side. Medial excursion returns the mandible to its resting position at the midline.

Superior Rotation and Inferior Rotation

Superior and inferior rotation are movements of the scapula and are defined by the direction of movement of the glenoid cavity. These motions involve rotation of the scapula around a point inferior to the scapular spine and are produced by combinations of muscles acting on the scapula. During superior rotation , the glenoid cavity moves upward as the medial end of the scapular spine moves downward. This is a very important motion that contributes to upper limb abduction. Without superior rotation of the scapula, the greater tubercle of the humerus would hit the acromion of the scapula, thus preventing any abduction of the arm above shoulder height. Superior rotation of the scapula is thus required for full abduction of the upper limb. Superior rotation is also used without arm abduction when carrying a heavy load with your hand or on your shoulder. You can feel this rotation when you pick up a load, such as a heavy book bag and carry it on only one shoulder. To increase its weight-bearing support for the bag, the shoulder lifts as the scapula superiorly rotates. Inferior rotation occurs during limb adduction and involves the downward motion of the glenoid cavity with upward movement of the medial end of the scapular spine.

Opposition and Reposition

Opposition is the thumb movement that brings the tip of the thumb in contact with the tip of a finger. This movement is produced at the first carpometacarpal joint, which is a saddle joint formed between the trapezium carpal bone and the first metacarpal bone. Thumb opposition is produced by a combination of flexion and abduction of the thumb at this joint. Returning the thumb to its anatomical position next to the index finger is called reposition (see Figure 9.13 l ).

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  • Book URL: https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-introduction
  • Section URL: https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/9-5-types-of-body-movements

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Therapeutic Exercise: Foundations and Techniques, 7e

Chapter 3:  Range of Motion

CAROLYN KISNER

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Introduction.

  • Types of ROM Exercises
  • Indications, Goals, and Limitations of ROM
  • Precautions and Contraindications to ROM Exercises
  • Principles and Procedures for Applying ROM Techniques
  • ROM Techniques
  • Self-Assisted ROM
  • Continuous Passive Motion
  • ROM Through Functional Patterns
  • Independent Learning Activities
  • Full Chapter
  • Supplementary Content

Range of motion is a basic technique used for the examination of movement and for initiating movement into a program of therapeutic intervention. Movement that is necessary to accomplish functional activities can be viewed, in its simplest form, as muscles or external forces moving bones in various patterns or ranges of motions. When a person moves, the intricate control of the muscle activity that causes or controls the motion comes from the central nervous system. Bones move with respect to each other at the connecting joints. The structure of the joints, as well as the integrity and flexibility of the soft tissues that pass over the joints, affects the amount of motion that can occur between any two bones. The full motion possible is called the range of motion (ROM). When moving a segment through its ROM, all structures in the region are affected: muscles, joint surfaces, synovial fluid, joint capsules, ligaments, fasciae, vessels, and nerves. ROM activities are most easily described in terms of joint range and muscle range. To describe joint range, terms such as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation are used. Ranges of available joint motion are usually measured with a goniometer and recorded in degrees. 21 Muscle range is related to the functional excursion of muscles.

Functional excursion is the distance that a muscle is capable of shortening after it has been elongated to its maximum. 13 In some cases the functional excursion, or range of a muscle, is directly influenced by the joint it crosses. For example, the range for the brachialis muscle is limited by the range available at the elbow joint. This is true of one-joint muscles (muscles with their proximal and distal attachments on the bones on either side of one joint). For two-joint or multijoint muscles (those muscles that cross over two or more joints), their range goes beyond the limits of any one joint they cross. An example of a two-joint muscle functioning at the hip and knee is the hamstring muscle group. If it contracts and moves the knee into flexion while simultaneously moving the hip into extension, it shortens to a point known as active insufficiency, where it is too short to produce much tension. This is one end of its range. When it is fully lengthened and limits motion at one of the joints it crosses, it is known as passive insufficiency. This occurs in the hamstring muscle when the knee is extended and full range of hip flexion is limited (or conversely, when the hip is flexed full range and knee extension is limited). Two-joint or multijoint muscles normally function in the midportion of their functional excursion where ideal length-tension relations exist. 13

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40 facts about elektrostal.

Lanette Mayes

Written by Lanette Mayes

Modified & Updated: 02 Mar 2024

Jessica Corbett

Reviewed by Jessica Corbett

40-facts-about-elektrostal

Elektrostal is a vibrant city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia. With a rich history, stunning architecture, and a thriving community, Elektrostal is a city that has much to offer. Whether you are a history buff, nature enthusiast, or simply curious about different cultures, Elektrostal is sure to captivate you.

This article will provide you with 40 fascinating facts about Elektrostal, giving you a better understanding of why this city is worth exploring. From its origins as an industrial hub to its modern-day charm, we will delve into the various aspects that make Elektrostal a unique and must-visit destination.

So, join us as we uncover the hidden treasures of Elektrostal and discover what makes this city a true gem in the heart of Russia.

Key Takeaways:

  • Elektrostal, known as the “Motor City of Russia,” is a vibrant and growing city with a rich industrial history, offering diverse cultural experiences and a strong commitment to environmental sustainability.
  • With its convenient location near Moscow, Elektrostal provides a picturesque landscape, vibrant nightlife, and a range of recreational activities, making it an ideal destination for residents and visitors alike.

Known as the “Motor City of Russia.”

Elektrostal, a city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia, earned the nickname “Motor City” due to its significant involvement in the automotive industry.

Home to the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Elektrostal is renowned for its metallurgical plant, which has been producing high-quality steel and alloys since its establishment in 1916.

Boasts a rich industrial heritage.

Elektrostal has a long history of industrial development, contributing to the growth and progress of the region.

Founded in 1916.

The city of Elektrostal was founded in 1916 as a result of the construction of the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Located approximately 50 kilometers east of Moscow.

Elektrostal is situated in close proximity to the Russian capital, making it easily accessible for both residents and visitors.

Known for its vibrant cultural scene.

Elektrostal is home to several cultural institutions, including museums, theaters, and art galleries that showcase the city’s rich artistic heritage.

A popular destination for nature lovers.

Surrounded by picturesque landscapes and forests, Elektrostal offers ample opportunities for outdoor activities such as hiking, camping, and birdwatching.

Hosts the annual Elektrostal City Day celebrations.

Every year, Elektrostal organizes festive events and activities to celebrate its founding, bringing together residents and visitors in a spirit of unity and joy.

Has a population of approximately 160,000 people.

Elektrostal is home to a diverse and vibrant community of around 160,000 residents, contributing to its dynamic atmosphere.

Boasts excellent education facilities.

The city is known for its well-established educational institutions, providing quality education to students of all ages.

A center for scientific research and innovation.

Elektrostal serves as an important hub for scientific research, particularly in the fields of metallurgy, materials science, and engineering.

Surrounded by picturesque lakes.

The city is blessed with numerous beautiful lakes, offering scenic views and recreational opportunities for locals and visitors alike.

Well-connected transportation system.

Elektrostal benefits from an efficient transportation network, including highways, railways, and public transportation options, ensuring convenient travel within and beyond the city.

Famous for its traditional Russian cuisine.

Food enthusiasts can indulge in authentic Russian dishes at numerous restaurants and cafes scattered throughout Elektrostal.

Home to notable architectural landmarks.

Elektrostal boasts impressive architecture, including the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord and the Elektrostal Palace of Culture.

Offers a wide range of recreational facilities.

Residents and visitors can enjoy various recreational activities, such as sports complexes, swimming pools, and fitness centers, enhancing the overall quality of life.

Provides a high standard of healthcare.

Elektrostal is equipped with modern medical facilities, ensuring residents have access to quality healthcare services.

Home to the Elektrostal History Museum.

The Elektrostal History Museum showcases the city’s fascinating past through exhibitions and displays.

A hub for sports enthusiasts.

Elektrostal is passionate about sports, with numerous stadiums, arenas, and sports clubs offering opportunities for athletes and spectators.

Celebrates diverse cultural festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal hosts a variety of cultural festivals, celebrating different ethnicities, traditions, and art forms.

Electric power played a significant role in its early development.

Elektrostal owes its name and initial growth to the establishment of electric power stations and the utilization of electricity in the industrial sector.

Boasts a thriving economy.

The city’s strong industrial base, coupled with its strategic location near Moscow, has contributed to Elektrostal’s prosperous economic status.

Houses the Elektrostal Drama Theater.

The Elektrostal Drama Theater is a cultural centerpiece, attracting theater enthusiasts from far and wide.

Popular destination for winter sports.

Elektrostal’s proximity to ski resorts and winter sport facilities makes it a favorite destination for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter activities.

Promotes environmental sustainability.

Elektrostal prioritizes environmental protection and sustainability, implementing initiatives to reduce pollution and preserve natural resources.

Home to renowned educational institutions.

Elektrostal is known for its prestigious schools and universities, offering a wide range of academic programs to students.

Committed to cultural preservation.

The city values its cultural heritage and takes active steps to preserve and promote traditional customs, crafts, and arts.

Hosts an annual International Film Festival.

The Elektrostal International Film Festival attracts filmmakers and cinema enthusiasts from around the world, showcasing a diverse range of films.

Encourages entrepreneurship and innovation.

Elektrostal supports aspiring entrepreneurs and fosters a culture of innovation, providing opportunities for startups and business development.

Offers a range of housing options.

Elektrostal provides diverse housing options, including apartments, houses, and residential complexes, catering to different lifestyles and budgets.

Home to notable sports teams.

Elektrostal is proud of its sports legacy, with several successful sports teams competing at regional and national levels.

Boasts a vibrant nightlife scene.

Residents and visitors can enjoy a lively nightlife in Elektrostal, with numerous bars, clubs, and entertainment venues.

Promotes cultural exchange and international relations.

Elektrostal actively engages in international partnerships, cultural exchanges, and diplomatic collaborations to foster global connections.

Surrounded by beautiful nature reserves.

Nearby nature reserves, such as the Barybino Forest and Luchinskoye Lake, offer opportunities for nature enthusiasts to explore and appreciate the region’s biodiversity.

Commemorates historical events.

The city pays tribute to significant historical events through memorials, monuments, and exhibitions, ensuring the preservation of collective memory.

Promotes sports and youth development.

Elektrostal invests in sports infrastructure and programs to encourage youth participation, health, and physical fitness.

Hosts annual cultural and artistic festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal celebrates its cultural diversity through festivals dedicated to music, dance, art, and theater.

Provides a picturesque landscape for photography enthusiasts.

The city’s scenic beauty, architectural landmarks, and natural surroundings make it a paradise for photographers.

Connects to Moscow via a direct train line.

The convenient train connection between Elektrostal and Moscow makes commuting between the two cities effortless.

A city with a bright future.

Elektrostal continues to grow and develop, aiming to become a model city in terms of infrastructure, sustainability, and quality of life for its residents.

In conclusion, Elektrostal is a fascinating city with a rich history and a vibrant present. From its origins as a center of steel production to its modern-day status as a hub for education and industry, Elektrostal has plenty to offer both residents and visitors. With its beautiful parks, cultural attractions, and proximity to Moscow, there is no shortage of things to see and do in this dynamic city. Whether you’re interested in exploring its historical landmarks, enjoying outdoor activities, or immersing yourself in the local culture, Elektrostal has something for everyone. So, next time you find yourself in the Moscow region, don’t miss the opportunity to discover the hidden gems of Elektrostal.

Q: What is the population of Elektrostal?

A: As of the latest data, the population of Elektrostal is approximately XXXX.

Q: How far is Elektrostal from Moscow?

A: Elektrostal is located approximately XX kilometers away from Moscow.

Q: Are there any famous landmarks in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to several notable landmarks, including XXXX and XXXX.

Q: What industries are prominent in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal is known for its steel production industry and is also a center for engineering and manufacturing.

Q: Are there any universities or educational institutions in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to XXXX University and several other educational institutions.

Q: What are some popular outdoor activities in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal offers several outdoor activities, such as hiking, cycling, and picnicking in its beautiful parks.

Q: Is Elektrostal well-connected in terms of transportation?

A: Yes, Elektrostal has good transportation links, including trains and buses, making it easily accessible from nearby cities.

Q: Are there any annual events or festivals in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal hosts various events and festivals throughout the year, including XXXX and XXXX.

Was this page helpful?

Our commitment to delivering trustworthy and engaging content is at the heart of what we do. Each fact on our site is contributed by real users like you, bringing a wealth of diverse insights and information. To ensure the highest standards of accuracy and reliability, our dedicated editors meticulously review each submission. This process guarantees that the facts we share are not only fascinating but also credible. Trust in our commitment to quality and authenticity as you explore and learn with us.

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IMAGES

  1. What is lateral excursion?

    lateral excursion range of motion

  2. Range of Motion: Temporomandibular (TMJ) Lateral Excursion

    lateral excursion range of motion

  3. What is lateral excursion?

    lateral excursion range of motion

  4. What is lateral excursion?

    lateral excursion range of motion

  5. ROM or Range Of Motion

    lateral excursion range of motion

  6. Range of Motion Chart for Rehabilitation Occupational Therapy and OT

    lateral excursion range of motion

COMMENTS

  1. Range of Motion: Temporomandibular (TMJ) Lateral Excursion

    Learn the proper technique to measure lateral excursion range of motion for the temporomandibular (TMJ) joint using a ruler.

  2. TMJ Muscle Range of Motion Measurements

    If they can open to 60 mm or you can push them to 60 mm, then they have an excellent opening range of motion. Lateral: 8 to 12 mm. Protrusive : 8 to 12 mm. Opening Movements. Place the notch of the range of motion scale on the midline of the mandibular centrals, and take the following three measurements: Comfort : ask the patient to open ...

  3. What is lateral excursion?

    A disc located between the temporal bone and the condyle helps in the range of movements. The smooth movements of the articular disk are possible because of a fluid called the synovial fluid. ... The sideways movement is a rotational motion. In lateral excursion, both these motions take place simultaneously. Let us understand this movement with ...

  4. TMJ: Arthrokinematics and Pathology Review

    Lateral Excursion: Side to side translation of the disc and condyle on the fossa. The ipsilateral condyle has minimal motion, while the contralateral condyle moves anteriorly and medially. The ipsilateral condyle almost acts as a pivot point. Depression: Made up of two phases. During the early phase (35-50%), the condyle rolls posteriorly on ...

  5. TMJ Assessment: Jaw Range of Motion, Noise, and Tenderness

    Jaw Range of Motion Assessment. Prior to the procedure, introduce yourself to the patient, explain the purpose of the examination, obtain consent, and be sure to meet infectious control standards. 1. Interincisal Open Measurement. There are three interincisal measurements to assess a patient's jaw range of motion: pain-free, unassisted, and ...

  6. An Analysis of the Temporomandibular Joint Range of Motion and Related

    1. Introduction. The measurement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) range of motion (ROM) is a simple yet important method in the functional evaluation of the masticatory system []; maximum mouth opening (MMO) is a significant diagnostic reference.In clinical practice, however, mouth area (MA) measurements can be more useful than MMO measurements since retraction during dental procedures to ...

  7. The Temporomandibular Joint

    The functional motions permitted are mandibular depression (mouth opening), mandibular elevation (mouth closing), protrusion (anterior translation; Fig. 13.3) and retrusion (posterior translation; Fig. 13.4), and right and left lateral excursion or laterotrusion (lateral deviation; Fig. 13.5). Maximal contact of the teeth in mouth closing is ...

  8. Temporomandibular disorders. Part 1: anatomy and examination/diagnosis

    Active range-of-motion (AROM) testing. Active range-of-motion testing includes mouth opening, right and left lateral deviation, and protrusion. A common method for measuring opening is to determine interincisor distance. 62 This can be measured in a variety of ways, including with a Boley gage (Fig. 4) or TMJ measurement scale such as the ...

  9. Clinical Evaluation of the Temporomandibular Joint

    6.2.5 Range of Motion (ROM) ... For convinence the distance between the fixed maxillary midline and the shift of the mandibular midline on lateral excursion is measured. Any lateral movement less than 8 mm suggests restricted movement. The protrusive movement can be obtained by instructing the patient to close in centric position and slide the ...

  10. Kinesiology of the temporomandibular joint

    A lateral excursion of the mandible involves the rotation of the ipsilateral condyle, and the horizontal translation of the contralateral condyle (Ingawale and Goswami, ... Sign and symptoms of TMD may include decreased mandibular range of motion, pain in the muscles of mastication and the TMJ, muscle spasm, joint sounds, joint locking, ...

  11. Discriminant Validity of Temporomandibular Joint Range of Motion

    tions in range of motion, particu- larly opening and lateral excur- sion. Restrictions in active mandib- ular range of motion (ROM), with and without pain, are used as part of the diagnostic criteria.I4 Because of the relationship be- tween the teeth and the TMJ structures, the management of TMJ disorders has been the pur-

  12. TMJ Movements

    TMJ Movements. Normal movements of the jaw during function, such as chewing, are known as excursions. There are two lateral excursions ( left and right ) and the forward excursion, known as protrusion, the reversal of which is retrusion. When the jaw is moved into protrusion, the lower incisors or front teeth are moved so that they first come ...

  13. An Evaluation of Jaw Tracking Movements in Patients with Total Joint

    The working null hypothesis was that there is no difference in range of motion and TMJ symptoms for patients undergoing total joint replacement versus a control group. 2. Materials and Methods ... it was reported that the average lateral excursion was 2.1 mm, and after total joint replacement, the average lateral excursion was decreased to 1.7 ...

  14. 9.5 Types of Body Movements

    The foot has a greater range of inversion than eversion motion. ... Lateral excursion moves the mandible away from the midline, toward either the right or left side. Medial excursion returns the mandible to its resting position at the midline. Superior Rotation and Inferior Rotation.

  15. VA Disability for Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction (TMJ)

    Lateral Excursion Range of Motion (moving the jaw side-to-side) 10% - 0 to 4 mm; About the Author. Jenna joined CCK in January of 2014 as an appellate attorney, was named Managing Attorney in September of 2019, and now serves as a Partner at the firm. Her law practice focuses on representing disabled veterans at the Court of Appeals for ...

  16. PDF Temporomandibular Disorders (TMDs)

    Lateral excursion (if different than above) Interincisal distance (if different than above) Passive Range of Motion - Perform passive range of motion and provide the ROM values. Passive Range of Motion - Perform passive range of motion and provide the ROM values. Interincisal distance: greater than 34mm. 30 - 34mm 21 - 29mm. 11 - 20mm 0 - 10mm

  17. Chapter 3: Range of Motion

    Ranges of available joint motion are usually measured with a goniometer and recorded in degrees. 21 Muscle range is related to the functional excursion of muscles. Functional excursion is the distance that a muscle is capable of shortening after it has been elongated to its maximum. 13 In some cases the functional excursion, or range of a ...

  18. Role of Myofascial Release Technique on Mobility and Functio

    For left and right lateral mouth excursion experimental group has values as 0.22 and 0.1 whereas for control group excursions were 0.05 for both left and right side. P value was statistically significant for either side excursions. For protrusion mean difference of mobility was 0.12 in experimental group and 0.08 in control group.

  19. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology

    Motion control, space flight dynamics, navigation Apply now. Bachelor's program. English taught. 240 ECTS. 8 full-time semesters. 250 000 rubles per year. Program Overview. Do you know how do plane fly? What about aircraft design? Can you analyze the risks of air accidents?

  20. 40 Facts About Elektrostal

    Lanette Mayes. Elektrostal is a vibrant city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia. With a rich history, stunning architecture, and a thriving community, Elektrostal is a city that has much to offer. Whether you are a history buff, nature enthusiast, or simply curious about different cultures, Elektrostal is sure to captivate you.

  21. Machine-Building Plant (Elemash)

    In 1954, Elemash began to produce fuel assemblies, including for the first nuclear power plant in the world, located in Obninsk. In 1959, the facility produced the fuel for the Soviet Union's first icebreaker. Its fuel assembly production became serial in 1965 and automated in 1982. 1. Today, Elemash is one of the largest TVEL nuclear fuel ...

  22. PDF 29 March 2010: Moscow Metro Bombings

    UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Incident Observations (U) Tactics & Techniques: -(U) Attackers: Two female suicide bombers (one per train). -(U) Device: Explosive belts packed with plastic explosives: one per bomber; may have contained hexogen (RDX) as well as chipped iron rods and screws; believed to have been set off on the trains as the trains ...