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A Maasai woman and her baby wearing bead bracelets.

‘It’s a struggle for survival’: why Kenya – and its wildlife – need tourists to return

Covid dealt a blow to tourism and the conservation funds it provides. But as visitors slowly return, the sector is looking for new ways to thrive

E very day, for the past 20 years, Joyce Naserian has laid out her handmade curios near an entrance to the Masai Mara park to sell to passing tourists. Her earnings have helped the 46-year-old feed and educate all four of her children.

In northern Kenya, about 1,200 semi-nomadic women earned more than 9m Kenyan shillings (£62,000) selling beadwork to visitors at 43 community wildlife conservancies in 2020. Just as it was Naserian in the Mara, selling the beadwork was a solid money earner for these women. But that was before Covid.

The collapse of eco-tourism during the pandemic has spelled disaster for conservation initiatives and livelihoods in Kenya and beyond. Cuts to budgets and staff, reduced salaries and stalled development and education projects have plunged communities into poverty, leading to a rise in poaching and the illegal wildlife trade.

Reuters reported that in the first three months of 2020, the African continent lost $55bn (£44bn) in travel and tourism revenues – funds that go towards running conservation programmes that benefit local communities.

A Maasai woman wearing selling decorative beads to tourists.

Kenya’s government has relaxed a raft of travel restrictions , but the return of international tourists has been slow, while concerns about carbon emissions from long-haul air travel may be putting people off flying into conservation areas.

“It is a real struggle for survival,” says Daniel Sopia, head of Masai Mara Wildlife Conservancies Association. “Women who relied solely on beadwork were badly affected as there was not a single tourist coming to the Mara at the height of Covid-19 restrictions. Household income dropped significantly and they had to rely on food from well-wishers.”

The 15 wildlife conservancies that Sopia heads comprise individual blocks of land owned by Maasai people. The landowners lease the land, covering 14,0426 hectares (347,000 acres), to safari camps and lodges, which pay fees that fund projects providing water, healthcare and education, as well as setting up small businesses.

In return, the 14,500 landowners protect biodiversity within the Mara ecosystem while preserving their traditional lifestyle.

Four years before the pandemic, the conservancies contributed almost 120m Kenyan shillings to social programmes in the region. Two years ago, payments to landowners fell by 50% , forcing conservancies to scale back operations and focus on priorities such as allowances to wildlife rangers. Sopia and his team had to scramble to prevent the total collapse of conservation programmes.

“Conservancies remained operational throughout the pandemic despite the lack in tourism income,” says Sopia. “We were fortunate to mobilise some resources from development partners and private foundations. These helped to cover rangers’ salaries, food rations, fuel, and vehicle maintenance.

“We hope the arrangement will be in place till June 2022 as we slowly wean the conservancies off such aid,” he says.

Maasai man with beaded bracelets.

Some foreign organisations are now making a comeback after a two-year hiatus. In March 2022, UK charity Tusk brought together conservation professionals from across Africa for a symposium in Masai Mara to help organisations diversify fundraising and build resilient units.

Since 1990, Tusk has raised more than £80m towards conservation projects across more than 20 African countries and helped to protect more than 40 threatened species. Tusk’s upcoming Wildlife Ranger Challenge seeks to raise money for rangers whose pay was slashed in the pandemic.

“The last two years have been extremely tough for everyone. The conservation sector in particular has had to endure huge losses, dramatic cutbacks in operating budgets, and, sadly, redundancies,” says Charlie Mayhew, Tusk Trust chief executive.

Wanjiku Kinuthia, strategyhead at Maliasili , hopes the renewed interest in broadening discussions about African conservation will boost small organisations that are often left out of big decisions, despite being closest to the vulnerable communities bearing the brunt of a collapsing environment.

“They often miss out on global dialogues,” says Kinuthia, whose group supports about 20 other organisations in seven countries, including smaller ones that lack the networks to make their voices heard. “They do not understand how the media works or how to tell their stories. We can be catalysts of change for such grassroots organisations.”

Involving communities in conservation would safeguard the 65% of wildlife that lives outside protected areas, she says. “All people need are tools to help them coexist with animals in the 21st century while benefiting from conservation.”

However, some conservationists say the only way to sustain conservation programmes and avoid disruption is by governments increasing budgets to the sector, a challenge considering the current low levels of state investment.

Dickson Kaelo, who heads the Kenya Wildlife Conservancies Association, says African countries depend on foreign donors to fund development and conservation is no exception.

“There is no single answer to cutting off foreign aid,” says Kaelo. “There are no government incentives for setting up a conservancy to protect an elephant that walks all over destroying life and property.

“If you are in the farming sector, you can get a loan to buy a tractor, but there is no institution that gives loans for those who want to invest in protecting wildlife, and while a person buying a vehicle to ferry tourists gets some tax rebates, we get no such benefits when buying a truck for wildlife rangers.”

He adds: “Through a private member’s bill, parliament might create laws that hamper conservation including the Natural Resources (Benefits Sharing) Bill , with a formula that will see those in conservation give 80% of their proceeds to government and a paltry 12.8% to local communities.

In addition, the government requires that you come up with a management plan, a strategic and environmental study, multiple registration procedures and other permits before setting up a private conservancy. If you want to lease land you have to pay 2% stamp duty for the entire period, say for 20 years, and pay that upfront. Why don’t we see such laws when someone wants to cut down a tree?”

Kaddu Sebunya, chief executive at the African Wildlife Foundation says Africans must be exposed to the benefits of wildlife and wild lands so they can lead on conservation. A starting point would be to make tourism more accessible, he says, “as it is easier for someone in New York or Sydney to book a tour to Africa than someone living in Harare or Lagos.”.

“Building our domestic and regional tourism market will be a stepping stone to increasing the African voice for conservation. While millions of Africans traverse the continent to travel for business, how can these numbers be translated to nature tourists?

“Data from Unctad [UN Conference on Trade and Development] indicates that four out of 10 international tourists in Africa come from the continent, and this begs the question, ‘is our product marketing catering to the four Africans?’

It is high time for a shift in mindset,” says Sebunya.

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The future of tourism in Kenya: Challenges, Problems and Solutions

Last updated on: August 10, 2019 by Guest Contributor Leave a Comment

By Walter Pepela:-

Tourism in Kenya is currently facing a lot of challenges because of multiple travel advisories imposed on the Kenyan government by European nations and also because of political instability and poaching of animals especially elephants. The future of tourism will depend on the following factors.

Africa Travel and Tourism Associations

Conservation of wildlife should be done because it is mainly wild animals which attract tourist. To conserve these, the Kenya government has to make great efforts and establish national parks and game reserves .plans should be made to establish more of these. Development of suitable facilities especially the hotel industry has to be expanded to accommodate the increasing number of tourists of all classes. More high class tourist hotels have to be built around the Kenyan coast and other major tourist attraction centres to ensure sufficient accommodation facilities. Infrastructural facilities such as roads in most of the parks and those leading to the parks are supposed to be improved so as to facilitate the movement around the parks. More tourist attractions are supposed to be established, developed and maintained. Kenya has room for expansion and establishment of more tourist attractions such as Lake Tukana, Bogoria, and Lake Victoria, Mt Elgon, Samburu and Marsabit areas. Political stability and government projections are a major determinant of the country’s future tourism success. Stability of the political and economic climate is crucial because it provides tourists with the assurance of peace and comfort and therefore they will visit the country in droves. A stable political climate will improve the country’s security status and image and by so doing, it makes the tourism industry well stimulated. The present government therefore has to put in more measures to ensure that the political climate in the country is favorable for tourism activities. If the measures mentioned above are followed, then the declining tourism industry will have been given the much needed head start.

Y ou can also : 100+ best destinations in Kenya: Spend your holiday in Kenya, enjoy safaris at an affordable price here

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Walter Pepela is Kenyayote Guest Blogger. Contact him on [email protected] or  0710642170 for questions about the “The future of tourism in Kenya: Challenges, Problems and Solutions”

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Tourism in Kenya: An analysis of strategic issues and challenges

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Research output : Contribution to journal › Article › Research › peer-review

Access to Document

  • 10.1016/j.tmp.2011.12.008

T1 - Tourism in Kenya: An analysis of strategic issues and challenges

AU - Mayaka, Melphon Angwenyi

AU - Prasad, Hausila

N2 - This paper examines the current situation of Kenya s tourism based on analysis of various secondary sources including government records, news articles, a corpus of academic papers and discussions with industry players both face-to-face and through the internet and telephone conversation (providing valuable primary in-put). A brief historical context is presented and a modified version of the generic political, environmental, socio-cultural, economic and legal (PESTEL) using the symbolism of centripetal force is used to discuss the key challenges and opportunities facing Kenya s tourism. In this symbolic framework, tourism sector is depicted as being surrounded by various external constraining forces. The paper argues that the unstable state of the tourism sector under the influence of these forces must be the focus of a concerted strategic initiative to leverage Kenya as a competitive destination, particularly given its comparative advantage in form of tourism resource endowment. This assertion is based on the fact that various fragmented attempts to ameliorate the situation have yielded limited success.

AB - This paper examines the current situation of Kenya s tourism based on analysis of various secondary sources including government records, news articles, a corpus of academic papers and discussions with industry players both face-to-face and through the internet and telephone conversation (providing valuable primary in-put). A brief historical context is presented and a modified version of the generic political, environmental, socio-cultural, economic and legal (PESTEL) using the symbolism of centripetal force is used to discuss the key challenges and opportunities facing Kenya s tourism. In this symbolic framework, tourism sector is depicted as being surrounded by various external constraining forces. The paper argues that the unstable state of the tourism sector under the influence of these forces must be the focus of a concerted strategic initiative to leverage Kenya as a competitive destination, particularly given its comparative advantage in form of tourism resource endowment. This assertion is based on the fact that various fragmented attempts to ameliorate the situation have yielded limited success.

U2 - 10.1016/j.tmp.2011.12.008

DO - 10.1016/j.tmp.2011.12.008

M3 - Article

SN - 2211-9736

JO - Tourism Management Perspectives

JF - Tourism Management Perspectives

List of Problems Facing Tourism in Kenya

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By Bizhack Editorial

List of Problems Facing Tourism in Kenya

Tourism is one of the biggest contributors to the Kenyan economy. The country is known for its incredible wildlife , stunning beaches, and friendly people. However, despite the many benefits that tourism brings to the country, there are several challenges that the industry faces. In this article, we will take a look at some of the problems facing tourism in Kenya.

Without further ado here is a list of problems facing tourism in Kenya:

1. security concerns.

One of the biggest challenges facing tourism in Kenya is security. In recent years, there have been several high-profile terrorist attacks in the country, which have had a significant impact on the tourism industry. Many tourists are reluctant to visit Kenya due to safety concerns, which has led to a decline in visitor numbers.

2. Infrastructure

Another challenge facing tourism in Kenya is infrastructure. While the country has made significant improvements in recent years, there is still a lot of work to be done.

Many of the roads in the country are in poor condition, which makes it difficult for tourists to travel from one place to another. In addition, there is a lack of quality accommodation in many areas, which can be a turnoff for visitors.

3. Lack of Marketing

Another problem facing tourism in Kenya is a lack of marketing. While the country has a lot to offer, many people still don’t know about it. The government and private sector need to do a better job of promoting Kenya as a tourist destination. This can be done through advertising, social media, and other marketing channels.

4. Environmental Concerns

Kenya is home to some of the world’s most beautiful wildlife and landscapes. However, the country is facing several environmental challenges, including deforestation, pollution, and climate change. These issues not only impact the environment but also the tourism industry. If the natural beauty of Kenya is lost, tourists will have no reason to visit.

Also Checkout: Major problems in forestry industry

5. High Cost of Travel

Traveling to Kenya can be expensive, especially for tourists from far-flung destinations. The high cost of airfare, hotel accommodation, and other travel expenses can deter many potential visitors from visiting the country. Additionally, the high cost of visas and other travel documentation can make it difficult for tourists to plan their trips.

6. Political Instability

Finally, political instability is another problem facing tourism in Kenya. The country has a history of political unrest, which can be a deterrent for tourists. When there is political instability, it can lead to violence, which can be dangerous for both locals and visitors.

In conclusion, while tourism in Kenya has a lot of potential, there are several challenges that the industry faces. These include security concerns, infrastructure, lack of marketing, environmental concerns, and political instability. By addressing these issues, the government and private sector can work together to promote tourism in Kenya and ensure that it continues to be a major contributor to the country’s economy.

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Problems facing tourism in Kenya

Problems facing tourism in Kenya

Insecurity in parks. Some tourists are attacked and their property stolen from them. This scares the tourists who fear to visit again.

Terrorist attacks. Our country has in the recent past been a victim of terror attack where hundreds of people have been killed and property destroyed. E.g, the recent Westgate Mall Attack in Nairobi and the Mpeketoni killings has made some countries to issue travel advisories to its citizens.

Problems facing tourism in Kenya

Civil strife in the region . The civil wars that have been fought in neighboring countries like Somalia , Uganda and Rwanda impacts negatively on the tourism sector in Kenya. Most of the would be tourists do not know the difference between the countries of Africa.

High travel costs. Airfares are increasingly becoming unaffordable to many people. This forces tourists to use charter planes and travel in groups which restrict those who would want to stay in the country for longer.

Pollution in parks. There is an increase in pollution in the tourist sites as tourists litter the sites with cans, bottles and plastic papers rendering the sites ugly, dirty and unsafe to visit.

High tariffs. The high taxes charged on tourists discourage many from coming to our country. Visa charges and airport taxes in Kenya are said to be among the highest in Africa.

The attitude of Kenyans. Most Kenyans believe that tourism belongs to international travelers and therefore keep way from tourist sites. Also domestic tourists are discriminated upon in hotels in favour of foreigners.

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Wildlife Biodiversity Conservation pp 67–99 Cite as

Governance and Challenges of Wildlife Conservation and Management in Kenya

  • George E. Otianga-Owiti 3 ,
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Wildlife in Kenya is both a national resource and a key source of revenue for the government. Wildlife and tourism are interdependent and essential sectors in Kenya’s socio-economic development agenda. This chapter reviews the contribution of wildlife to tourism, wildlife management approaches, policy and legal framework, stakeholder involvement, as well as the challenges facing wildlife conservation and management. The insights and approaches illustrated may be used to formulate and implement solutions to enhance wildlife conservation and management for the benefit of all stakeholders. Kenya is at a crossroads with wildlife management. It is recommended that Kenya embrace a more holistic management approach that integrates effective political and related governance frameworks. This chapter proposes a novel vision of conservation in Kenya that includes additional space for wildlife, the adoption of a zero-tolerance policy on corruption and wildlife crime, substantial stakeholder participation, and a community-based approach to conservation.

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Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the support in terms of availing relevant data, reports, and literature from the following: Prof. Charles M. Musyoki, Messrs. Linus Kariuki, Moses Maloba, Asher Odhiambo, James Wachira, and Eric Wamari Owiti of the Kenya Wildlife Service.

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Otianga-Owiti, G.E., Okori, J.J.L., Nyamasyo, S., Amwata, D.A. (2021). Governance and Challenges of Wildlife Conservation and Management in Kenya. In: Underkoffler, S.C., Adams, H.R. (eds) Wildlife Biodiversity Conservation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64682-0_4

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The marketing of domestic tourism in Kenya

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  14. Tourism development in Kenya: Constraints and opportunities

    Tourism has been considered as an economic boon in Kenya as it is the largest contributor to the country's foreign exchange earnings. In the past, Kenya has concentrated on developing large ...

  15. PDF Impact of Tourism on Environment in Kenya: Status and Policy

    Tourism is a leading economic activity in Kenya, being the third largest foreign exchange earner after tea and horticulture. Since the 1990s, particularly the second half of the decade, Kenya's tourism industry has faced enormous challenges, including declines in per capita spending, average length of stay,

  16. Development challenges and management strategies on the ...

    In the over seventy years of Kenya's national park practice, Nairobi National Park, the oldest one among 24 national parks in Kenya, has plentiful experience as a representative in conservation, nature education, and management mechanisms on Kenya national parks. Therefore, it is the epitome of exploring the Kenyan National Park System.

  17. List of Problems Facing Tourism in Kenya

    Without further ado here is a list of problems facing tourism in Kenya: 1. Security Concerns. One of the biggest challenges facing tourism in Kenya is security. In recent years, there have been several high-profile terrorist attacks in the country, which have had a significant impact on the tourism industry. Many tourists are reluctant to visit ...

  18. CHALLENGES FACING ECOTOURISM IN KENYA

    See Full PDFDownload PDF. CHALLENGES FACING ECOTOURISM IN KENYA Yazan Ahmed Mohamed Elhadi University of Nairobi Department of Land Resource Management and Agricultural Technology Email: [email protected] Jun 2012 1. Introduction Tourism by definition- Is a process of travelling from one place to another for leisure or study.

  19. Problems facing tourism in Kenya

    There is an increase in pollution in the tourist sites as tourists litter the sites with cans, bottles and plastic papers rendering the sites ugly, dirty and unsafe to visit. High tariffs. The high taxes charged on tourists discourage many from coming to our country. Visa charges and airport taxes in Kenya are said to be among the highest in ...

  20. Governance and Challenges of Wildlife Conservation and Management in Kenya

    Conflict between humans and wildlife is one of the most widespread and intractable issues facing conservation agencies today in Kenya and Africa as a whole. ... As a result of these drivers, illegal hunting is a big problem in some parts of Kenya, around Narok, Naivasha, Isiolo ... Impacts of climate change on tourism in Kenya. J Geogr Earth ...

  21. CHALLENGES FACING TOURISM IN KENYA

    The challenges facing this sector include: - Human-wildlife conflict Once the wildlife animals enter human territory and destroy properties, threatening survival of humans and crops, the angered inhabitants will sought vengeance by killing the wildlife. The case is evident of the Maasai Mara and the lions.

  22. The marketing of domestic tourism in Kenya

    First, the domestic tourism market in Kenya is still very young. The industry does not appear to attach a lot of importance to this market. This is because ~ clear framework for a marketing mlX for Kenya's domestic tourism does not exist. ... The major problems facing domestic tourism were found to include low levels of income among the local ...

  23. Problems facing tourism in kenya

    Answer Text: Problems facing Tourism in Kenya. 1. Insecurity whereby tourists are robbed of their belongings which discourages potential tourists from visiting the country. 2. Ethnic clashes in tourist attraction areas which make tourists to stay away than put their lives at risk e.g. ethnic clashes in Molo.