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canada travel to usa vaccine

Canada-U.S. border restrictions: The current rules with ArriveCan, COVID-19 tests, vaccine mandates

With the COVID-19 restrictions at the border to remain in place for at least another month , some Canadians may need a primer on what those rules are.

Public Health Agency of Canada announced that several pandemic restrictions will be extended at Canadian airports and land borders, including vaccine mandates, random COVID-19 tests and the mandatory use of the ArriveCan app, until at least June 30.

While few Canadians may still be anxious about travelling, some are ready to take a vacation after more than two years in a pandemic. CTVNews.ca breaks down what rules travellers need to be aware of as they plan their trips prior to jetting off.

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PRE-ENTRY TEST NO LONGER REQUIRED

As of April 1, fully vaccinated travellers no longer need to provide a negative pre-entry COVID-19 test result to enter Canada by air, land or water.

Passengers may still be subjected to mandatory, random PCR testing at the airport -- in part to monitor for new, emerging COVID-19 variants -- though they will not be required to isolate while awaiting their results.

As of April 25, children aged five to 11 who are travelling with a fully vaccinated parent or guardian will no longer be required to complete a COVID-19 test prior to entering Canada, regardless of whether the child is unvaccinated. Children under the age of five won’t be required to complete a pre-entry COVID-19 test either, and are exempt for vaccination requirements.

ARRIVECAN APP

All travellers coming to Canada, regardless of citizenship or vaccination status, still have to use the ArriveCAN app to submit their health information before arriving in Canada. Travellers must submit their information in ArriveCAN within 72 hours before arrival at a port of entry.

Travellers who arrive without completing their ArriveCAN submission may have to test on arrival and on the eighth day of their 14-day quarantine, regardless of their vaccination status. Foreign nationals may be denied entry as well if they have not completed their ArriveCAN submission.

Any travellers who fail to submit their information and proof of vaccination using ArriveCAN could be fined $5,000.

While travellers still have to use the ArriveCAN app, the federal government has dropped its requirement for those entering the country to monitor for and report any COVID-19 symptoms they experience. Those travelling from abroad also won’t be required to keep a list of close contacts and places visited for the first 14 days after their arrival in Canada.

PROOF OF VACCINATION STILL NEEDED

Despite the lifting of pre-entry test requirements, the requirement to be fully vaccinated with a government-approved COVID-19 vaccine in order to board federally-regulated air, rail, and marine transportation remains in effect.

Pre-entry testing requirements have not changed for partially vaccinated or unvaccinated travellers who are currently allowed to travel to Canada.

Unless otherwise exempt, all travellers age 12 or older who do not qualify as fully vaccinated – having received at least two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine accepted for travel or a mix of two vaccines – must continue to provide proof of a negative pre-entry COVID-19 test result.

Accepted pre-entry tests include a health professional-administered negative rapid antigen test taken no more than one day before arriving at a port of entry, or a negative molecular test taken no more than 72 hours before a scheduled flight or crossing at a land border.

Partially vaccinated or unvaccinated travellers may also provide a positive molecular test taken at least 10 days and no more than 180 days before their scheduled flight departure time or their arrival at the land border to enter Canada. Positive antigen test results are not accepted.

The government recommends completing a COVID-19 vaccine series, along with any additional recommended doses in Canada, at least 14 days before travelling internationally. For those who must travel, the government suggests delaying one's plans until they are fully vaccinated.

MASKING DURING TRAVEL AND AFTER ARRIVAL

Canadian adults and children aged five and older who are fully vaccinated are no longer expected to wear a mask in public spaces for 14 days following their arrival in Canada. However, children aged five to 11 who are either unvaccinated or partially vaccinated must continue to wear masks in public settings, such as school, for 14 days after entering Canada.

All travellers are also still required to wear a mask while travelling on federally-regulated modes of transportation, such as a plane or train, regardless of whether they are vaccinated.

BEFORE YOU GO

Prior to travelling, the government recommends checking the COVID-19 testing and vaccination requirements, as well as other entry requirements, at one's destination as they may be different from Canada's rules.

Travellers are also advised by the Canadian government to monitor the COVID-19 situation at their destination in the days before travelling should the status of COVID-19 infections and public health requirements there change.

CRUISE SHIPS

Cruise passengers aged five years or older are required to take an antigen or molecular COVID-19 test in order to board a ship no more than two days before their scheduled departure, but will not need to be tested before getting off the ship.

All other requirements for cruises, including providing proof of vaccination before boarding, remain in place.

The government continues to warn travellers that the virus can spread easily between people in close quarters, such as on cruise ships. The government says the chance of being infected with COVID-19 on cruise ships is still "very high," even for those who are fully vaccinated.

A previous version of this article misstated the timeline for passengers to submit an antigen or a molecular COVID-19 test before boarding a cruise ship.

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canada travel to usa vaccine

Vaccinated Americans can enter Canada starting Monday. Here are 11 things to know before a trip.

canada travel to usa vaccine

Vaccinated American travelers will get the green light to cross Canada's borders on Monday , but the process won't be as simple as it was before the pandemic.

The country has implemented new health measures to keep the coronavirus at bay, such as asking visitors to provide additional documentation – including proof of vaccination and a coronavirus test – before crossing the land border. Air travelers also need to submit information , including coronavirus test results, before boarding a   plane to Canada. Falsifying information could result in hefty fines. 

Travelers can also expect longer wait times, thanks to the new public health measures.

Fully vaccinated U.S. citizens and permanent residents will be permitted to enter Canada for nonessential travel starting Monday at 12:01 a.m. ETD. White House officials have yet to say when the U.S. will reciprocate and ease its own travel restrictions against its Canadian neighbors. 

For Americans planning to take a trip up north soon, here are 11 things to know.

Learn more: Best travel insurance

►US borders: US extends Mexico, Canada border restrictions through Aug. 21

Canada border crossing requirements: Travelers will need to be fully vaccinated

American travelers wanting to visit Canada by land, air or water must complete a COVID-19 vaccination at least 14 days  before entry. The government of Canada accepts the Pfizer-BioNtech, Moderna, Johnson & Johnson and AstraZeneca/COVISHIELD vaccines.  

Cruises are not permitted to enter Canadian waters, but the country's ban on cruise ships with more than 100 passengers is set to end Nov. 1. 

Everyone needs to get a negative coronavirus test 

All travelers, regardless of vaccination status, will need to show proof of a coronavirus molecular test – such as a PCR test – to enter. Fully vaccinated travelers will not need to take a post-arrival test unless they are randomly selected to do so. 

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services website has a list of  community-based testing sites for COVID-19 . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggests travelers contact their health care provider or visit their local health department’s website to find the latest information on testing since the type of COVID-19 tests offered can differ by location.

Bring COVID-19 vaccine card, documentation

Travelers must show proof of vaccination  in either English, French or a certified translation.

Airlines will verify passengers’ vaccination status through the ArriveCAN app or website before passengers board their flights. Those driving across the border must use ArriveCAN before departing. Information must be submitted within 72 hours before arrival. 

Travelers are advised to carry their vaccine documentation to show officials at border entry points and should keep their test results and a list of close contacts and locations visited on hand.

Travelers without documentation will be denied boarding, and those who try to cross land borders without the proper documents will be sent back to the United States.

Travelers who try to falsify their documentation could be fined or denied entry to the country at a future date, according to Denis Vinette, vice president of the CBSA travelers branch. Two travelers who tried to enter Canada last month were fined nearly $20,000 Canadian dollars , or nearly $16,000, after providing false information related to proof of vaccination.  

"We've seen quite a few instances with individuals who've attempted to make use of fraudulent documents," Vinette said. "It's just not worth it.  

►Canada border reopens: Canada border opens to vaccinated US citizens Aug. 9: Everything you need to know

Check for any COVID-19 symptoms, and be prepared to quarantine

Fully vaccinated travelers won't need to quarantine upon arrival, but visitors with COVID-19 symptoms  will need to self-isolate. All visitors must provide a quarantine plan.

You can expect longer wait times

The CBSA is expecting increased processing times for border crossings come Monday due to enhanced public health measures. 

“The CBSA will not compromise the health and safety of Canadians for the sake of border wait times,” spokeswoman Rebecca Purdy told USA TODAY via email Tuesday.   

Vinetteof the CBSA said the agency expects a 10% to 25% increase in vehicles trying to cross the border once restrictions ease Monday, which would be just 20% or so of pre-pandemic levels. 

"We asked travelers to be patient but also to arrive prepared and knowledgeable of the requirements at the border," Vinette told USA TODAY. "It'll help increase passage and throughput and make the experience much more positive."

The agency’s website offers estimated border wait times at select land ports. 

Dan Weingarten, a spokesman for the Michigan Department of Transportation, added that the department will work to process traffic “as expeditiously as possible” through the state's toll plazas and border bridges.

“We anticipate any delays would be at the U.S. or Canadian customs checkpoints, which are not under our control,” Weingarten said. 

While a CBSA employee strike threatened to further increase wait times for travelers crossing the border, strike actions were called off late Friday  after labor unions reached a tentative agreement with the CBSA.  

Children, others who are exempted can enter Canada

Children under the age of 12 and unvaccinated dependent children will be allowed to enter the country with a fully vaccinated parent, stepparent, tutor or guardian who is eligible to enter Canada.

People with health conditions that prevent them from becoming fully vaccinated can qualify for eased quarantine and testing requirements but must follow a modified quarantine. 

►Canada border: Canada to reopen its borders to fully vaccinated Americans starting Aug. 9

You may run into other COVID-19 travel restrictions

Travelers will be required to follow public health measures, including monitoring for signs of COVID-19 and keeping a copy of vaccine documentation and test results 14 days after entry . 

Canada's government suggests mask wearing in shared spaces, and certain provinces – including Quebec  and Ontario – enforce mask mandates.

Travelers entering by air will need to wear a mask in Canadian airports and on flights to and from the country, regardless of vaccination status. 

Some provinces impose  other restrictions. Newfoundland and Labrador  require a travel form to enter.  Ontario has capacity limits on organized public events, retail spaces, museums, casinos, theaters and more. 

The country's national parks are open and welcome visitors, but access to facilities and services may be limited. 

►Mask rules, open venues and more: What you need to know about summer travel in Europe

Airlines add flights to Canada

Airlines are adding flights to Canada to accommodate the anticipated uptick of air travel demand.

Air Canada announced a summer trans-border schedule with up to 220 daily flights between the USA and Canada starting Monday. The initial schedule will include 55 routes and 34 U.S. destinations, but the airline plans to restore service to all 57 U.S. destinations previously served “as conditions allow,” according to the airline.  

United, which flies to Calgary, Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver, said it would add flights to Toronto and Vancouver in September.

American Airlines services four airports in Canada – Calgary, Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver – and is set to resume operations in Halifax, Quebec and Ottawa in the spring of 2022, according to a statement in June. 

Pricing from flight search tool Skyscanner on Fridayshowed airfares for August trips from the USA to Canada start at $329 for Vancouver, $359 for Toronto and $356 for Calgary. 

Effective Monday, international flights carrying passengers will be permitted to land at nine Canadian airports:

  • Montréal-Trudeau International Airport
  • Toronto Pearson International Airport
  • Calgary International Airport
  • Vancouver International Airport
  • Halifax Stanfield International Airport
  • Québec City Jean Lesage International Airport
  • Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport
  • Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport
  • Edmonton International Airport

►Or there's Hawaii: 4 tips to make the most of your Maui vacation as more travelers head to Hawaii

Canada hotel room rates are low – but prices are rising

In June, the average daily room rate – or ADR – across Canada's hotels was $125.05 in Canadian dollars (U.S. $99.61), down 31% compared with 2019, according to hotel analytics company STR.  

Hotel room prices should rebound when border restrictions ease; STR expects ADR to hit $116.22 by the end of September, according to a June statement. The firm expects smaller cities and resorts to lead the recovery. 

“International demand plays an incredibly important role in the recovery process, and we expect a jump in hotel leisure and corporate demand once the U.S./Canada land border reopens,” the news release read.

►More: Yes, room prices are higher. Hotel rates hit record high the week of July 4.

The majority of eligible Canadians are vaccinated against COVID-19

Canada's vaccine rollout had a slower start, but the country has surpassed U.S. vaccination rates. 

More than 71% of the Canadian population  has received at least one dose of the vaccine and nearly 60% were fully vaccinated as of July 31. In the U.S.,  58% of the population was partially vaccinated and 50% was fully vaccinated  as of Friday.  

US extends Canada border closure 

The United States  extended border restrictions on nonessential travel last month, keeping its borders with Canada and Mexico closed through at least Aug. 21. The restrictions to entry affect land and ferry travel. 

The move is meant to help the country decrease the spread of COVID-19, including the highly contagious delta variant.

International travelers who plan to return to the U.S. by air will need to get tested no more than three days before travel and show a negative test result or documentation of recovery to the airline before boarding, according to the CDC. This policy does not apply to land border crossings.

►COVID-19 travel: The delta variant is spreading. Should travelers be concerned?

Follow USA TODAY reporter Bailey Schulz on Twitter: @bailey_schulz . 

Update January 10, 2024

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The Administration will end the COVID-19 vaccine requirements for international air travelers at the end of the day on May 11, the same day that the COVID-19 public health emergency ends. This means starting May 12, noncitizen nonimmigrant air passengers will no longer need to show proof of being fully vaccinated with an accepted COVID-19 vaccine to board a flight to the United States. CDC’s Amended Order Implementing Presidential Proclamation on Safe Resumption of Global Travel During the COVID-19 Pandemic will no longer be in effect when the Presidential Proclamation Advancing the Safe Resumption of Global Travel During the COVID-19 Pandemic is revoked .

Please see: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/05/01/the-biden-administration-will-end-covid-19-vaccination-requirements-for-federal-employees-contractors-international-travelers-head-start-educators-and-cms-certified-facilities/

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Travel vaccinations

When travelling outside Canada, you may be at risk for a number of vaccine preventable illnesses.

You should consult a health care provider or visit a travel health clinic preferably six weeks before you travel. This is an opportunity to:

  • review your immunization history
  • make sure your provincial/territorial vaccination schedule is up-to-date
  • discuss any trip-related health concerns you may have
  • assess your needs based on where you plan to travel and what you plan to do

You may need additional vaccinations depending on your age, planned travel activities and local conditions. Preventing disease through vaccination is a lifelong process.

Use the reference below to determine which vaccinations may be recommended or required for your destination.

Vaccination recommendations by destination

Yellow fever vaccination.

Some countries require proof that you have received a yellow fever vaccination before allowing you to enter the country. Consult an embassy or consulate of your destination country in Canada for up-to-date information on its entry and exit requirements before you travel abroad.

Other countries may require you to have been vaccinated for yellow fever if you have passed through an area where yellow fever may occur .

Proof of vaccination must be documented on an International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis . You must carry the original certificate with you.

In Canada, the vaccination is only given at designated yellow fever vaccination centres .

Immunization records

  • Download the free CANImmunize app from the iOS App Store or Google Play, and manage your family’s vaccination records on the go.
  • Carry copies of your family’s immunization records while you travel and leave the originals at home.
  • Sickness or injury
  • Travel Advice and Advisories
  • If you get sick after travelling
  • Receiving medical care in other countries
  • Travel health kit
  • Travel insurance
  • Well on Your Way - A Canadian’s Guide to Healthy Travel Abroad
  • Yellow Fever Vaccination Centres in Canada , Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)
  • Recommended Immunization Schedules , PHAC

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I am an American citizen. What do I need to enter Canada?

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American citizens, including American-Canadian citizens, must carry proper identification and meet the basic requirements to enter Canada . You do not need a Canadian passport, a Canadian visa or an eTA to enter Canada if you are travelling with a valid U.S. passport.

New entry requirement now in effect

Visa-exempt foreign nationals need an Electronic Travel Authorization (eTA) to fly to or transit through Canada by air. Exceptions include U.S. citizens and travellers with a valid Canadian visa. Canadian citizens, including dual citizens , and Canadian permanent residents cannot apply for an eTA.

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Immunization of travellers: Canadian Immunization Guide

For health professionals

  • Previous page
  • Part 3 table of contents

This chapter was updated to align with the Statement on the Use of Booster Doses of Yellow Fever Vaccine and the Statement on Prevention of Japanese Encephalitis , both developed by the Committee to Advise on Tropical Medicine and Travel (CATMAT). Additionally, a new section on COVID-19 vaccine has been added which includes recommendations based on the CATMAT Statement on COVID-19 and International Travel .

This information is captured in the table of updates .

Last complete chapter revision (see table of updates ): April 2017

On this page

Travel health information, immunization of travellers, routine immunizations, required immunizations, recommended immunizations, immunocompromised travellers, pregnant and breastfeeding travellers, older travellers, pediatric travellers, travellers who visit friends and relatives.

  • Selected references

Immunization to protect travellers can be life-saving and is a cornerstone of travel health protection. Other protective measures, such as sanitation and hygiene, food precautions, insect or animal bite prevention, and injury prevention, are also essential for health protection while travelling and are complementary to immunization. An understanding of the personal protective measures recommended for travellers is an integral part of travel preparation; refer to the Committee to Advise on Tropical Medicine and Travel (CATMAT) website for additional information.

Travellers can be exposed to different health risks abroad compared to when they are in Canada. Information about immunization requirements and recommendations related to travel is available from travel health clinics or public health agencies. Extensive information regarding travel-related diseases and immunization of travellers is available from the Government of Canada's Travelling abroad webpage. Additional information is available from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States and the World Health Organization (WHO).

This chapter update was conducted in collaboration with the Committee to Advise on Tropical Medicine and Travel (CATMAT). Recommendations relating to travel vaccines are based CATMAT Statements and Recommendations .

Travellers, in particular those travelling to countries with health risks that are greater than in Canada, should seek medical advice pre-departure. Pre-travel consultation affords an opportunity for health care providers to review the traveller's itinerary and to develop appropriate health protection recommendations. It also allows for the review of preventive measures for travel-related illnesses and is an opportunity to assess the overall immunization status of travellers. Unimmunized or incompletely immunized travellers should be offered vaccination as recommended in the routine immunization schedules (refer to Recommended immunization schedules in Part 1). A health care provider or travel health clinic should be consulted as early as possible, ideally at least 4 to 6 weeks in advance of travel, to provide sufficient time for completion of optimal immunization schedules. Even if a traveller is departing at short notice, a pre-travel consultation is recommended. In cases where there is insufficient time for the optimal immunization schedule, refer to the vaccine-specific chapters in Part 4 for the suggested rapid or accelerated schedule.

The immunizations recommended for travellers vary according to the: traveller's age, immunization history, and existing medical conditions; destination(s); planned activities; duration and nature of travel (for example, staying in urban hotels vs. visiting remote rural areas); legal requirements for entry into countries being visited; travellers' own concerns and preferences and the amount of time available before departure. Immunizations related to travel can be categorized as those that are considered routine (part of the recommended primary series of immunizations or routine booster doses); those required by international law; and those recommended for maintenance of health while travelling.

Refer to Immunization of workers in Part 3 for additional information about immunization of travellers planning to work abroad in occupations with increased risk of exposure to vaccine preventable diseases (for example, humanitarian relief or refugee workers, health care workers). Refer to Immunization of persons new to Canada for additional information about immunization of family members travelling outside of Canada to adopt a child.

Unimmunized or incompletely immunized travellers should receive routine immunizations as appropriate for age and individual risk factors. Travellers may require additional doses or booster doses of routine immunizations, or a change in the routine immunization schedule. Refer to Recommended immunization schedules in Part 1 for a summary of the recommended immunization schedules for infants, children and adults. Recommendations for modification of the routine immunization schedule in relation to travel follow.

Accelerated primary vaccination schedule - infants

For infants who will be travelling, the primary vaccination series with diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, inactivated polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b, with or without hepatitis B (DTaP-IPV-Hib or DTaP-HB-IPV-Hib) vaccine and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine may be started at 6 weeks of age. Rotavirus vaccine may be given at 6 weeks of age concomitantly with these vaccines. The first dose of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine should be given at an earlier age than usual for children travelling outside of Canada where the disease is of concern or travelling to locations experiencing outbreaks MMR vaccine may be given as early as 6 months of age; however, 2 additional doses of measles-containing vaccine must be administered after the child is 12 months old to ensure long lasting immunity to measles. Infants under 6 months of age are not considered for vaccination because the effectiveness and safety of the MMR vaccine has not been established in this age group (refer to Measles Vaccine in Part 4).

Refer to vaccine-specific chapters in Part 4 and Timing of Vaccine Administration in Part 1 for additional information including the minimum interval between vaccine doses to achieve maximum vaccination protection prior to travel. Refer to the CATMAT Statement on International Travellers Who Intend to Visit Friends and Relatives for additional information on accelerated pediatric vaccine schedules.

Hepatitis B vaccine

Travel is a good opportunity to offer hepatitis B (HB) immunization to children and adults who have not been previously vaccinated. HB vaccine should be particularly recommended to travellers who will be residing in areas with high levels of HB endemicity or working in health care facilities, and those likely to have contact with blood or to have sexual contact with residents of such areas. HB immunization is recommended for children who will live in an area where HB is endemic. HB is endemic in the Far East, the Middle East, Africa, South America, Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Refer to a CDC map depicting global prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection for additional information. Refer to Hepatitis B vaccine in Part 4 and to the CATMAT Summary of recommendations for the prevention of viral hepatitis during travel  for additional information.

Concomitant immunization with hepatitis A (HA) and HB vaccines is recommended as HA vaccination is also indicated for travellers to endemic countries. For those who are susceptible to both HA and HB virus, a combined HAHB vaccine can be used. For travellers presenting less than 21 days before departure, monovalent HA and HB vaccines should be administered separately, with the completion of both vaccine series as recommended. Refer to Hepatitis A vaccine in Part 4 for additional information.

Measles, mumps and rubella vaccine

Measles, mumps and rubella are endemic in many countries and therefore protection against these diseases is especially important for travellers.

Travellers born in or after 1970, who do not have documented evidence of receiving 2 doses of MMR vaccine on or after their first birthday, or laboratory evidence of immunity, or a history of laboratory confirmed measles disease, should be vaccinated accordingly so that they have received 2 doses of MMR vaccine. MMR vaccine may be given as early as 6 months of age for children travelling outside of Canada where the disease is of concern or travelling to locations experiencing outbreaks. However, 2 additional doses of measles-containing vaccine must be administered after the child is 12 months old to ensure long lasting immunity to measles.

Travellers born before 1970, who do not have documented evidence of receiving MMR vaccine on or after their first birthday, or laboratory evidence of immunity, or a history of laboratory confirmed measles or mumps disease, should receive 1 dose of MMR vaccine.

Refer to Measles vaccine , Mumps vaccine and Rubella vaccine in Part 4 for additional information.

Varicella vaccine

It is important that people travelling or living abroad be immune to varicella. In tropical climates, varicella tends to occur at older ages and at any time of the year. Adolescent and adult immigrants born in tropical countries, therefore, are more likely to be susceptible to varicella as compared to the Canadian population.

Two doses of univalent varicella (chickenpox) vaccine or measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV) vaccine are recommended for immunization of healthy children aged 12 months to 12 years of age. Two doses of univalent varicella vaccine are recommended for susceptible adolescents (13 to 17 years of age) and susceptible adults (18 to 49 years of age). In the rare circumstance that an adult aged 50 years or older is known to be serologically susceptible to varicella, based on previous testing for another reason, and is without contraindications, the individual should be vaccinated with two doses of univalent varicella vaccine. For the prevention of shingles (reactivated varicella infection) the herpes zoster (shingles) vaccine is recommended for adults without contraindications if they are 50 years of age and older. Refer to Varicella (chickenpox) vaccine and Herpes Zoster (Shingles) vaccine in Part 4 for additional information.

Pertussis vaccine - adults

For pertussis prevention, acellular pertussis-containing vaccine (tetanus, reduced diphtheria, reduced acellular pertussis [Tdap]) is recommended for adults who have not previously received a dose in adulthood, regardless of the interval from the last dose of tetanus and diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine. The pre-travel consultation is an opportunity to give the adult booster to those who may not otherwise seek immunization from a vaccine provider. Refer to Pertussis vaccine in Part 4 for additional information.

Poliomyelitis vaccine - adults

Unimmunized or incompletely immunized travellers should receive an inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine (IPV) containing vaccine if they are travelling to areas where poliovirus is known or suspected to be circulating.

Previous poliovirus vaccination is only considered valid if individuals have documented proof of age-appropriate complete immunization against the three types of poliovirus (e.g., receipt of IPV, fractional IPV, trivalent oral poliomyelitis vaccine, or combination of bivalent oral poliomyelitis vaccine [bOPV] and monovalent oral poliomyelitis vaccine type 2). For adults previously immunized against polio, a single lifetime booster dose of IPV-containing vaccine is recommended for those at increased risk of exposure to polio (e.g., military personnel, workers in refugee camps in endemic areas, travellers to areas where poliovirus is known or suspected to be circulating). Previously unvaccinated adults should receive 3 doses of IPV-containing vaccine. Refer to Poliomyelitis Vaccine in Part 4 for additional information.

Polio remains endemic in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Additional countries may be affected by outbreaks of imported wild poliovirus or circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus.

Refer to the WHO Global Polio Eradication Initiative for up-to-date information about the current status of polio around the world, including any temporary recommendations which may require proof of polio vaccination for travellers entering affected countries.

Refer to Poliomyelitis Vaccine in Part 4 for additional information.

Tetanus and diphtheria vaccine - adults

Travel is a good opportunity to provide tetanus and diphtheria immunization to adults who have not been previously vaccinated. A 3 dose primary series should be given to unimmunized adults; the first dose should contain acellular pertussis vaccine. For immunization of adults that have not been immunized against polio, all doses should contain polio vaccine. Previously immunized adult travellers should receive a booster dose of tetanus and diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine every 10 years. Refer to Tetanus Toxoid and Diphtheria Toxoid in Part 4 for additional information.

Tetanus occurs worldwide and diphtheria is endemic throughout many regions of the world.

The following immunizations may be a requirement of international law or proof of immunization may be considered a visa requirement:

Meningococcal vaccine

As a condition of entry, Saudi Arabia requires proof of meningococcal immunization for travellers arriving for the purpose of pilgrimage (Hajj) or Umrah (if travelling from certain countries) and for seasonal workers. Individuals 1 year of age or older must receive 1 dose of the quadrivalent (ACYW) meningococcal vaccine and show proof of vaccination on a valid International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis. Vaccination is to be administered no less than 10 days before arrival in Saudi Arabia.

Visit the Saudi Arabia Ministry of Health website for vaccination requirements.

Yellow fever vaccine

Yellow fever (YF) vaccine is unique amongst travel vaccines in that its use is governed by the International Health Regulations. Yellow fever immunization, documented by an International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis, is required to enter certain countries. The WHO publishes a list of yellow fever certificate requirements and recommendations. This country list is updated annually and can be found on the WHO International Travel and Health website.

YF vaccine is recommended for travellers to yellow fever risk areas in Africa and Central and South America. The decision to immunize a traveller against YF should take into account the traveller's itinerary and the associated risk for exposure to YF virus, the requirements of the country to be visited (including stopovers and airport transit), and individual risk factors for serious adverse events following vaccination.

A booster dose of YF vaccine is not recommended for immunocompetent travellers to endemic regions except for certain groups at increased risk and for whom it is safe to administer the vaccine. Based on a case-by-case assessment of benefit versus risk, a one-time booster dose of YF vaccine is recommended for:

  • Individuals in whom response to prior YF vaccination may have been diminished (e.g., pregnant persons, individuals taking immunosuppressive medication or who had an immunocompromising illness at the time of vaccination, and those who underwent a hematopoietic stem cell transplant since their last YF vaccine dose).
  • Individuals who received a previous dose which may have been inadequate for long term protection (e.g., fractional dose, undocumented or improperly documented dose or a dose administered by a non-accredited provider).
  • Individuals at particularly high risk of exposure (e.g., travelling to an area experiencing an epidemic or major outbreak, or travelling frequently or for prolonged periods to countries with risk of YF transmission): the booster should be considered if at least 10 years have elapsed since primary vaccination and no previous booster doses were administered.

A booster dose of YF vaccine is recommended every 10 years for:

  • Laboratory personnel working with YF virus unless measured neutralizing antibody titre to yellow fever virus confirms ongoing protection.
  • HIV-positive individuals who are travelling to countries with risk of YF transmission.

The International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis is valid beginning 10 days after primary immunization. An important amendment was made in May 2014 to Annex 7 of the International Health Regulations (2005) which extended the validity of the International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis against yellow fever from 10 years to lifetime. This requirement came into force on 11 July 2016. The status of YF vaccination requirements is published in the WHO country list as stated above.

Travellers requiring the certificate but in whom the YF vaccine is medically contraindicated can be provided with an International Certificate of Medical Contraindication to Vaccination by a Yellow Fever Vaccination Centre following an individual risk assessment. Travellers without a valid International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis or an International Certificate of Medical Contraindication to Vaccination may be denied entry into a country requiring such documentation, may be quarantined, or may be offered immunization at the point of entry (for example, at the airport), potentially putting the health of the traveller at risk. Although usually accepted, the International Health Regulations do not compel any country to accept an International Certificate of Medical Contraindication to Vaccination.

In Canada, Yellow Fever Vaccination Centre clinics are designated by the Public Health Agency of Canada (or in the case of the Canadian Forces, by the Directorate of Force Health Protection) to provide the International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis, or the International Certificate of Medical Contraindication to Vaccination. Refer to the list of designated Yellow Fever Vaccination Centres in Canada .

Refer to Yellow Fever Vaccine in Part 4 and the CATMAT Statement for Travellers and Yellow Fever and Statement on the Use of Booster Doses of Yellow Fever Vaccine for additional information.

Based on a risk assessment of the travel itinerary, the nature of travel, and the traveller's underlying health, the following vaccines should be considered (also refer to Yellow Fever Vaccine ):

Hepatitis A vaccine

Protection against HA is recommended for all travellers to endemic countries, especially if they are travelling to rural areas or places with inadequate sanitary facilities. Hepatitis A is one of the most common vaccine preventable diseases in travellers. Hepatitis A containing vaccine is the preferred agent for pre-exposure prophylaxis of travellers 6 months of age and older. For pre-exposure prophylaxis of infants less than 6 months of age, immunocompromised persons, and people for whom HA vaccine is contraindicated, human immune globulin (Ig) may be indicated. Refer to Hepatitis A vaccine in Part 4 for additional information. Refer to the CATMAT Summary of Recommendations for the Prevention of Viral Hepatitis During Travel for additional information on rapid dosing schedules.

Influenza vaccine

All travellers are encouraged to receive influenza vaccine. Influenza occurs year-round in the tropics, while in temperate northern and southern countries, influenza activity peaks generally during the winter season (November to March in the Northern Hemisphere and April to October in the Southern Hemisphere). Vaccines prepared specifically for use in the Southern Hemisphere are not available in Canada, and the extent to which the recommended vaccine components for the Southern Hemisphere may overlap with those in available Canadian formulations will vary. Refer to Influenza Vaccine in Part 4 for additional information.

Japanese encephalitis vaccine

Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine should be considered for travellers aged 2 months and older who, by virtue of their itinerary, are believed to be at the highest risk for infection with the JE virus. An accelerated schedule (days 0 and 7) can be used for adults aged 18 to 65 years if there is insufficient time to provide the vaccine in accordance with the recommended primary schedule.

The risk for acquiring JE is low for most travellers, particularly for short-term visitors to major urban areas, because the mosquito vector for JE and its animal reservoir(s) are primarily found in rural agricultural areas. JE occurs in many areas of Asia, especially in the south east and in parts of the western Pacific, and is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. Refer to the CDC Yellow Book for an overview of countries with JE virus transmission.

A single booster dose of JE vaccine can be administered to individuals who remain at risk 12-24 months after the primary series and a second booster is not required for at least 10 years. A single booster of JE vaccine may be considered earlier (before 12 months) after the primary series in adults 65 years of age and older who remain at risk of JE.

Refer to Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine in Part 4 and the CATMAT Statement on Prevention of Japanese Encephalitis for additional information.

Travellers to destinations where risk of meningococcal transmission is high should be vaccinated with a meningococcal conjugate quadrivalent vaccine (Men-C-ACYW), multicomponent meningococcal vaccine (4CMenB), or both vaccines, depending on the risk of meningococcal disease in the area of travel.

Refer to Meningococcal vaccine above for information about the requirement for meningococcal vaccination as a condition to entry for certain travellers to Saudi Arabia. Refer to Meningococcal Vaccine in Part 4 for additional information.

Invasive meningococcal disease occurs sporadically worldwide and in focal epidemics. The traditional endemic areas of the world include the savannah areas of sub-Saharan Africa, extending from Gambia and Senegal in the west to Ethiopia and Western Eritrea in the east. Meningococcal disease is also associated with Hajj, an Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Refer to the CATMAT Statement on Meningococcal Disease and the International Traveller for additional information.

Rabies vaccine

Travellers to rabies endemic areas where there is poor or unknown access to adequate and safe post-exposure management, as well as frequent and long-term travellers to high-risk areas should be considered for pre-exposure rabies immunization. Children, especially those who are too young to understand either the need to avoid animals or to report a traumatic animal contact, should receive pre-exposure immunization when travelling to endemic areas.

Pre-exposure rabies vaccination obviates the requirement for rabies immune globulin if rabies exposure occurs, which may be unsafe or unavailable in many countries with high rabies risk. Refer to Rabies Vaccine in Part 4 for additional information including post-exposure prophylaxis.

Public health officials should be consulted regarding travellers who have had an exposure to a potentially rabid animal in a low resource country, even if the traveller has received a complete course of post-exposure prophylaxis in that country. The prevalence of rabies in low resource countries is often much higher than in Canada and there may be concerns about the efficacy of available vaccines in these countries.

To identify high-risk areas, refer to the WHO map of areas at risk for rabies transmission .

Typhoid vaccine

Travellers to South Asia (including Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka) 2 years of age and older should be offered typhoid vaccine.

Typhoid immunization is not routinely recommended for travel outside of South Asia, although, it might be considered for travellers to other areas, such as Africa. The decision of whether a traveller should be immunized when travelling to destinations other than South Asia should be carefully balanced against the presence of other factors that may increase the risk of travel-associated typhoid, such as visiting residents of the country in their homes, or longer duration of travel which may prolong exposure to potentially contaminated food and water. Immunization is not routinely recommended for short-term holidays in resort hotels.

Refer to CATMAT Statement on International Travellers and Typhoid and Typhoid Vaccine in Part 4 for additional information.

Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine

In exceptional circumstances, immunization with BCG vaccine may be considered for travellers planning extended stays in areas or countries of high tuberculosis prevalence. Consultation with an infectious disease or travel medicine specialist is recommended. Refer to Bacille Calmette-Guérin Vaccine in Part 4 and the CATMAT Statement on Risk Assessment and Prevention of Tuberculosis Among Travellers for additional information.

Cholera and travellers' diarrhea vaccine

Travellers to cholera-endemic countries who may be at significantly increased risk of exposure, for example, humanitarian workers or health care providers working in endemic countries, may benefit from cholera vaccination. Most travellers following the usual tourist itineraries in countries affected by cholera are at extremely low risk of acquiring cholera infection. For protection against travellers' diarrhea, vaccination with cholera and travellers' diarrhea vaccine is of limited benefit and is not routinely recommended, except for high-risk travellers who are 2 years of age and older.

Refer to Cholera and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) Diarrhea Vaccine in Part 4 and the CATMAT Statement on Traveller's Diarrhea for additional information. Refer to the WHO map of the areas reporting cholera outbreaks .

COVID-19 vaccine

For information about immunization of travellers who are immunocompromised refer to Immunization of Immunocompromised Persons in Part 3, vaccine-specific chapters in Part 4, and the CATMAT Statement on the Immunocompromised Traveller .

For information about immunization of pregnant or breastfeeding travellers refer to Immunization in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding in Part 3, vaccine-specific chapters in Part 4, and the CATMAT Statement on Pregnancy and Travel .

In older adults, both vaccine efficacy and the risk of adverse reactions may be affected by age. Declining cell-mediated and humoral immunity influence the response to immunization, potentially resulting in diminished, delayed, and less durable immune responses and greater susceptibility to adverse effects of some vaccines, especially yellow fever. Older adults may also be more vulnerable to disease and complications for some vaccine preventable illnesses, such as hepatitis A, typhoid fever, and yellow fever. For additional information refer to the CATMAT Statement on Older Travellers .

Travel immunization recommendations for children will vary with the individual risk of exposure and the severity of potential infection. Some travel-related infections, such as hepatitis A, typhoid, and rabies, are more likely to occur in pediatric travellers than in adult travellers. Children are at higher risk for meningococcal infections. For additional information regarding immunization of pediatric travelers, refer to the CATMAT Statement on pediatric travellers .

Those who travel with the intention of visiting friends and relatives or other residents of the country in their homes are at increased risk of travel-related infections. Adults, and particularly children, are at greater risk due to both demographic and travel-related characteristics such as travelling for longer periods, travelling to rural areas, travelling to destinations with higher risk for tropical diseases, and are less likely to seek pre-travel health advice. Refer to the CATMAT Statement on International Travellers Who Intend to Visit Friends and Relatives for additional information.

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Travel health notices, vaccines and medicines.

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Check the vaccines and medicines list and visit your doctor at least a month before your trip to get vaccines or medicines you may need. If you or your doctor need help finding a location that provides certain vaccines or medicines, visit the Find a Clinic page.

Routine vaccines

Recommendations.

Make sure you are up-to-date on all routine vaccines before every trip. Some of these vaccines include

  • Chickenpox (Varicella)
  • Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis
  • Flu (influenza)
  • Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR)

Immunization schedules

All eligible travelers should be up to date with their COVID-19 vaccines. Please see  Your COVID-19 Vaccination  for more information. 

COVID-19 vaccine

Hepatitis A

Consider hepatitis A vaccination for most travelers. It is recommended for travelers who will be doing higher risk activities, such as visiting smaller cities, villages, or rural areas where a traveler might get infected through food or water. It is recommended for travelers who plan on eating street food.

Hepatitis A - CDC Yellow Book

Dosing info - Hep A

Hepatitis B

Recommended for unvaccinated travelers younger than 60 years old traveling to Canada. Unvaccinated travelers 60 years and older may get vaccinated before traveling to Canada.

Hepatitis B - CDC Yellow Book

Dosing info - Hep B

Infants 6 to 11 months old traveling internationally should get 1 dose of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine before travel. This dose does not count as part of the routine childhood vaccination series.

Measles (Rubeola) - CDC Yellow Book

Canada is free of dog rabies. However, rabies may still be present in wildlife species, particularly bats. CDC recommends rabies vaccination before travel only for people working directly with wildlife. These people may include veterinarians, animal handlers, field biologists, or laboratory workers working with specimens from mammalian species.

Rabies - CDC Yellow Book

Learn actions you can take to stay healthy and safe on your trip. Vaccines cannot protect you from many diseases in Canada, so your behaviors are important.

Eat and drink safely

Food and water standards around the world vary based on the destination. Standards may also differ within a country and risk may change depending on activity type (e.g., hiking versus business trip). You can learn more about safe food and drink choices when traveling by accessing the resources below.

  • Choose Safe Food and Drinks When Traveling
  • Water Treatment Options When Hiking, Camping or Traveling
  • Global Water, Sanitation and Hygiene | Healthy Water
  • Avoid Contaminated Water During Travel

You can also visit the  Department of State Country Information Pages  for additional information about food and water safety.

Prevent bug bites

Although Canada is an industrialized country, bug bites here can still spread diseases. Just as you would in the United States, try to avoid bug bites while spending time outside or in wooded areas.

What can I do to prevent bug bites?

  • Cover exposed skin by wearing long-sleeved shirts, long pants, and hats.
  • Use an appropriate insect repellent (see below).
  • Consider using permethrin-treated clothing and gear if spending a lot of time outside. Do not use permethrin directly on skin.

What type of insect repellent should I use?

  • FOR PROTECTION AGAINST TICKS AND MOSQUITOES: Use a repellent that contains 20% or more DEET for protection that lasts up to several hours.
  • Picaridin (also known as KBR 3023, Bayrepel, and icaridin)
  • Oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE) or para-menthane-diol (PMD)
  • 2-undecanone
  • Always use insect repellent as directed.

What should I do if I am bitten by bugs?

  • Avoid scratching bug bites, and apply hydrocortisone cream or calamine lotion to reduce the itching.
  • Check your entire body for ticks after outdoor activity. Be sure to remove ticks properly.

What can I do to avoid bed bugs?

Although bed bugs do not carry disease, they are an annoyance. See our information page about avoiding bug bites for some easy tips to avoid them. For more information on bed bugs, see Bed Bugs .

For more detailed information on avoiding bug bites, see Avoid Bug Bites .

Stay safe outdoors

If your travel plans in Canada include outdoor activities, take these steps to stay safe and healthy during your trip:

  • Stay alert to changing weather conditions and adjust your plans if conditions become unsafe.
  • Prepare for activities by wearing the right clothes and packing protective items, such as bug spray, sunscreen, and a basic first aid kit.
  • Consider learning basic first aid and CPR before travel. Bring a travel health kit with items appropriate for your activities.
  • If you are outside for many hours in the heat, eat salty snacks and drink water to stay hydrated and replace salt lost through sweating.
  • Protect yourself from UV radiation : use sunscreen with an SPF of at least 15, wear protective clothing, and seek shade during the hottest time of day (10 a.m.–4 p.m.).
  • Be especially careful during summer months and at high elevation. Because sunlight reflects off snow, sand, and water, sun exposure may be increased during activities like skiing, swimming, and sailing.
  • Very cold temperatures can be dangerous. Dress in layers and cover heads, hands, and feet properly if you are visiting a cold location.

Stay safe around water

  • Swim only in designated swimming areas. Obey lifeguards and warning flags on beaches.
  • Do not dive into shallow water.
  • Avoid swallowing water when swimming. Untreated water can carry germs that make you sick.
  • Practice safe boating—follow all boating safety laws, do not drink alcohol if you are driving a boat, and always wear a life jacket.

Keep away from animals

Most animals avoid people, but they may attack if they feel threatened, are protecting their young or territory, or if they are injured or ill. Animal bites and scratches can lead to serious diseases such as rabies.

Follow these tips to protect yourself:

  • Do not touch or feed any animals you do not know.
  • Do not allow animals to lick open wounds, and do not get animal saliva in your eyes or mouth.
  • Avoid rodents and their urine and feces.
  • Traveling pets should be supervised closely and not allowed to come in contact with local animals.
  • If you wake in a room with a bat, seek medical care immediately.  Bat bites may be hard to see.

All animals can pose a threat, but be extra careful around dogs, bats, monkeys, sea animals such as jellyfish, and snakes. If you are bitten or scratched by an animal, immediately:

  • Wash the wound with soap and clean water.
  • Go to a doctor right away.
  • Tell your doctor about your injury when you get back to the United States.

Reduce your exposure to germs

Follow these tips to avoid getting sick or spreading illness to others while traveling:

  • Wash your hands often, especially before eating.
  • If soap and water aren’t available, clean hands with hand sanitizer (containing at least 60% alcohol).
  • Don’t touch your eyes, nose, or mouth. If you need to touch your face, make sure your hands are clean.
  • Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when coughing or sneezing.
  • Try to avoid contact with people who are sick.
  • If you are sick, stay home or in your hotel room, unless you need medical care.

Avoid sharing body fluids

Diseases can be spread through body fluids, such as saliva, blood, vomit, and semen.

Protect yourself:

  • Use latex condoms correctly.
  • Do not inject drugs.
  • Limit alcohol consumption. People take more risks when intoxicated.
  • Do not share needles or any devices that can break the skin. That includes needles for tattoos, piercings, and acupuncture.
  • If you receive medical or dental care, make sure the equipment is disinfected or sanitized.

Know how to get medical care while traveling

Plan for how you will get health care during your trip, should the need arise:

  • Carry a list of local doctors and hospitals at your destination.
  • Review your health insurance plan to determine what medical services it would cover during your trip. Consider purchasing travel health and medical evacuation insurance for things your regular insurance will not cover.
  • Carry a card that identifies, in the local language, your blood type, chronic conditions or serious allergies, and the generic names of any medicines you take.
  • Bring copies of your prescriptions for medicine and for eye glasses and contact lenses.
  • Some prescription drugs may be illegal in other countries. Call Canada’s embassy to verify that all of your prescription(s) are legal to bring with you.
  • Bring all the medicines (including over-the-counter medicines) you think you might need during your trip, including extra in case of travel delays. Ask your doctor to help you get prescriptions filled early if you need to.

Many foreign hospitals and clinics are accredited by the Joint Commission International. A list of accredited facilities is available at their website ( www.jointcommissioninternational.org ).

Select safe transportation

Motor vehicle crashes are the #1 killer of healthy US citizens in foreign countries.

Be smart when you are traveling on foot.

  • Use sidewalks and marked crosswalks.
  • Pay attention to the traffic around you, especially in crowded areas.
  • Remember, people on foot do not always have the right of way in other countries.

Riding/Driving

Choose a safe vehicle.

  • Choose official taxis or public transportation, such as trains and buses.
  • Make sure there are seatbelts.
  • Avoid overcrowded, overloaded, top-heavy buses and minivans.
  • Avoid riding on motorcycles or motorbikes, especially motorbike taxis. (Many crashes are caused by inexperienced motorbike drivers.)
  • Choose newer vehicles—they may have more safety features, such as airbags, and be more reliable.
  • Choose larger vehicles, which may provide more protection in crashes.

Think about the driver.

  • Do not drive after drinking alcohol or ride with someone who has been drinking.
  • Consider hiring a licensed, trained driver familiar with the area.
  • Arrange payment before departing.

Follow basic safety tips.

  • Wear a seatbelt at all times.
  • Sit in the back seat of cars and taxis.
  • When on motorbikes or bicycles, always wear a helmet. (Bring a helmet from home, if needed.)
  • Do not use a cell phone or text while driving (illegal in many countries).
  • Travel during daylight hours only, especially in rural areas.
  • If you choose to drive a vehicle in Canada, learn the local traffic laws and have the proper paperwork.
  • Get any driving permits and insurance you may need. Get an International Driving Permit (IDP). Carry the IDP and a US-issued driver's license at all times.
  • Check with your auto insurance policy's international coverage, and get more coverage if needed. Make sure you have liability insurance.
  • Avoid using local, unscheduled aircraft.
  • If possible, fly on larger planes (more than 30 seats); larger airplanes are more likely to have regular safety inspections.
  • Try to schedule flights during daylight hours and in good weather.

Helpful Resources

Road Safety Overseas (Information from the US Department of State): Includes tips on driving in other countries, International Driving Permits, auto insurance, and other resources.

The Association for International Road Travel has country-specific Road Travel Reports available for most countries for a minimal fee.

Maintain personal security

Use the same common sense traveling overseas that you would at home, and always stay alert and aware of your surroundings.

Before you leave

  • Research your destination(s), including local laws, customs, and culture.
  • Monitor travel advisories and alerts and read travel tips from the US Department of State.
  • Enroll in the Smart Traveler Enrollment Program (STEP) .
  • Leave a copy of your itinerary, contact information, credit cards, and passport with someone at home.
  • Pack as light as possible, and leave at home any item you could not replace.

While at your destination(s)

  • Carry contact information for the nearest US embassy or consulate .
  • Carry a photocopy of your passport and entry stamp; leave the actual passport securely in your hotel.
  • Follow all local laws and social customs.
  • Do not wear expensive clothing or jewelry.
  • Always keep hotel doors locked, and store valuables in secure areas.
  • If possible, choose hotel rooms between the 2nd and 6th floors.

Healthy Travel Packing List

Use the Healthy Travel Packing List for Canada for a list of health-related items to consider packing for your trip. Talk to your doctor about which items are most important for you.

Why does CDC recommend packing these health-related items?

It’s best to be prepared to prevent and treat common illnesses and injuries. Some supplies and medicines may be difficult to find at your destination, may have different names, or may have different ingredients than what you normally use.

If you are not feeling well after your trip, you may need to see a doctor. If you need help finding a travel medicine specialist, see Find a Clinic . Be sure to tell your doctor about your travel, including where you went and what you did on your trip. Also tell your doctor if you were bitten or scratched by an animal while traveling.

For more information on what to do if you are sick after your trip, see Getting Sick after Travel .

Map Disclaimer - The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on maps do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement are generally marked.

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  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website.
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Canada Drops Vaccine Requirements, Visitors No Longer Need To Quarantine

  • Oops! Something went wrong. Please try again later. More content below

After two years Canada is finally allowing Americans who are unvaccinated into the country without quarantining. And making it simpler for vaccinated travelers as well.

On September 30th Canada will lift its vaccine requirements for visitors. Also on September 30th, Canada will end random COVID arrival tests and make it optional for visitors to use the ArriveCan app. However, everyone will be required to continue to wear masks on planes to and from Canada as well as public transportation.

Prime Minister Justin Trudeau has been under pressure by voters and politicians to lift restrictions. The opposing party’s Pierre Poilivere has been campaigning for Canada to drop the ArriveCan app and lift all COVID restrictions.

Since March of 2020, the U.S.-Canada border has been shut down since the start of the pandemic. In August 2021 Canada reopened its border but Canada’s restrictions and enforcement had many differences from the United States’ policies.

The U.S. and Canada both require foreign visitors to be vaccinated to enter the country. However, Canada will allow unvaccinated travelers to enter the country under the requirement that the visitor must quarantine for 14 days. At the moment, foreign travelers that are vaccinated must upload their COVID-19 documentation through the ArriveCan app before entering Canada.

Canadian and U.S. officials have petitioned Trudeau and Biden to lift border restrictions and restore their policies to a pre-pandemic state.  Also, current restrictions are hurting the economies of those communities along the borders.

There is also push from business leaders and government officials in the United States to lift COVID-19 restrictions. As the restrictions are also affecting local economies and communities in the U.S. as well. Only time will tell if the U.S. will follow in Canada’s lead to restore policies to pre-pandemic times.

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COVID-19 international travel advisories

If you plan to visit the U.S., you do not need to be tested or vaccinated for COVID-19. U.S. citizens going abroad, check with the Department of State for travel advisories.

COVID-19 testing and vaccine rules for entering the U.S.

  • As of May 12, 2023, noncitizen nonimmigrant visitors to the U.S.  arriving by air  or  arriving by land or sea  no longer need to show proof of being fully vaccinated against COVID-19. 
  • As of June 12, 2022,  people entering the U.S. no longer need to show proof of a negative COVID-19 test . 

U.S. citizens traveling to a country outside the U.S.

Find country-specific COVID-19 travel rules from the Department of State.

See the  CDC's COVID-19 guidance for safer international travel.

LAST UPDATED: December 6, 2023

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Understanding the CDC’s Updated COVID Isolation Guidance

The updated recommendations align guidance for COVID infection with that for other common respiratory viruses.

Aliza Rosen

For the first time since 2021, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has updated its COVID isolation guidance.

Specifically, it has shifted the recommendation that someone who tests positive for COVID isolate for five days to a timeline based on the progression of the person’s symptoms. The update is part of a larger strategy to provide one set of recommendations for most common respiratory illnesses , including COVID, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

In this Q&A, virologist Andy Pekosz , PhD, a professor in Molecular Microbiology and Immunology , explains the CDC’s new isolation guidance, the reasons for the update, and why the prevention and treatment strategies we’ve all become accustomed to still play an important part in reducing respiratory virus transmission.

What are the updated recommendations for someone who comes down with a respiratory infection?

The updated guidance from the CDC is to “stay home and away from others (including people you live with who are not sick) if you have respiratory virus symptoms that aren't better explained by another cause.” You can resume normal activities once your symptoms are improving and you’ve been fever-free—without the aid of fever-reducing medications—for at least 24 hours.

For the five days after you resume your normal activities, you should take extra precautions, like wearing a well-fitting mask and maintaining distance from others, gathering outdoors or in well-ventilated areas, cleaning hands and high-touch surfaces often, and testing when possible before gathering with others. If symptoms or fever return, you should start back at square one: staying home and away from others until you’ve been improving and fever-free for at least 24 hours.

What should you do if you’re at higher risk of severe illness?

If you’re at higher risk of severe illness—generally, this is older adults and young children, pregnant people, people with disabilities, and people with compromised immune systems—seek testing and contact your physician. If you test positive for COVID or flu, there are antiviral medications that can be taken within a few days of symptom onset and are extremely effective in reducing the likelihood that your symptoms become severe or that you need to be hospitalized.

How does this differ from previous guidance?

Before this, the CDC recommended that people who test positive for COVID should isolate away from others for five days and wear a well-fitting mask around others for the following five days. This was different from the general guidance for other common respiratory viruses, like flu and RSV.

Now there is no one-size-fits-all duration for how long to isolate; rather, you can resume regular activities—ideally still using other prevention strategies, like masking and distancing—based on when your symptoms have improved and your fever has gone away. 

This marks a significant change in guidance for people who test positive for COVID. Why has the guidance changed?

The CDC has simplified its recommendations for how long to stay home and isolate after testing positive or experiencing symptoms to be consistent across COVID-19, influenza, and RSV infections. This way, anyone who develops symptoms can follow the same isolation guidance, irrespective of what respiratory virus they’re infected with.

It’s important to note, though, that this guidance on how long to isolate is just one part of a larger strategy for combating respiratory viruses that includes:

  • Being up to date on recommended vaccines.
  • Practicing good hygiene regarding hand-washing, sneezing, and coughing.
  • Being aware of antiviral treatment options for COVID-19 and influenza.
  • Taking steps to improve indoor air quality.

If the guidance is the same for all respiratory viruses, is it still important to test to know what someone is sick with?

Yes, testing is still needed in order to get a prescription for antivirals to treat COVID-19 or influenza. Those antivirals have been shown to reduce disease severity in several different groups, so if you are in a high risk group, be sure to test early and contact your physician so you can get the antiviral prescriptions as soon as possible.

Testing can also play an important role in preventing transmission, particularly if you were recently around someone who has since become sick, or if you plan to spend time with someone who is at higher risk of severe infection.

For COVID in particular, rapid home antigen tests are a great way to determine whether you’re still infectious and able to infect others. Symptom severity can be fairly subjective and a presence or lack of symptoms does not always align with infectiousness , so testing out of isolation for COVID is still good practice if you have access to tests.

Does this new guidance mean that all of these respiratory viruses pose the same risk?

No, COVID-19 is still causing more cases and more severe disease than influenza or RSV. A person’s risk for severe infection will also vary based on a number of factors, including age and health conditions .

The updated guidance acknowledges that we can simplify the recommendations for what to do after becoming infected with a respiratory virus, as part of the larger strategy to address spread.

The CDC also recently recommended that people over age 65 receive an additional dose of this year’s COVID vaccine . What drove that decision?

There are a few reasons behind this new recommendation for older adults . First, most severe COVID infections are occurring in individuals 65 years and older who have not been vaccinated recently. The CDC’s recommendation notes that more than half of COVID hospitalizations between October 2023 and December 2023 occurred in adults over 65.

Second, we know immunity after vaccination wanes over a few months, so an additional dose will provide renewed protection through the spring. New COVID variants like JN.1 that are circulating now have some mutations that improve their ability to evade vaccine-induced immunity, but the antibodies made through vaccination still recognize them. It’s not a perfect match, but a second dose of this year’s vaccine will provide protection against current variants to an age group at increased risk of severe illness, hospitalization, and death.

When should people over 65 get this additional dose of the current COVID vaccine?

The recommendation from the CDC is for people 65 and older who have already received one dose of the 2023-24 COVID vaccine to get a second shot at least four months after their most recent dose .

For people in that age group who haven’t had the 2023-24 vaccine, there’s no need to wait. They can get their shot now to be protected through the spring.

Will there be an updated COVID-19 vaccine for these newer variants?

We can likely expect to see a new COVID-19 vaccine available this fall, just like we see new, updated influenza vaccines each fall. This spring—typically around May—a decision will be made on which variants the updated vaccine will be designed around, and like we saw in 2023, the new vaccine will be available in the fall as we head into the typical respiratory virus season.

Aliza Rosen is a digital content strategist in the Office of External Affairs at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.

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IMAGES

  1. Canada Approves Johnson & Johnson Vaccine

    canada travel to usa vaccine

  2. COVID-19 vaccinated travellers entering Canada

    canada travel to usa vaccine

  3. COVID vaccine passport: Will you need one for international travel?

    canada travel to usa vaccine

  4. Canada to require COVID-19 vaccine for travelers starting Oct. 30

    canada travel to usa vaccine

  5. Canada expected to pass US on first dose Covid vaccinations as demand

    canada travel to usa vaccine

  6. Canada Approves Vaccine and Could Start Shots Next Week

    canada travel to usa vaccine

COMMENTS

  1. Message to U.S. Citizens in Canada: Update on Canadian Entry

    These requirements are: proof of approved COVID-19 vaccination(s) at least 14 days prior to entry to Canada, proof of a negative COVID-19 PCR test within 72 hours prior to arrival, and submittal of travel information in Canada's ArriveCAN travel app. Travelers must be asymptomatic upon arrival. Travelers are encouraged to hand carry original ...

  2. COVID-19: Travel, testing and borders

    Proof of COVID-19 vaccination is not required. Pre-board testing is not required. COVID-19 pre-entry and arrival tests are not required. Quarantine after you enter Canada is not required. Using ArriveCAN is not required, but. to save time at the border, you can use the ArriveCAN customs and immigration feature to complete your declaration in ...

  3. Adjustments to Canada's border and travel measures

    Mandatory vaccination for federally regulated transportation sectors. As announced on August 13, 2021, travellers in the federally regulated air and rail sectors will need to be vaccinated with a COVID-19 vaccine accepted by the Government of Canada for the purpose of travel. After extensive consultations, Transport Canada issued orders and ...

  4. Easing border measures for fully vaccinated travellers entering Canada

    On September 7, 2021, provided that Canada's COVID-19 epidemiology remains favourable, the Government intends to open Canada's borders for discretionary travel by travellers from any country who have been fully vaccinated with Government of Canada-accepted vaccines at least 14 days prior to entering Canada and who meet specific entry ...

  5. U.S. to lift COVID vaccine mandate for international travellers

    Published May 1, 2023 2:48 p.m. PDT. Share. The U.S. is ending its COVID-19 vaccine requirements for international air travellers and Canadians at the border as of next week, officials announced ...

  6. Travel health notices

    All eligible travellers should complete a COVID-19 vaccine series along with any additional recommended doses in Canada, at least 14 days before travelling. The COVID-19 vaccines used in Canada are effective at preventing severe illness, hospitalization, and death from COVID-19.

  7. Government of Canada announces easing of border measures for fully

    The Government of Canada is prioritizing the health and safety of everyone in Canada by taking a risk-based and measured approach to re-opening our borders. On September 7, 2021, provided that the domestic epidemiologic situation remains favourable, the Government intends to open Canada's borders to any fully vaccinated travellers who have completed the full course of vaccination with a ...

  8. Using Canada's COVID-19 proof of vaccination for travel

    Using the proof of vaccination for travel in Canada The Canadian COVID-19 proof of vaccination offers multiple benefits and uses, which includes meeting Canada's new traveller vaccine requirements. Effective October 30, 2021, all travellers 12 years of age and older departing from Canadian airports, and travellers on VIA Rail and Rocky ...

  9. Canada-U.S. border travel restrictions: What you need to know

    Unless otherwise exempt, all travellers age 12 or older who do not qualify as fully vaccinated - having received at least two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine accepted for travel or a mix of two ...

  10. Canadians Must Now Be Fully Vaccinated To Travel To U.S. Via ...

    Canadians will now be required to show proof of Covid-19 vaccination to travel to the U.S. via land ...[+] borders. Corbis via Getty Images. As of Jan. 22, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security ...

  11. Canada border opening: What to know before Canada travel

    Canada border crossing requirements: Travelers will need to be fully vaccinated. American travelers wanting to visit Canada by land, air or water must complete a COVID-19 vaccination at least 14 ...

  12. Canada Lifts Covid Vaccine Mandate For International Travelers

    Topline. Canada will drop its Covid-19 vaccine requirement for visitors entering the country starting October 1, officials announced Monday, reopening the Canadian border to unvaccinated travelers ...

  13. Update on Change to U.S. Travel Policy Requiring COVID-19 Vaccination

    Last Updated: May 4, 2023. The Administration will end the COVID-19 vaccine requirements for international air travelers at the end of the day on May 11, the same day that the COVID-19 public health emergency ends. This means starting May 12, noncitizen nonimmigrant air passengers will no longer need to show proof of being fully vaccinated with ...

  14. Traveller entry requirements

    Use Advance Declaration in ArriveCAN to submit your customs and immigration declaration before flying into Canada. Government of Canada's official one-stop-shop for comprehensive international travel information.

  15. Travel advice and advisories for United States (USA)

    However, travellers entering the United States in certain business-related categories are required to present specific documents to establish eligibility for admission. If you plan to work in the United States, contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate for specific requirements. Foreign Representatives in Canada. Studying in the United States

  16. Travel vaccinations

    Travel vaccinations. When travelling outside Canada, you may be at risk for a number of vaccine preventable illnesses. You should consult a health care provider or visit a travel health clinic preferably six weeks before you travel. This is an opportunity to: review your immunization history. make sure your provincial/territorial vaccination ...

  17. U.S. removes all COVID-19 requirements

    May 12, 2023. Starting May 12, customers no longer need to be vaccinated or show proof of vaccination against COVID-19 for air travel to the U.S. All customers, including U.S. citizens, are still required to clear U.S. Customs and Border Protection to enter the U.S. Learn more about required documents for travel to the U.S.

  18. I am an American citizen. What do I need to enter Canada?

    If you are an American citizen who wants to enter Canada, you need to know the requirements and procedures for crossing the border. This webpage provides you with the information on what documents you need, how to apply for an eTA or a visa, and what to expect upon arrival. You can also find links to other useful resources on health, taxes, and benefits in Canada.

  19. Immunization of travellers: Canadian Immunization Guide

    Travellers should receive a complete series of COVID-19 vaccine and optimally should receive a booster dose, if they are eligible, at least 2 weeks prior to departure. Travellers should verify the travel requirements in place at their destination (s) and for their return to Canada.

  20. Canada

    Unvaccinated travelers 60 years and older may get vaccinated before traveling to Canada. Hepatitis B - CDC Yellow Book. Dosing info - Hep B. Measles. Infants 6 to 11 months old traveling internationally should get 1 dose of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine before travel.

  21. Canada Drops Vaccine Requirements, Visitors No Longer Need To Quarantine

    The U.S. and Canada both require foreign visitors to be vaccinated to enter the country. However, Canada will allow unvaccinated travelers to enter the country under the requirement that the visitor must quarantine for 14 days. At the moment, foreign travelers that are vaccinated must upload their COVID-19 documentation through the ArriveCan ...

  22. COVID-19 international travel advisories

    COVID-19 testing and vaccine rules for entering the U.S. As of May 12, 2023, noncitizen nonimmigrant visitors to the U.S. arriving by air or arriving by land or sea no longer need to show proof of being fully vaccinated against COVID-19. As of June 12, 2022, people entering the U.S. no longer need to show proof of a negative COVID-19 test .

  23. Understanding the CDC's Updated COVID Isolation Guidance

    Second, we know immunity after vaccination wanes over a few months, so an additional dose will provide renewed protection through the spring. New COVID variants like JN.1 that are circulating now have some mutations that improve their ability to evade vaccine-induced immunity, but the antibodies made through vaccination still recognize them. It ...