Can I get flight delay compensation? These are the ways you qualify

Melissa Klurman

Editor's Note

It's one of the most frustrating parts of travel. You book your flight, pack your bags and get ready for your trip. Then, right before you're set to fly, your flight is delayed — or worse, canceled.

You're stuck trying to salvage plans and figure out the best way to proceed, possibly missing airline connections, special plans, hotel reservations and more.

It feels like someone should pay you for all of this extra work and grief, right?

Ideally, the time-equals-money philosophy would be put into action in the case of delays. As with many things related to air travel rules, it's never quite as straightforward as we think it should be.

Here's what you need to know about qualifying for and receiving flight delay compensation.

What is flight delay compensation?

At its core, flight delay compensation repays you for lost time. Ideally, it holds airlines responsible for getting you to your destination within a set time frame. If they can't meet the minimum requirements for carriage, they would provide compensation, or financial repayment, for your time.

In Europe, one standard law provides for this type of financial restitution for delays and canceled flights, and it's very transparent and easy to understand. In the U.S., individual airlines set thresholds that are much less clear.

Related: Your flight is canceled or delayed – here's what you should do next

Flight delay compensation for international flights

Within the European Union, there are existing regulations that provide monetary relief to passengers for flights affected by delays and or cancellations, thanks to a 2005 regulation known as EU261.

If you are delayed three or more hours, you are entitled to compensation (see the chart below) unless the delay was caused by "extraordinary circumstances." These circumstances include weather, political strife, air traffic control decisions that are out of the airline's control and security risks.

Things like mechanical and technical problems are not extraordinary circumstances. However, airline strikes, for example, may be considered an extraordinary circumstance.

As a result, airlines have shelled out hundreds of millions of euros to passengers inconvenienced by delayed flights.

Since its inception, Europe has broadened this rule to apply to domestic connecting flights originating in the EU. This means flights within the EU, flights departing from the EU to the U.S. (and other countries) and even the connecting flights you book within the U.S. are eligible for compensation.

Depending on how long you're delayed, there are clear reimbursements you are entitled to receive:

Note that any compensation may be reduced by half if you accept a reroute from the airline to your final destination.

Related: TPG's guide to understanding EU261 flight compensation

Flight delay compensation for domestic flights

Unlike the European Union, the U.S. does not have one central tenet that directs how airlines should compensate passengers in the case of a delay.

"There are no federal laws requiring airlines to provide passengers with money or other compensation when their flights are delayed. Each airline has its own policies about what it will do for delayed passengers," is the official word from the U.S. Department of Transportation.

However, the DOT is making strides toward creating more transparency in the industry regarding this issue. As part of this, it's sought to hold airlines accountable for compensating passengers.

Travelers are already entitled to refunds for flights canceled by the airline and flights that are significantly delayed or changed after booking.

Until relatively recently, however, the DOT didn't define what constitutes a "significant" delay or change, leaving it to airlines to voluntarily self-regulate. In some cases, this resulted in airlines having extensive rolling delays of a flight rather than canceling it.

Now, the DOT has defined language and timing so that a "significant delay" would be defined as one that affects the departure or arrival time of a domestic flight by three hours or more (or by at least six hours for an international flight).

A "significant change" would include one that changes the departure or arrival airport or adds more connections to an itinerary than what was originally booked.

Interestingly, it would also include changes to the aircraft type "if it causes a significant downgrade in the air travel experience or amenities available onboard the flight."

Last year, the department unveiled its airline customer service dashboard — a tool that shows how the top 10 largest U.S. carriers will accommodate passengers in the event of a delay or cancellation that is within the airline's control.

For example, all 10 airlines will provide meal vouchers when a cancellation results in a wait of three hours or more for a new flight. All but Frontier Airlines will also provide complimentary hotel accommodations for passengers affected by an overnight cancellation. However, none of the 10, according to the DOT website, will provide cash compensation if a cancellation results in a passenger waiting for three hours or more from the scheduled departure time.

Note that the dashboard only provides information about amenities airlines provide when the delay is within their control. Many delays, however, are outside of the airline's control — for example, weather or air traffic control issues. Airlines generally provide little to nothing if a flight is delayed or canceled for those issues.

The DOT hopes the dashboard will become a resource for consumers to consider when they choose an airline.

Related: All the airlines' flight delay and compensation policies from DOT's customer service dashboard

delay travel time

What happens when I miss a connecting flight due to a delay?

Unfortunately, in the U.S., there is no overall policy governing delays. If you miss your connecting flight, contact your airline immediately either in person at the help desk, on the phone (usually a quicker option) or through the app. Or, if you have lounge access, head there first to talk to an agent, usually without a line.

The airline should work with you to place you on the next available flight. This may include putting you on another carrier. If you need to stay overnight, ask the airline for hotel and food vouchers.

After you return home, contact the airline about delay compensation.

Many travel credit cards include trip delay, interruption and cancellation benefits that protect you when flights go wrong. When you know that your flight will be affected, contact the issuer of the card that you purchased the ticket with to determine your options (see below).

Related: Missed your flight? Here's what to do

What credit cards offer flight delay compensation?

Trip delay reimbursement is a benefit that will compensate you for expenses that aren't reimbursed by your transportation carrier. Cards reference "common carriers" for this coverage, which typically means forms of public transportation with published schedules on which you bought tickets — think air trips, not road trips, for this category.

While airlines may provide hotel rooms and food vouchers for overnight delays that are under their control, such as maintenance issues, they typically won't provide support for things like weather delays. Moreover, what an airline provides may not cover all of your expenses. This is where trip delay reimbursement can help you.

Here are some cards that are among the best for trip delay reimbursement. It's important to note that the specific terms can vary from card to card (or issuer to issuer).

Also worth noting is that depending on the card, you must have a delay of six or 12 hours to qualify, which we note: Capital One Venture X Rewards Credit Card (six hours); Chase Sapphire Reserve (six hours) and Chase Sapphire Preferred Card (12 hours or overnight); The Platinum Card® from American Express * (six hours); Delta SkyMiles® Reserve American Express Card * (six hours); Marriott Bonvoy Brilliant® American Express Card® * (six hours); Marriott Bonvoy Boundless Credit Card and Marriott Bonvoy Bold Credit Card (12 hours or overnight); World of Hyatt Credit Card (12 hours or overnight); United Club Infinite Card and United Explorer Card (12 hours or overnight).

* Eligibility and benefit level varies by card. Terms, conditions and limitations apply. Please visit americanexpress.com/benefitsguide for more details. Underwritten by New Hampshire Insurance Company, an AIG Company .

Related: Flight delayed? Remember these 4 things if you want trip delay reimbursement from your credit card

How to apply for flight delay compensation

Don't delay in requesting your compensation. In the EU, individual countries set deadlines, and they can vary wildly. The deadline to file a claim is not based on your citizenship, where you live or your destination but instead the location of the headquarters of the airline you flew.

You can generally find instructions on how to submit a claim on a carrier's website. However, if you have trouble finding that information, you can also print and complete the Air Passenger Rights EU Complaint form and submit it to the airline directly.

In the U.S., it's also best to ask for compensation soon after your disrupted flight. Domestic carriers are not obligated by law to offer financial compensation for delays. However, many do have policies — which you can find on the DOT dashboard — that provide some financial restitution for long delays.

Be sure to keep a copy of your flight information, including your ticket number, for the compensation request.

Bottom line

Although there is no consistent policy across the board for delay compensation, there are a number of ways you may be able to get financial compensation if your flight is significantly delayed.

In Europe, for delays of more than three hours, you may be eligible for compensation under EU261. In the U.S., check the DOT's dashboard to see if your carrier will compensate you for your delay.

If you can't get financial compensation that way, check with your credit card issuer to see if it provides trip delay reimbursement.

Related reading:

  • When is the best time to book flights for the cheapest airfare?
  • The best airline credit cards
  • What exactly are airline miles, anyway?
  • 6 real-life strategies you can use when your flight is canceled or delayed
  • Maximize your airfare: The best credit cards for booking flights
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For Capital One products listed on this page, some of the above benefits are provided by Visa® or Mastercard® and may vary by product. See the respective Guide to Benefits for details, as terms and exclusions apply.

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Travel Time Reliability: How to Measure and Why it is Important?

by Shahrzad Jalali | Jul 16, 2020 | Blog - ITS Systems - Vehicle detection , Traffic Management

delay travel time

We have all experienced traffic delays in our trips to home, work, or vacations. Although sometimes delays are expected ahead of time, and we can add extra time to our trip duration, unexpected delays can create serious problems for travelers, shippers, and businesses, making travel time reliability important to motorists. The unexpected delays can be caused by adverse weather conditions, road closures, or incidents.

Annual Average Travel Time is the measure that is used to report the roads’ traffic congestion. However, most of the time, it is different from what riders would experience every day or what they remember due to unexpected delays. So, what other measures should be reported along with average travel time as measures of congestion?

Travel Time Reliability (TTR) Measures

Travel Time Reliability (TTR) measures help in calculating the unexpected delays. The following measures are the main components of TTR:

1. Travel Time Index (TTI):

Travel Time Index (TTI) is the ratio of Average Travel Time in peak hours to Free-Flow Travel Time. In other words, the Travel Time Index represents the average additional time required for a trip during peak times in comparison with that trip duration in no-traffic condition. For calculating Free-Flow Travel Time, divide the road length by maximum speed limit of the road.

delay travel time

For instance, if the Average and Free-Flow Travel Time are 5 and 4 minutes, respectively, TTI would be 1.25. This value means that your trip will take 25% longer then no congestion condition. TTI can be calculated for different temporal grouping schemes such as X-minute intervals, by time-of-the-day, day-of-the-week, month, and for the entire year. Also, for each of these groups, TTI can be calculated for weekdays and weekends separately.

2. Buffer Index (BI):

Buffer Time is the additional time for unexpected delays that commuters should consider along with average travel time to be on-time 95 percent of the time. Buffer Index is calculating as follow:

delay travel time

The buffer index is expressed as a percentage. For example, if BI and average travel time are 20% and 10 minutes, then the buffer time would be 2 minutes. Since it is calculated by 95 th percentile travel time, it represents almost all worst-case delay scenarios and assures travelers to be on-time 95 percent of all trips.

3. Planning Time Index (PTI):

Planning Time Index is the ratio of the 95th percentile to the free-flow travel time and shows the total time which is needed for on-time arrival in 95 percent of all trips.

delay travel time

The difference between Buffer Index and Planning Time Index is that BI represents the extra delay time that should be added to average travel time, while the PTI indicates the total trip time (average travel time + buffer time). A PTI value of 2.0 for a given period suggests that travelers should spend twice as much time traveling as the free-flow travel time to reach their destination on-time 95 percent of the time. The planning time index is useful because it can be directly compared to the travel time index on similar numeric scales.

Different percentile values can be used instead of the 95 th percentile. This value depends on your desired level of reliability. The lower percentile value results in lower reliability.

4. 90th or 95th Percentile Travel Times

This measure is the most straightforward method that represents the travel time of the most congested day. Since this measure reports in minutes, it is easily understandable for drivers. However, the 90th or 95th Percentile measure can’t be used to compare different trips because of their various length. Also, it is hard to aggregate the trips travel time and report as subarea or citywide average.

5. Percentage of Travel under Congestion (PTC)

The percentage of travel under congestion is defined as the percentage of all vehicles’ miles traveled (VMT) under congested conditions in the specified duration. The PTC measure can be aggregated in the similar temporal fashion described above for TTI.

6. Frequency that Congestion Exceeds Some Expected Threshold

This measure shows the percent of days or times that the congestion exceeds some expected threshold. The threshold can be set on travel time or speed data, especially when you capture the traffic data 24/7. This measure is commonly reported on weekdays peak hours.

The following figure shows TTR Indices on a Travel Time Distribution chart from SMATS iNode :

delay travel time

An example of Travel Time Distribution Chart in iNode

Source: U.S. Federal Highway Administration

Do  these equations and methodologies seem  overwhelming? SMATS’ iNode is designed to translate raw traffic data into r eady-to-use performance metrics such as Travel Time Reliability (TTR) and much more .

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American Airlines Delayed Flight Compensation: What to Know

Carissa Rawson

Many or all of the products featured here are from our partners who compensate us. This influences which products we write about and where and how the product appears on a page. However, this does not influence our evaluations. Our opinions are our own. Here is a list of our partners and here's how we make money .

Flight delays are frustrating. Whether it’s because of thunderstorms or an overbooked crew, the result is the same: You don’t get to where you’re trying to go.

It’s never pleasant when things go awry, but if you’re flying on American Airlines, you have some options. Let’s look at American Airlines delayed flight compensation, your rights and other things to know.

What to know about American Airlines delayed flight compensation

1. american airlines may not owe you anything.

Although the Department of Transportation (DOT) has regulations when it comes to flight cancellations and compensation, there isn't a similar ruling for flight delays.

Recently, airlines have begun to make clearer commitments to the type of compensation you’ll receive during a flight delay with one specific caveat: These apply only to controllable delays.

This means that airlines have only guaranteed to give you compensation when things such as missing crew or maintenance issues arise. It doesn’t apply to air traffic control or weather delays.

» Learn more: How to get paid for airline delays

delay travel time

2. Your credit card can reimburse you

Even if American Airlines isn’t willing to reimburse you for delays, there’s a good chance your credit card will. Many travel credit cards offer complimentary travel insurance, which includes trip delay insurance, trip interruption insurance, delayed luggage insurance and more.

The Chase Sapphire Reserve® card is among the best for complimentary travel insurance — simply because it provides so many protections. This includes trip delay insurance, which kicks in after a six-hour delay or one that forces you to stay overnight.

» Learn more: The best airline credit cards right now

The protection caps out at $500 per person and will reimburse you for reasonable expenses incurred as a result of the delay. These expenses can include:

Toiletries.

Medications.

Other personal use items you may need.

Importantly, credit card travel insurance can also cover more than one person. In Chase’s case, this means you, your partners and your legally dependent children up to age 26 are all covered as long as you charge a portion of the fare to your card.

» Learn more: What you need to know about Chase’s trip delay insurance

3. There is more than one type of compensation

American Airlines offers more than one type of compensation if your flight is canceled or delayed. If your flight is significantly delayed and you choose not to fly, you’ll be entitled to a refund. However, the DOT has not specifically defined what constitutes a "significant delay," so this may be difficult to enforce.

For controllable delays, American Airlines has made a variety of commitments to its passengers, including the provision of accommodation and food vouchers.

4. The DOT dashboard outlines your rights

The DOT maintains an up-to-date dashboard for 10 airlines outlining your rights. This provides information as to what American Airlines has committed to providing if your flight is delayed or canceled.

Here is what American Airlines has committed to providing its customers in the event of a controllable delay:

Rebook you on a new flight in the case of significant delays.

Rebook you on a partner airline or an airline with which it has an agreement in the event of a significant delay.

Give you a meal or meal voucher for a delay lasting three hours or more.

Provide you with hotel accommodations for an overnight delay.

Give you ground transportation to and from your hotel for an overnight delay.

» Learn more: Flight delay compensation — what you should get if you’re stuck

5. Delayed EU flights can compensate you

Although the DOT doesn’t have many protections for customers on flights, the European Union does. Under EU261 , airlines are required to compensate you for delays on most flights from or through the EU. The regulation also requires airlines give compensation for disrupted flights headed to the EU from outside — if the airline is an EU airline.

The amount of flight delay compensation is based on the amount of the delay and the distance of your flight.

Note that compensation is applicable only for controllable delays, such as mechanical issues. Severe weather or air traffic issues aren’t eligible for reimbursement.

6. You’re owed if you get bumped

Overbooking is a common airline practice. This means that airlines will sell more seats than they have in the hope that some passengers don’t show up. However, sometimes everyone does arrive and airlines are forced to bump passengers. They’ll first ask for volunteers; if there aren’t enough volunteers, they’ll then start bumping people involuntarily.

You have rights if you get involuntarily bumped from your flight. If you arrive within one hour of your originally scheduled arrival time, you won’t get any compensation. Any more than that, however, and the numbers start rising.

Depending on how long you end up delayed, the airline will owe you between 200% and 400% of the fare that you paid (note that there are maximums to this).

You’ll also be eligible for compensation if you were traveling on an award ticket and end up bumped. In this case, your compensation is based on the lowest cash, check or credit card payment charged for a ticket in the same class of service on your flight.

» Learn more: What to do if your flight is overbooked

American Airlines delayed flight compensation recapped

There’s no good way to deal with a flight delay. This is true on any airline, American Airlines included.

However, if your flight has been delayed for a controllable reason, you may be entitled to compensation. Do your research, check out the DOT’s dashboard, and make sure you get what you’re entitled to when American Airlines makes you late.

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delay travel time

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Measurement along a Length of Road

2 travel time study, 3 delay studies, 4 types of delay.

  • Congestion delay- Congestion delay is the delay caused by the constricting or slowing down effect of overloaded intersections, inadequate carriageway widths, parked cars, crowded pavement and similar factor.
  • Fixed Delay- The delay to which a vehicle is subjected regardless of the amount of traffic volume and interference present.
  • Operational Delay-The delay caused by interference from other component of the traffic stream. Examples include time lost while waiting for a gap in a conflicting traffic stream, or resulting from congestion, parking maneuvers, pedestrians, and turning movement.
  • Stopped Delay- The time a vehicle is not moving.
  • Travel Time Delay- The difference between the actual time required to traverse a section of street or highway and the time corresponding to the average speed of traffic under uncongested condition. It includes acceleration and deceleration delay in addition to stopped delay.
  • Approach Delay -Travel time delay encountered to an approach to an intersection.

5 Purpose of travel time and Delay Studies

  • The purpose of a Travel Time and Delay Study is to evaluate the quality of traffic movement along a route and determine the locations, types, and extent of traffic delays by using a moving test vehicle.
  • This study method can be used to compare operational conditions before and after roadway or intersection improvements have been made. It can also be used as a tool to assist in prioritizing projects by comparing the magnitude of the operational deficiencies (such as delays and stops) for each project under consideration.
  • The Travel Time and Delay Study can also be used by planners to monitor level of service for local government comprehensive plans.
  • The methodology presented herein provides the engineer with quantitative information with which he can develop recommendations for improvements such as traffic signal re-timing, safety improvements, turn lane additions, and channelization enhancements

6 Method for obtaining travel time and delay study

  • Floating Car Method: Floating car data are positions of vehicles traversing city streets throughout the day. In this method the driver tries to float in the traffic stream passing as many vehicles as pass the test car. If the test vehicle overtakes as many vehicles as the test vehicle is passed by, the test vehicles should, with sufficient number of runs, approach the median speed of the traffic movement on the route. In such a test vehicle, one passenger acts as observer while another records duration of delays and the actual elapsed time of passing control points along the route from start to finish of the run.
  • Average Speed Method: In this method the driver is instructed to travel at a speed that is judge to the representative of the speed of all traffic at the time.
  • Maximum-car method: In this procedure, the driver is asked to drive as fast as is safely practical in the traffic stream without ever exceeding the design speed of the facility.
  • Elevated Observer method: In urban areas, it is sometime possible to station observers in high buildings or other elevated points from which a considerable length of route may be observed. These investigator select vehicle at random and record; time, location and causes-of-delay. The drawback is that it is sometime difficult to secure suitable points for observation throughout the length of the route to be studied.
  • Manual: collecting license plates via pen and paper or audio tape recorders and manually entering license plates and arrival times into a computer.
  • Portable Computer: collecting license plates in the field using portable computers that automatically provide an arrival time stamp.
  • Video with Manual Transcription: collecting license plates in the field using video cameras or camcorders and manually transcribing license plates using human observers.
  • Video with Character Recognition: collecting license plates in the field using video, and then automatically transcribing license plates and arrival times into a computer using computerized license plate character recognition.
  • Photographic Method:  This method is primarily a research tool, it is useful in studies of interrelationship of several factors such as spacing, speeds, lane usage, acceleration rates, merging and crossing maneuvers, and delays at intersections. This method is applicable to a short test section only.
  • Interview Method:  this method may be useful where a large amount of material is needed in a minimum of time and at little expense for field observation. Usually the employees of a farm or establishment are asked to record their travel time to and from work on a particular day.
  • Sum each column of vehicle-in-queue counts, then sum the column totals for the entire survey period.
  • Compute the fraction of vehicles stopping and the average number of vehicles stopping per lane in each signal cycle, as indicated on the worksheet.
  • Using Table  1 , look up a correction factor appropriate to the lane group free-flow speed and the average number of vehicles stopping per lane in each cycle. This factor adds an adjustment for deceleration and acceleration delay, which cannot be measured directly with manual techniques.

6.0.1 Numerical Example

  • Number of lane, N=2
  • Free-flow Speed, FFS =65 km/h
  • Survey count interval, Is =15 sec
  • Total vehicle in queue, Σ V iq = 371
  • Total vehicles arriving, V tot = 530
  • Stopped vehicles count, V stop = 223
  • No of Cycle Surveyed, Nc=7.8
  • Acc./Dec. correction factor, CF=4 (from Table 7.1)
  • It was observed that the inductive loop was on for 0.39, 0.46, 0.43, 0.47, 0.50, 0.51, 0.48, 0.46, 0.32, 0.44, 0.50, 0.45, 0.44 seconds during one minute interval. If the effective length of a vehicle is 7 meters, compute the density.  
  • Highway capacity manual, 2000. chapter-16.
  • Manual on uniform traffic studies, 2000. Topic No. 750-020-007 Travel Time and Delay Study.
  • Travel Time Data Collection Handbook . 2019.
  • F D Hobbs. Traffic Planning and Engineering . Pergamon Press, 1979. 2nd Edition.
  • W S Hamburger J H Kell. Fundamentals of Traffic Engineering . 1989.
  • Theodore M Matson, Wilbur S Smith, and Frederick W Hurd. Traffic Engineering . McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, 1955.

Acknowledgments

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Trip Delay Insurance: Coverage & Reimbursement Guide

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Josh Lew is a travel journalist and writer based in the midwestern U.S. He has been active for the past decade, covering airlines, international destinations and ecotourism for sites like TravelPulse and TreeHugger. He currently contributes to content writing agency World Words.

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Sabrina Lopez is an editor with over six years of experience writing and editing digital content with a particular focus on home services, home products and personal finance. When she is not working on articles to help consumers make informed decisions, Sabrina enjoys creative writing and spending time with her family and their two parrots.

Travel delays are inconvenient and all too common. Data from March 2023 shows flight delays totaled 153,920 hours . While every late departure is frustrating, some situations can affect your travel budget and wreak havoc on your itinerary.

If delays stretch overnight, you will need to pay for food and hotel accommodations for yourself and your traveling companions, adding to the overall trip cost. Excessive delays can affect connections, transportation arrangements and tour and hotel reservations for the rest of your journey. Trip delay coverage from a top travel insurance provider can pay reasonable expenses associated with waiting for your journey to restart.

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What Is Trip Delay Insurance Cover?

Travel delay coverage pays for additional services if your trip gets delayed. It includes delays occurring on airlines and other forms of commercial transport, such as buses, trains, passenger boats and other common carriers.

Trip delay benefits can vary depending on the insurance company and coverage limits. However, most policies pay for hotel rooms, meals, other necessities and transport during the waiting period. The insurance company will require that delays are due to covered reasons, such as inclement weather or some other event beyond your control. Oversleeping and missing a flight will not qualify you for reimbursement.

Insurance coverage also requires you to accept rebooking or alternative arrangements offered by the airline. The policy documents will also list delay length and other factors you must meet before you can make an insurance claim.

Travel delay insurance is usually not a stand-alone product. It comes in a package with trip cancellation and trip interruption coverage or as part of a comprehensive policy with medical emergency and evacuation insurance.

Benefits of Trip Delay Insurance

Travel insurance plans with delay coverage offer specific advantages to travelers.

  • The policy ensures comfort during delays by paying for hotel rooms and meals.
  • It also covers additional expenses, such as taxis or ride-shares during your unscheduled stay or any other services you might need.
  • Insurance covers reimbursement for unrefunded reservations missed due to the delay.
  • You can file a claim for costs associated with resuming your itinerary after a missed connection or other unexpected and uncontrollable delays.
  • The coverage provides peace of mind by knowing you are protected even if your airline can’t rebook you or make alternative arrangements.
  • The delay claim can also include personal use items necessary for a comfortable stay.
  • Coverage extends to common carriers, including airlines, trains, buses and passenger boats.

Many insurers also offer assistance services to help you find or book a hotel or make other arrangements during an extended delay.

How Does Travel Delay Coverage Work?

Reimbursement for travel delay coverage requires several steps.

The first step is to establish a covered delay. After a flight cancellation or other delay, seek rebooking arrangements. The Department of Transportation says there are no federal requirements for delays, but most carriers will rebook passengers on the next available flight. Your provider will likely deny a travel insurance claim for delay costs if you are offered a rebooking and do not accept it.

The second factor is the amount of time. Each insurer has different limits for delay length before coverage kicks in. For example, Allianz Travel Insurance and Travelex require a five-hour delay for reimbursement, and Trawick International and AIG Travel Guard have a 12-hour time limit. It is important to look for these time limits when you buy travel insurance to ensure they fit your needs.

When making a claim, you will need to provide travel documents that show the delay (such as a ticket, boarding pass or flight number) and provide proof of reasonable expenses. Most insurers allow you to file a claim online or via a mobile app, and many will request that you submit receipts detailing expenses during the delay.

Once the insurer approves the claim, they send reimbursement. However, the payment amount won’t exceed the coverage limit. For example, if the limitation for delays is $500, and you incurred $700 in expenses, the insurer will send a check for $500, not $700.

Trip Interruption vs. Trip Delay Insurance

Trip interruption insurance and cancellation coverage are different from delay protection. Cancellation insurance reimburses you for the cost of a trip you cancel before departure. Interruption coverage protects against significant disruptions, reimbursing you for unused portions of your itinerary and paying for transport home or to your next destination. Delay insurance is for short-term disruptions and only covers the costs you incur until you resume your travel plans.

Additional Coverage for Travel Delays

Companies package trip cancellation insurance with interruption and delay coverage because the three types of insurance work together to provide comprehensive protection.

If you purchase a plan with these three features, you will not have to worry about the most common travel risks on the covered trip. If you fall ill or your destination experiences a natural disaster before departure, cancellation insurance protects your investment. Meanwhile, delay and interruption coverage protect you after departure.

In short, travel protection ensures your plans don’t get derailed by events beyond your control. And if your plans do change due to an illness, weather event or other disaster, you can file a claim for reimbursement.

Tips for Handling Travel Delays

Travel insurance coverage can help mitigate the risk of delays, but you can take other steps to keep your travel plans on track.

For instance, you can learn what to expect from airlines. The Department of Transportation offers a flight cancellation dashboard that notifies passengers of how different airlines handle delays and cancellations. Armed with this information, you can contact the airline to deal with the delay or cancellation .

You can also plan ahead and have contact information for all travel providers, hotels and other services you book or plan to use on your trip. You can easily notify these providers of any changes due to delays or cancellations.

If you are unable to rebook transport and experience an extended delay, you need to save receipts and other documents to use for your insurance claim. You should always plan spending during a delay to ensure it is under the coverage limit and meets the insurer’s requirements for reasonable expenses.

Is Trip Delay Coverage Worth It?

Delays and cancellations are common in the travel industry. In 2022, about 20% of flights in the U.S. were delayed and 2.69% were canceled. Delay insurance provides compensation for the times when these disruptions last for more than a few hours. This protection allows you to keep your travel budget intact and get back to your itinerary as soon as possible.

Time limits and coverage amounts can affect the compensation and support you get during an extended delay. You should research travel insurers and get multiple quotes to find the best insurer for your needs.

Frequently Asked Questions About Travel Delay Coverage

What is considered a trip delay.

The definition of delay varies from insurer to insurer. For claims purposes, all insurers say that a delay is caused by events beyond your control and that a common carrier does not offer to rebook you. Insurance companies also require that a certain amount of time passes after scheduled departure. The delay length could be between five and 12 hours, depending on the insurer and policy details.

What can you claim for trip delay?

Trip delay insurance covers reasonable expenses paid while you wait for your trip to resume. Covered costs may include hotel rooms, meals, transportation to and from the airport, and any other personal items you need to use during your delay.

Does travel insurance pay for delays?

If you have a travel insurance policy with delay coverage, it will pay claims for reasonable costs incurred while you wait for your trip to continue. However, reimbursement is only possible if the delay meets the minimum requirements laid out by the insurance company for time length and cause.

Typically, covered delays must be beyond the insured person’s control, and there are no reasonable rebooking offers through the airline or other transportation provider.

More travel insurance resources

How to Receive Compensation for Delayed and Canceled Flights (2024)

Man looking at a cancelled booking information with luggage in the background

Figure 2 shows the relationship between the travel time index, buffer index, and planning time index. (10)

Travel Time Index, Buffer Index, and Planning Time Index The difference between buffer index and planning time index is that the former represents the additional time cushion, whereas the latter represents the total travel time necessary for on-time arrivals for 95 percent of trips. Both travel time index and planning time index have similar numeric scales. However, travel time index is for peak hours, while planning time index is for any time of day.

Graph of the relationship between travel time index, buffer index, and planning time index

FHWA recently issued a final rule with two new travel time reliability metrics as the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century (MAP-21) performance measures. (23) , (24) The objective of MAP-21 performance measures is to assess the performance of the National Highway System (NHS), freight movement on the interstate system, and the congestion mitigation and air quality improvement program. The two new reliability metrics are:

  • Level of travel time reliability (LOTTR): The ratio of the 80th percentile travel time to the normal travel time (i.e., the 50th percentile occurring throughout a full calendar year) using data from FHWA's National Performance Management Research Data Set (NPMRDS). NPMRDS includes travel time data on the NHS, and LOTTR is used to assess the performance of the NHS.
  • Truck travel time reliability (TTTR): The ratio of the 95th percentile travel time of trucks to the normal truck travel time, (i.e., the 50th percentile using a full calendar year of truck travel time data). TTTR assesses the freight movement on the interstate system and is reported for five time periods depending on time of day and day of the week.

Various agencies use different metrics of travel time reliability as a portion of their mobility performance assessment depending on their needs. Table 2 shows the reliability metrics used by several agencies.

The value of travel time (VOT) and the value of reliability (VOR) are key factors in benefit-cost studies.

VOT = monetary value of reducing travel time

VOR = monetary value of reducing variability of travel time

VOT is the monetary value that road users place on reducing their travel time. VOR is the monetary value that road users place on reducing the variability of their travel time. The concepts of VOT and VOR involve estimating the magnitude of the benefits gained by saving in travel time and reduction in travel time variability or the penalties incurred by longer travel times and greater travel time variability. (26)

Value of Reliability

When moving goods from one end of I-5 to the other, a commercial vehicle operator has to add about 6 hours of buffer time to ensure on-time delivery with 95 percent confidence. (10)

Recently, the valuation of travel time reliability in a benefit-cost analysis of transportation projects has been gaining attention. Some U.S. and international research projects have been initiated to provide guidance on how an agency can include the value of reliability (VOR) in a benefit-cost analysis when making congestion reduction-related project investment decisions. ( 27 – 33 )

Most benefit-cost studies of mobility solutions require the monetary value of travel time (VOT) and the monetary VOR. Understanding VOT and VOR can inform decisionmakers about the value of potential strategies for improving reliability, such as adding tolled roads or high-occupancy lanes or reducing incident clearance times.

In the trucking industry, shippers and carriers value travel time at $25 to $200 per hour (depending on the product being carried). (2) A recent study in the area of freight transportation found that the VOT ranged from $12.80 to $283 per shipment hour, and the average value was $37 per shipment hour. VOR ranged from $51 to $290 per shipment hour, and the average of the distribution of VOR was $55 per shipment hour. ( 34 , 35 ) This indicates that freight shippers valued travel time reliability 1.5 times as much as travel time savings.

VOR to travelers can be estimated using data from congestion pricing strategies. This includes strategies like tolled roads and managed lanes (e.g., high-occupancy lanes). Such strategies offer reduced travel time and increased reliability to users who are willing to pay. Based on an analysis of congestion pricing data, many studies have reported that drivers value increased travel time reliability more than travel time savings. ( 36 – 38 ) Increased travel time reliability accounted for 68 percent of the benefits of using congestion priced lanes. (38) Another study estimated that users of congestion priced lanes value travel time to be $11.63 per hour, while they value reliability to be $25.45 per hour. (36)

This monetary cost associated with travelers and shipments being late or unreliable arrival time should lead to prioritizing travel time reliability in transportation planning and management. And, the significance of travel time reliability should be taken into account in the appraisal and valuation of infrastructure development projects.

VOR has increased in recent years. More reliable transportation systems are needed to address changes in business, industrial, and personal travel patterns and the emergence of more complex and interrelated scheduled activities (e.g., the just-in-time freight distribution and arrival systems). In 2015, the total weight of freight transported by road in the United States was estimated to be more than 10.8 billion tons and a value of $11.6 trillion. (25) In 2024, the freight figures are projected to increase to a weight of 14.2 billion tons and a value of $18.7 trillion.

To support on-time delivery of freight, a reliable transportation network is critical. For example, for frequent truck drivers who are familiar with the local traffic patterns of a region, information on travel time reliability was found to be a more significant factor in route selection than was historical travel time information. (39) Expanding national and international trade creates greater goods volume, further destinations, and increasingly complex and interdependent supply chains. Successful interdependent and interconnected systems require reliable travel times between origins and destinations.

Methods for Measuring the Value of Travel Time Reliability

Attitudinal survey: Document commuters' perceptions about the relative importance of travel time reliability.

Stated preference survey: Ask respondents how much they value travel time reliability compared to other hypothetical scenarios. (This method represents bias due to respondents not replicating their stated choices as observed in real situations.)

Revealed preference study: Capture behavioral responses concerning the actual choices made by participants to travel time reliability measures. (The advantage of this technique is the reliance on actual choices, e.g., the technique avoids problems associated with stated preferences or a failure to properly consider behavioral constraints.)

Changing patterns of individuals' employment opportunities, increased income, as well as increased recreational choices have affected passenger miles traveled. (40) Accommodating the busy calendar of an individual demands a more reliable transportation system so that delays in one activity do not affect the next activity. Essentially, road users value travel time reliability for several key reasons:

  • Unreliable travel time forces road users to plan for extra time to avoid late arrivals. In economic analysis, the value of the extra time road users plan to avoid late arrivals (VOR) is generally more than the average VOT.
  • Given that the VOR is different from VOT, transportation planners have to incorporate the costs of unreliable travel in project planning, programming, and selection processes.
  • Reliability becomes an additional factor that influences where, when, and how road users travel. (41) Road users demand and expect a reliable transportation system. For example, given recent advances in communication technologies, the traveling public expects agencies to make traffic data available from a variety of devices so that they can see real-time traffic conditions. They also expect that agencies address traffic disruptions in a timely and efficient manner regardless of who owns the roads.

Travel time reliability is a key factor to the success of the U.S. economy and those who participate in it, including businesses, the traveling public, and local governments. Next, we'll dig a little deeper into the impacts of an unreliable transportation system, which includes negative effects on businesses, the traveling public, and local governments as well as impaired safety and security.

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Importance of Reliability Across Transportation Modes

On-time arrival of people and freight to their destinations is an important factor in all modes of transportation. Complex global and intermodal logistics chains require minimal disruption to ensure on-time delivery, which makes reliability critical. A recent survey of ocean shippers revealed that reliability of waterborne freight is considered to be the most important factor in maritime transportation compared to cost, speed, safety, security, and trackability. (42)

Similarly, in air transportation, on-time departures and arrivals are key performance indicators for airline service quality, which determines customer satisfaction and loyalty, market competitiveness, economic benefits, and profitability. (43) Reliability plays a key role in meeting these performance standards.

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Compensatory Time Off for Travel - Questions & Answers to Fact Sheet

  • Q1. What is compensatory time off for travel? View more A. Compensatory time off for travel is a separate form of compensatory time off that may be earned by an employee for time spent in a travel status away from the employee's official duty station when such time is not otherwise compensable.
  • Q2. Are all employees covered by this provision? View more A. The compensatory time off provision applies to an "employee" as defined in 5 U.S.C. 5541(2) who is employed in an "Executive agency" as defined in 5 U.S.C. 105, without regard to whether the employee is exempt from or covered by the overtime pay provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, as amended. For example, this includes employees in senior-level (SL) and scientific or professional (ST) positions, but not members of the Senior Executive Service or Senior Foreign Service or Foreign Service officers. Effective April 27, 2008, prevailing rate (wage) employees are covered under the compensatory time off for travel provision. (See CPM 2008-04 .)
  • Q3. Are intermittent employees eligible to earn compensatory time off for travel? View more A. No. Compensatory time off for travel may be used by an employee when the employee is granted time off from his or her scheduled tour of duty established for leave purposes. (See 5 CFR 550.1406(b).) Also see the definition of "scheduled tour of duty for leave purposes" in 5 CFR 550.1403. Employees who are on intermittent work schedules are not eligible to earn and use compensatory time off for travel because they do not have a scheduled tour of duty for leave purposes.
  • Q4. What qualifies as travel for the purpose of this provision? View more A. To qualify for this purpose, travel must be officially authorized. In other words, travel must be for work purposes and must be approved by an authorized agency official or otherwise authorized under established agency policies. (Also see Q5.)
  • Q5. May an employee earn compensatory time off when he or she travels in conjunction with the performance of union representational duties? View more A. No. The term "travel" is defined at 5 CFR 550.1403 to mean officially authorized travel—i.e., travel for work purposes approved by an authorized agency official or otherwise authorized under established agency policies. The definition specifically excludes time spent traveling in connection with union activities. The term "travel for work purposes" is intended to mean travel for agency-related work purposes. Thus, employees who travel in connection with union activities are not entitled to earn compensatory time off for travel because they are traveling for the benefit of the union, and not for agency-related work purposes.
  • Q6. An employee receives compensatory time off for travel only for those hours spent in a travel status. What qualifies as time in a travel status? View more A. Travel status includes only the time actually spent traveling between the official duty station and a temporary duty station, or between two temporary duty stations, and the usual waiting time that precedes or interrupts such travel.
  • Q7. Is travel in connection with a permanent change of station (PCS) creditable for compensatory time off for travel? View more A. Although PCS travel is officially authorized travel, it is not travel between an official duty station and a temporary duty station or between two temporary duty stations. Therefore, it is not considered time in a travel status for the purpose of earning compensatory time off for travel.
  • Q8. What is meant by "usual waiting time"? View more A. Airline travelers generally are required to arrive at the airport at a designated pre-departure time (e.g., 1 or 2 hours before the scheduled departure, depending on whether the flight is domestic or international). Such waiting time at the airport is considered usual waiting time and is creditable time in a travel status. In addition, time spent at an intervening airport waiting for a connecting flight (e.g., 1 or 2 hours) also is creditable time in a travel status. In all cases, determinations regarding what is creditable as "usual waiting time" are within the sole and exclusive discretion of the employing agency.
  • Q9. What if an employee experiences an "extended" waiting period? View more A. If an employee experiences an unusually long wait prior to his or her initial departure or between actual periods of travel during which the employee is free to rest, sleep, or otherwise use the time for his or her own purposes, the extended waiting time outside the employee's regular working hours is not creditable time in a travel status. An extended waiting period that occurs during an employee's regular working hours is compensable as part of the employee's regularly scheduled administrative workweek.
  • Q10. Do meal periods count as time in a travel status? View more A. Meal periods during actual travel time or waiting time are not specifically excluded from creditable time in a travel status for the purpose of earning compensatory time off for travel. However, determinations regarding what is creditable as "usual waiting time" are within the sole and exclusive discretion of the employing agency.
  • Q11. What happens once an employee reaches a temporary duty station? View more A. Time spent at a temporary duty station between arrival and departure is not creditable travel time for the purpose of earning compensatory time off for travel. Time in a travel status ends when the employee arrives at the temporary duty worksite or his or her lodging in the temporary duty station, wherever the employee arrives first. Time in a travel status resumes when an employee departs from the temporary duty worksite or his or her lodging in the temporary duty station, wherever the employee departs last.
  • Q12. When is it appropriate for an agency to offset creditable time in a travel status by the amount of time the employee spends in normal commuting between home and work? View more A. If an employee travels directly between his or her home and a temporary duty station outside the limits of the employee's official duty station (e.g., driving to and from a 3-day conference), the agency must deduct the employee's normal home-to-work/work-to-home commuting time from the creditable travel time. The agency must also deduct an employee's normal commuting time from the creditable travel time if the employee is required—outside of regular working hours—to travel between home and a transportation terminal (e.g., an airport or train station) outside the limits of the employee's official duty station.
  • Q13. What if an employee travels to a transportation terminal within the limits of his or her official duty station? View more A. An employee's time spent traveling outside of regular working hours to or from a transportation terminal within the limits of his or her official duty station is considered equivalent to commuting time and is not creditable time in a travel status for the purpose of earning compensatory time off for travel.
  • Q14. What if an employee travels from a worksite to a transportation terminal? View more A. If an employee travels between a worksite and a transportation terminal, the travel time outside regular working hours is creditable as time in a travel status, and no commuting time offset applies. For example, after completing his or her workday, an employee may travel directly from the regular worksite to an airport to attend an out-of-town meeting the following morning. The travel time between the regular worksite and the airport is creditable as time in a travel status.
  • Q15. What if an employee elects to travel at a time other than the time selected by the agency? View more A. When an employee travels at a time other than the time selected by the agency, the agency must determine the estimated amount of time in a travel status the employee would have had if the employee had traveled at the time selected by the agency. The agency must credit the employee with the lesser of (1) the estimated time in a travel status the employee would have had if the employee had traveled at the time selected by the agency, or (2) the employee's actual time in a travel status at a time other than that selected by the agency.
  • Q16. How is an employee's travel time calculated for the purpose of earning compensatory time off for travel when the travel involves two or more time zones? View more A. When an employee's travel involves two or more time zones, the time zone from point of first departure must be used to determine how many hours the employee actually spent in a travel status for the purpose of accruing compensatory time off for travel. For example, if an employee travels from his official duty station in Washington, DC, to a temporary duty station in San Francisco, CA, the Washington, DC, time zone must be used to determine how many hours the employee spent in a travel status. However, on the return trip to Washington, DC, the time zone from San Francisco, CA, must be used to calculate how many hours the employee spent in a travel status.
  • Q17. How is compensatory time off for travel earned and credited? View more A. Compensatory time off for travel is earned for qualifying time in a travel status. Agencies may authorize credit in increments of one-tenth of an hour (6 minutes) or one-quarter of an hour (15 minutes). Agencies must track and manage compensatory time off for travel separately from other forms of compensatory time off.
  • Q18. Is there a limitation on the amount of compensatory time off for travel an employee may earn? View more A. No.
  • Q19. How does an employee request credit for compensatory time off for travel? View more A. Agencies may establish procedures for requesting credit for compensatory time off for travel. An employee must comply with his or her agency's procedures for requesting credit of compensatory time off, and the employee must file a request for such credit within the time period established by the agency. An employee's request for credit of compensatory time off for travel may be denied if the request is not filed within the time period required by the agency.
  • Q20. Is there a form employees must fill out for requests to earn or use compensatory time off for travel? View more A. There is not a Governmentwide form used for requests to earn or use compensatory time off for travel. However, an agency may choose to develop a form as part of its internal policies and procedures.
  • Q21. How does an employee use accrued compensatory time off for travel? View more A. An employee must request permission from his or her supervisor to schedule the use of his or her accrued compensatory time off for travel in accordance with agency policies and procedures. Compensatory time off for travel may be used when the employee is granted time off from his or her scheduled tour of duty established for leave purposes. Employees must use accrued compensatory time off for travel in increments of one-tenth of an hour (6 minutes) or one-quarter of an hour (15 minutes).
  • Q22. In what order should agencies charge compensatory time off for travel? View more A. Agencies must charge compensatory time off for travel in the chronological order in which it was earned, with compensatory time off for travel earned first being charged first.
  • Q23. How long does an employee have to use accrued compensatory time off for travel? View more A. An employee must use his or her accrued compensatory time off for travel by the end of the 26th pay period after the pay period during which it was earned or the employee must forfeit such compensatory time off, except in certain circumstances. (See Q24 and Q25 for exceptions.)
  • Q24. What if an employee is unable to use his or her accrued compensatory time off for travel because of uniformed service or an on-the-job injury with entitlement to injury compensation? View more A. Unused compensatory time off for travel will be held in abeyance for an employee who separates, or is placed in a leave without pay status, and later returns following (1) separation or leave without pay to perform service in the uniformed services (as defined in 38 U.S.C. 4303 and 5 CFR 353.102) and a return to service through the exercise of a reemployment right or (2) separation or leave without pay due to an on-the-job injury with entitlement to injury compensation under 5 U.S.C. chapter 81. The employee must use all of the compensatory time off for travel held in abeyance by the end of the 26th pay period following the pay period in which the employee returns to duty, or such compensatory time off for travel will be forfeited.
  • Q25. What if an employee is unable to use his or her accrued compensatory time off for travel because of an exigency of the service beyond the employee's control? View more A. If an employee fails to use his or her accrued compensatory time off for travel before the end of the 26th pay period after the pay period during which it was earned due to an exigency of the service beyond the employee's control, the head of an agency, at his or her sole and exclusive discretion, may extend the time limit for up to an additional 26 pay periods.
  • Q26. May unused compensatory time off for travel be restored if an employee does not use it by the end of the 26th pay period after the pay period during which it was earned? View more A. Except in certain circumstances (see Q24 and Q25), any compensatory time off for travel not used by the end of the 26th pay period after the pay period during which it was earned must be forfeited.
  • Q27. What happens to an employee's unused compensatory time off for travel upon separation from Federal service? View more A. Except in certain circumstances (see Q24), an employee must forfeit all unused compensatory time off for travel upon separation from Federal service.
  • Q28. May an employee receive a lump-sum payment for accrued compensatory time off for travel upon separation from an agency? View more A. No. The law prohibits payment for unused compensatory time off for travel under any circumstances.
  • Q29. What happens to an employee's accrued compensatory time off for travel upon transfer to another agency? View more A. When an employee voluntarily transfers to another agency (including a promotion or change to lower grade action), the employee must forfeit all of his or her unused compensatory time off for travel.
  • Q30. What happens to an employee's accrued compensatory time off for travel when the employee moves to a position that is not covered by the regulations in 5 CFR part 550, subpart N? View more A. When an employee moves to a position in an agency not covered by the compensatory time off for travel provisions (e.g., the United States Postal Service), the employee must forfeit all of his or her unused compensatory time off for travel. However, the gaining agency may use its own legal authority to give the employee credit for such compensatory time off.
  • Q31. Is compensatory time off for travel considered in applying the premium pay and aggregate pay caps? View more A. No. Compensatory time off for travel may not be considered in applying the biweekly or annual premium pay limitations established under 5 U.S.C. 5547 or the aggregate limitation on pay established under 5 U.S.C. 5307.
  • Q32. When are criminal investigators who receive availability pay precluded from earning compensatory time off for travel? View more A. Compensatory time off for travel is earned only for hours not otherwise compensable. The term "compensable" is defined at 5 CFR 550.1403 to include any hours of a type creditable under other compensation provisions, even if there are compensation caps limiting the payment of premium pay for those hours (e.g., the 25 percent cap on availability pay and the biweekly premium pay cap). For availability pay recipients, this means hours of travel are not creditable as time in a travel status for compensatory time off purposes if the hours are (1) compensated by basic pay, (2) regularly scheduled overtime hours creditable under 5 U.S.C. 5542, or (3) "unscheduled duty hours" as described in 5 CFR 550.182(a), (c), and (d).
  • Q33. What constitutes "unscheduled duty hours" as described in 5 CFR 550.182(a), (c), and (d)? View more A. Under the availability pay regulations, unscheduled duty hours include (1) all irregular overtime hours—i.e., overtime work not scheduled in advance of the employee's administrative workweek, (2) the first 2 overtime hours on any day containing part of the employee's basic 40-hour workweek, without regard to whether the hours are unscheduled or regularly scheduled, and (3) any approved nonwork availability hours. However, special agents in the Diplomatic Security Service of the Department of State may count only hours actually worked as unscheduled duty hours.
  • Q34. Why are criminal investigators who receive availability pay precluded from earning compensatory time off when they travel during unscheduled duty hours? View more A. The purpose of availability pay is to ensure the availability of criminal investigators (and certain similar law enforcement employees) for unscheduled duty in excess of a 40-hour workweek based on the needs of the employing agency. Availability pay compensates an employee for all unscheduled duty hours. Compensatory time off for travel is earned only for hours not otherwise compensable. Thus, availability pay recipients may not earn compensatory time off for travel during unscheduled duty hours because the employees are entitled to availability pay for those hours.

A. When an employee who receives availability pay is required to travel on a non-workday or on a regular workday (during hours that exceed the employee's basic 8-hour workday), and the travel does not meet one of the four criteria in 5 U.S.C. 5542(b)(2)(B) and 5 CFR 550.112(g)(2), the travel time is not compensable as overtime hours of work under regular overtime or availability pay. Thus, the employee may earn compensatory time off for such travel, subject to the exclusion specified in 5 CFR 550.1404(b)(2) and the requirements in 5 CFR 550.1404(c),(d), and (e).

Under the provisions in 5 U.S.C. 5542(b)(2)(B) and 5 CFR 550.112(g)(2), travel time is compensable as overtime hours of work if the travel is away from the employee's official duty station and—

(i) involves the performance of work while traveling, (ii) is incident to travel that involves the performance of work while traveling, (iii) is carried out under arduous conditions, or (iv) results from an event which could not be scheduled or controlled administratively.

The phrase "an event which could not be scheduled or controlled administratively" refers to the ability of an agency in the Executive Branch of the United States Government to control the scheduling of an event which necessitates an employee's travel. If the employing agency or another Executive Branch agency has any control over the scheduling of the event, including by means of approval of a contract for it, then the event is administratively controllable, and the travel to and from the event cannot be credited as overtime hours of work.

For example, an interagency conference sponsored by the Department of Justice would be considered a joint endeavor of the participating Executive Branch agencies and within their administrative control. Under these circumstances, the travel time outside an employee's regular working hours is not compensable as overtime hours of work under regular overtime or availability pay. Therefore, the employee may earn compensatory time off for such travel, subject to the exclusion specified in 5 CFR 550.1404(b)(2) and the requirements in 5 CFR 550.1404(c), (d), and (e).

  • Q36. If an employee is required to travel on a Federal holiday (or an "in lieu of" holiday), is the employee entitled to receive compensatory time off for travel? View more A. Although most employees do not receive holiday premium pay for time spent traveling on a holiday (or an "in lieu of" holiday), an employee continues to be entitled to pay for the holiday in the same manner as if the travel were not required. Thus, an employee may not earn compensatory time off for travel during basic (non-overtime) holiday hours because the employee is entitled to his or her rate of basic pay for those hours. Compensatory time off for travel may be earned by an employee only for time spent in a travel status away from the employee's official duty station when such time is not otherwise compensable.
  • Q37. If an employee's regularly scheduled tour of duty is Sunday through Thursday and the employee is required to travel on a Sunday during regular working hours, is the employee entitled to earn compensatory time off for travel? View more A. No. Compensatory time off for travel may be earned by an employee only for time spent in a travel status away from the employee's official duty station when such time is not otherwise compensable. Thus, an employee may not earn compensatory time off for travel for traveling on a workday during regular working hours because the employee is receiving his or her rate of basic pay for those hours.
  • Q38. May an agency change an employee's work schedule for travel purposes? View more A. An agency may not adjust the regularly scheduled administrative workweek that normally applies to an employee (part-time or full-time) solely for the purpose of including planned travel time not otherwise considered compensable hours of work. However, an employee is entitled to earn compensatory time off for travel for time spent in a travel status when such time is not otherwise compensable.
  • Q39. Is time spent traveling creditable as credit hours for an employee who is authorized to earn credit hours under an alternative work schedule? View more A. Credit hours are hours an employee elects to work, with supervisory approval, in excess of the employee's basic work requirement under a flexible work schedule. Under certain conditions, an agency may permit an employee to earn credit hours by performing productive and essential work while in a travel status. See OPM's fact sheet on credit hours  for the conditions that must be met. If those conditions are met and the employee does earn credit hours for travel, the time spent traveling would be compensable and the employee would not be eligible to earn compensatory time off for travel. If the conditions are not met, the employee would be eligible to earn compensatory time off for travel.
  • Q40. May an agency restore an employee's forfeited "use-or-lose" annual leave because the employee elected to use earned compensatory time off for travel instead of using his or her excess annual leave? View more A. Section 6304(d) of title 5, United States Code, prescribes the conditions under which an employee's forfeited annual leave may be restored to an employee. (See fact sheet on restoration of annual leave .) There is no legal authority to restore an employee's forfeited annual leave because the employee elected to use earned compensatory time off for travel instead of using his or her excess annual leave.

A. No. Compensatory time off for travel may be earned by an employee only for time spent in a travel status away from the employee's official duty station when such time is not otherwise compensable. The term "compensable" is defined at 5 CFR 550.1403 to make clear what periods of time are "not otherwise compensable" and thus potentially creditable for the purpose of earning compensatory time off for travel. Time is considered compensable if the time is creditable as hours of work for the purpose of determining a specific pay entitlement (e.g., overtime pay for travel meeting one of the four criteria in 5 CFR 550.112(g)(2)) even when the time may not actually generate additional compensation because of applicable pay limitations (e.g., biweekly premium pay cap). The capped premium pay is considered complete compensation for all hours of work creditable under the premium pay provisions.

In other words, even though an employee may not receive overtime pay for all of his or her travel hours because of the biweekly premium pay cap, all of the travel time is still considered to be compensable under 5 CFR 550.112(g)(2). Under these circumstances, the employee has been compensated fully under the law for all of the travel hours and the employee may not earn compensatory time off for any portion of such travel not generating additional compensation because of the biweekly cap on premium pay.

  • Q42. May an employee who receives administratively uncontrollable overtime (AUO) pay under 5 U.S.C. 5545(c)(2) earn compensatory time off for travel? View more A. If such employee's travel time is not compensable under 5 CFR 550.112(g) or 5 CFR 551.422, as applicable, and meets the requirements in 5 CFR part 550, subpart N, the employee is eligible to earn compensatory time off for travel for time spent in a travel status.
  • Q43. If a part-time employee's regularly scheduled tour of duty is Monday through Friday, 8:00 a.m. to 2:30 p.m., and the employee is required to travel on a Friday from 2:30 p.m. to 4:30 p.m., is the employee entitled to earn compensatory time off for travel for those 2 hours? View more A. It depends. If the travel qualifies as compensable hours of work under 5 U.S.C. 5542(b)(2)(B) and 5 CFR 550.112(g)(2)—i.e., the travel involves or is incident to the performance of actual work, is carried out under arduous and unusual conditions, or results from an event which could not be scheduled or controlled administratively—the employee may not be credited with compensatory time off for travel hours. (Such travel time outside a part-time employee's scheduled tour of duty, but not in excess of 8 hours in a day or 40 hours in a week, would be non-overtime hours of work compensated at the employee's rate of basic pay.) If the travel time does not qualify as compensable hours of work and meets the other requirements in 5 CFR part 550, subpart N, the part-time employee would be entitled to earn compensatory time off for those 2 hours. We note travel time is always compensable hours of work if it falls within an employee's regularly scheduled administrative workweek. (See 5 U.S.C. 5542(b)(2)(A) and 5 CFR 550.112(g)(1).) For a part-time employee, the regularly scheduled administrative workweek is defined in 5 CFR 550.103 as the officially prescribed days and hours within an administrative workweek during which the employee was scheduled to work in advance of the workweek. An agency may not adjust the regularly scheduled administrative workweek normally applied to an employee (part-time or full-time) solely for the purpose of including planned travel time otherwise not considered compensable hours of work.
  • Q44. Does an upgrade in travel accommodations impact an employee's entitlement to compensatory time off for travel? View more A. Allowing an employee to upgrade his or her travel accommodations (e.g., to business class) does not eliminate his or her eligibility to earn compensatory time off for travel.

Travelmath

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Quick links, travel duration calculator.

Travelmath provides an online travel time calculator to help you figure out flight and driving times. You can compare the results to see the effect on the total duration of your trip. Usually, the flight time will be shorter, but if the destination is close, the driving time can still be reasonable.

Another popular tool is the time difference calculator, which can be used to check the time zone change anywhere in the world. This is especially useful if you're making international calls, since you can find the best time to schedule your phone call.

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This Florida airport had the most delays: The best, worst airports for spring break travel

delay travel time

Nothing can ruin a spring break getaway faster than encountering a travel disruption at the airport.

Half of all travelers with spring break plans are “concerned” about disruptions impacting their travel plans, according to travel platform Hopper’s 2024 Spring Break Travel Outlook . 

The report said last year saw a higher-than-average volume of disruptions. During spring break, 20.1% of flights were delayed, compared to 18.4% throughout 2023.

For smooth travels, aGamble analyzed flight departure data from the U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics to see which airports had the most disruptions during March and April 2023 – the usual spring break period. Disruptions included delays, cancellations and diversions. 

Haven't booked a spring break trip yet? 4 things to know about pricing, destinations

Learn more: Best travel insurance

“With spring break officially kicking off, airports are expected to be crowded throughout the coming weeks, and travelers may face flight disruptions depending on their departure location,” Collin Czarnecki, a researcher for aGamble, told USA TODAY in an email.

“It might not be surprising that a majority of airports with the most flight disruptions are located in spring break destination hotspots such as Fort Lauderdale, Orlando, Las Vegas, and Miami,” Czarnecki said. On the other hand, the airports with the best on-time departures during the spring break period last year were Pittsburgh International Airport in Pittsburgh and Portland International Airport in Oregon.

Czarnecki also added that the second and third week of March will be the busiest at security checkpoints, so be sure to arrive at the airport with ample time. 

The worst airports for spring break travel

  • Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International in Florida – 34.87% of flights delayed, 4.63% canceled 
  • Harry Reid International in Las Vegas – 31.44% of flights delayed, 1.47% canceled 
  • Orlando International in Orlando, Florida – 31.06% of flights delayed, 1.52% canceled 
  • Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall in Baltimore – 31.26% of flights delayed, 1.22% canceled 
  • Chicago Midway International – 29.04% of flights delayed, 1.32% canceled
  • Miami International – 29.22% of flights delayed, 0.88% canceled 
  • Newark Liberty International in Newark, New Jersey – 25.81% of flights delayed, 2.53% canceled
  • Dallas-Forth Worth International – 25.11% of flights delayed, 2.49% canceled
  • Denver International – 26.51% of flights delayed, 1.04% canceled
  • John F. Kennedy International in New York – 25.06% of flights delayed, 2.23% canceled

The best airports for spring break travel

  • Pittsburgh International – 83.8% on-time flight departures
  • Portland International – 83.2% on-time flight departures
  • Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International – 82.2% on-time flight departures
  • Washington Dulles International in Virginia – 82% on-time flight departures
  • Ronald Reagan Washington National in Arlington, Virginia – 81.9% on-time flight departures
  • Minneapolis-St. Paul International – 81.8% on-time flight departures
  • Indianapolis International – 81.7% on-time flight departures
  • Seattle/Tacoma International – 81.6% on-time flight departures
  • Cleveland-Hopkins International in Ohio – 81.3% on-time flight departures
  • Philadelphia International – 80.9% on-time flight departures

Kathleen Wong is a travel reporter for USA TODAY based in Hawaii. You can reach her at [email protected] .

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TSA is prepared for a busy spring break travel season, expects travel volumes at nearly 6% above 2023

WASHINGTON – As spring break travelers prepare for their vacation getaways, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) is up for the challenge and is offering practical tips to help them plan for a smooth journey as they go through the security checkpoint and take to the skies. The busy peak spring break travel season begins around March 7 and continues through March 25.

“TSA screened a record number of passengers in 2023, and we expect that trend to continue this year,” said TSA Administrator David Pekoske. “So far in 2024, travel volumes are trending at nearly 6% above the same period in 2023. We always work closely with our airline and airport partners to plan for and meet the increasing travel demand while doing our best to maintain our wait times of 30 minutes or less in standard lanes and 10 minutes or less in TSA PreCheck ® lanes.”

TSA knows travelers put a lot of time and effort into planning the perfect spring break getaway, so we are providing the following tips and tricks to help make sure your special trip gets off to a great start:

Pack smart and remember the 3-1-1 rule. Make sure to start with an empty bag to avoid packing any prohibited items. If you’re heading to the beach, you may wonder how to pack your sunscreen. Any liquids, sunscreen containers and alcohol over 3.4 ounces must be packed in a checked bag. Liquids, aerosols, gels, creams and pastes are allowed in carry-on bags as long as each item is 3.4 ounces or less and placed in one quart-sized bag. Each passenger is limited to one quart-size bag of liquids, aerosols, gels, creams and pastes.

Unloaded firearms must be packed in a locked, hard-sided case in checked baggage only and must be declared to the airline. Travelers who bring firearms or other weapons to the security checkpoint face consequences . To avoid delays, passengers should search TSA’s “ What Can I Bring? ” webpage.

Be checkpoint ready and bring a valid ID. Arrive at the checkpoint with a mobile or printed boarding pass and readily available valid ID . Listen closely to and follow instructions from TSA officers for guidance through the screening process. At many checkpoints, you may be asked to insert your physical ID into one of our Credential Authentication Technology (CAT) units, where a boarding pass is not needed. Nearly 30 airports have a second generation of CAT, called CAT-2, which adds a camera with optional facial recognition technology and smartphone reader. This technology better detects fraudulent IDs. Passengers who do not want their photos taken may ask the TSA officer for a manual ID check without losing their place in line. For more information on how TSA is using facial recognition technology, see our TSA Facial Recognition Technology Fact Sheet . Starting May 7, 2025, every air traveler 18 years of age and older must have a REAL ID -compliant driver’s license or another acceptable form of ID to fly within the United States. 2024 is a good time to get your REAL ID. Contact your state DMV for more information.

Enroll in TSA PreCheck ® . Enjoy the benefits of faster checkpoint screening with a TSA PreCheck membership. Traveling with kids? Teenagers aged 17 and under may accompany TSA PreCheck-enrolled parents or guardians through TSA PreCheck screening lanes when traveling on the same reservation and when the TSA PreCheck indicator appears on the teen’s boarding pass. Children 12 and under may still accompany an enrolled parent or guardian through the TSA PreCheck lanes any time, without restriction. Most new enrollees receive a Known Traveler Number (KTN) within five days, and membership lasts for five years. TSA PreCheck starts at $78 for a five-year membership. That’s about $15.60 per year. Online renewals are $70. Don’t delay. Enroll in TSA PreCheck today.

Arrive early and please be patient. Spring break travelers should give themselves plenty of time to account for traffic, parking, rental car returns, airline check-in, security screening and making any airport purchases before boarding a flight. The airport environment can be stressful. Remain patient, and remember everyone around you is also on their own journey. Passengers who engage in unruly behavior at the checkpoint, the gate area or inflight may face substantial penalties and possible prosecution on criminal charges.

Call ahead to request passenger support. Travelers or families of passengers with disabilities and/or medical conditions may call the TSA Cares helpline toll-free at 855-787-2227 with any questions about screening procedures and to find out what to expect at the security checkpoint. If you call at least 72 hours prior to travel, TSA Cares also arranges assistance at the checkpoint for travelers with specific needs. For more information, visit the TSA Cares website .

Ask TSA before you travel. Contact TSA over social media by sending a message to @AskTSA on X or Facebook Messenger. Passengers may also send a text directly to 275-872 (“AskTSA”) on any mobile device. An automated virtual assistant is available 24/7 to answer commonly asked questions, and AskTSA staff are available 365 days a year from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. ET for more complicated questions. Travelers may also reach the TSA Contact Center at 866-289-9673 from 8 a.m. to 11 p.m. ET on weekdays and 9 a.m. to 8 p.m. ET on weekends/holidays. An automated service is available 24/7.

TSA encourages all passengers to remain vigilant. If You See Something. Say Something ® . Those traveling abroad for spring break should check the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Know Before You Go page to learn about required documentation.

For more information on airport security screening, visit tsa.gov .

Evening Standard

Flight delays worse than before pandemic despite surge in fares

Flight punctuality at UK airports was significantly below pre-pandemic levels last year despite a surge in air fares.

Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) figures show just 64% of flights departed or arrived within 15 minutes of the scheduled time in 2023.

That is up from 63% during the previous 12 months, but down from the pre-coronavirus level of 75% in 2019.

One of the biggest challenges to punctuality last year was air traffic control disruption in the UK and across Europe.

System failures, staff shortages and strike action affected flights throughout 2023.

Figures from the Office for National Statistics show average air fares for flights to and from the UK between July and September 2023 were 24% more expensive than the same period a year earlier.

Last month, Ryanair boss Michael O’Leary predicted the airline’s tickets will be up to 10% more expensive this summer compared with last year due to delays in the delivery of new planes from Boeing.

The CAA said it is “reminding airports and airlines of their obligations to passengers”.

Depending on the length of a flight delay, passengers may be entitled to support such as food and drink, overnight accommodation, alternative travel arrangements and compensation.

It is important that on-time performance continues to improve

CAA head of consumer Anna Bowles told the PA news agency: “As passenger numbers return to pre-pandemic levels it is important that on-time performance continues to improve to ensure that passengers receive the service they deserve and expect.

“We also want to make sure that passengers are protected by equipping them with essential advice and ensuring they are aware of their rights before they go on holiday.”

In the final three months of the year, the airport with the worst punctuality was Gatwick , where 63% of flights were on time.

It was followed by Edinburgh , Heathrow and Stansted, which each had a figure of 65%.

The CAA also revealed that short-notice flight cancellations in 2023 were at the highest level for at least eight years, excluding 2020 when the virus crisis caused major disruption to travel.

Some 1.8% of flights at UK airports were cancelled within 24 hours of the scheduled departure, compared with 0.9% in 2019.

Some 276 million passengers passed through UK airports during 2023.

That is an increase of 23% on the 224 million in 2022, and was 8% below the 2019 total of 300 million.

Register now for one of the Evening Standard’s newsletters. From a daily news briefing to Homes & Property insights, plus lifestyle, going out, offers and more. For the best stories in your inbox, click here .

Departures board showing delays in Aberdeen Airport in Aberdeen, Scotland on Tuesday 24th May 2011.

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https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27432/critical-issues-in-transportation-for-2024-and-beyond

TRID the TRIS and ITRD database

Travel-Time and Delay Studies

Travel time and delay are two of the principle measures of highway system performance used by traffic engineers, planners, and analysts. Vehicle speed is directly related to travel time and delay and is also used to evaluate traffic and highway systems. There are two types of average speed: time-mean speed (or mean spot speed) and space-mean speed (or mean travel speed). Measuring time-mean speed is described in Chapter 3. The measurement of space-mean speed is discussed in this chapter. Travel time varies inversely with travel speed. A travel-time study provides data on the amount of time it takes to transverse a section of street or highway. These data, combined with the length of the section under study, produce a mean travel speed. Travel-time and delay studies are conducted when the sources and amounts of delay occurring within the section are also noted. This chapter treats the measurement of delay along a roadway segment.

  • Find a library where document is available. Order URL: http://worldcat.org/isbn/0130975699
  • This book was reprinted in 2000 by the Institute of Transportation Engineers.

Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)

  • Robinson, H Douglas
  • Publication Date: 1994
  • Media Type: Print
  • Features: Figures; References; Tables;
  • Pagination: pp 52-68
  • Monograph Title: MANUAL OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING STUDIES

Subject/Index Terms

  • TRT Terms: Evaluation and assessment ; Highway operations ; Mean (Statistics) ; Running speed ; Running time ; Speed ; Traffic delays ; Traffic engineers ; Transportation planning ; Travel time ; Vehicles
  • Subject Areas: Highways; Operations and Traffic Management; Planning and Forecasting; Vehicles and Equipment; I72: Traffic and Transport Planning; I73: Traffic Control;

Filing Info

  • Accession Number: 01002929
  • Record Type: Publication
  • ISBN: 0130975699
  • Files: TRIS
  • Created Date: Aug 15 2005 8:39AM

Flying out of PNS for spring break? You should factor in time for delays

delay travel time

Spring break  is officially here, even if  Pensacola area schools  won’t get that long-awaited week off for another two weeks.

With  spring break  comes travel, and  Hopper , a global travel app, estimates that about 50% of Americans planning vacations are concerned about delays and cancellations interrupting upcoming trips.

Pensacola isn’t safe from those fears either, as the Pensacola International Airport (PNS) saw about 20% of departing flights delayed by 15 minutes or more during spring break in 2022 and 2023, according to data published by  Captain Experiences , an outdoor travel website.

When is spring break? When does spring break start in Florida? Here’s a list by schools

The average departure delay at PNS was an hour and 23 minutes.

Arrivals to PNS saw slightly more delays, with 24.5% of arrivals seeing delays over 15 minutes, averaging an hour and five minutes.

Overall, PNS ranked No. 17 on the list of most frequently delayed small hub U.S. airports during spring break.

In other words, those still hoping to catch some last-minute spring break flights should factor in a possible hour-long delay just to be cautious.

Is it too late to book a spring break flight?

Better late than never is an old adage that doesn’t typically apply to traveling. Generally, whether booking domestic or international flights, airfare should be book about a month or two in advance for the best price. Likewise, hotels are best booked about 30 days in advance.

However, last-minute planners can occasionally find decent deals booking between 10-14 days before check-in, according to Hopper.

Spring break in Pensacola: Spring Break 2024 in Pensacola: Here's how to make the most of your break

The worst airports for spring break travel

Here are the worst airports for spring break travel, according to Hopper.

  • Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport in Fort Lauderdale, Florida – 34.87% of flights delayed, 4.63% canceled
  • Harry Reid International Airport in Las Vegas, Nevada – 31.44% of flights delayed, 1.47% canceled
  • Orlando International Airport in Orlando, Florida – 31.06% of flights delayed, 1.52% canceled
  • Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport in Baltimore, Maryland – 31.26% flights delayed, 1.22% canceled
  • Chicago Midway International Airport in Chicago, Illinois – 29.04% of flights delayed, 1.32% canceled
  • Miami International Airport in Miami, Florida – 29.22% of flights delayed, 0.88% canceled
  • Newark Liberty International Airport in Newark, New Jersey – 25.81% of flights delayed, 2.53% canceled
  • Dallas-Forth Worth International Airport in Dallas, Texas – 25.11% of flights delayed, 2.49% canceled
  • Denver International Airport in Denver, Colorado – 26.51% of flights delayed, 1.04% canceled
  • John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York, New York – 25.06% of flights delayed, 2.23% canceled

The best airports for spring break travel

Here are the best airports for spring break travel, according to Hopper.

  • Pittsburgh International Airport in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania – 83.8% on-time flight departures
  • Portland International Airport in Portland, Oregon – 83.2% on-time flight departures
  • Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport in Cincinnati, Ohio – 82.2% on-time flight departures
  • Washington Dulles International Airport in Washington, D.C. – 82% on-time flight departures
  • Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport in Washington, D.C. – 81.9% on-time flight departures
  • Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport in Minneapolis, Minnesota – 81.8% on-time flight departures
  • Indianapolis International Airport in Indianapolis, Indiana – 81.7% on-time flight departures
  • Seattle/Tacoma International Airport in Seattle, Washington – 81.6% on-time flight departures
  • Cleveland-Hopkins International Airport in Cleveland, Ohio – 81.3% on-time flight departures
  • Philadelphia International Airport in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – 80.9% on-time flight departures

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Travel Time

Time spent traveling during normal work hours is considered compensable work time. Time spent in home-to-work travel by an employee in an employer-provided vehicle, or in activities performed by an employee that are incidental to the use of the vehicle for commuting, generally is not "hours worked" and, therefore, does not have to be paid. This provision applies only if the travel is within the normal commuting area for the employer's business and the use of the vehicle is subject to an agreement between the employer and the employee or the employee's representative.

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Handy Reference Guide to the Fair Labor Standards Act - Answers many questions about the FLSA and gives information about certain occupations that are exempt from the Act.

Coverage Under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) Fact Sheet - General information about who is covered by the FLSA.

Wage and Hour Division: District Office Locations - Addresses and phone numbers for Department of Labor district Wage and Hour Division offices.

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Don’t Let Daylight Saving Time Ruin Your Sleep

Here’s how to feel well rested when the clocks spring forward on Sunday.

An illustration of a person standing inside a house, looking through a large window. Outside, there is a sunrise and a bird chirping on a tree branch. To the right of the person, there are three drawings hanging on a wall: one of an eye closed, another of an eye halfway open, and another of an eye mostly open.

By Alice Callahan

Daffodils are blooming, temperatures are rising, days are lengthening — all sure signs of spring. But another, less welcome change is afoot: At 2 a.m. on Sunday, most people in the United States will “spring” their clocks forward by one hour.

For many of us, this transition is more difficult than it is when we “fall back” in autumn, in part because we lose an hour of sleep, said Dr. Rachel Ziegler, a sleep medicine physician at the Mayo Clinic Health System in Minnesota.

“But really, it’s much more than that,” she said, because the clock change also shifts the timing of sunrise and sunset. After we spring forward, the mornings will be darker and the evenings will be lighter, making it more challenging to both wake up and fall asleep.

In fact, this can create a monthslong mismatch between our internal clocks and our school and work schedules, leaving many people chronically short on sleep, said Dr. James Rowley, president of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. This is why the organization supports the elimination of daylight saving time altogether, he added.

But for now, we’ll have to spring ahead. Here’s what you can do to make this change a little less painful.

Prioritize your sleep before Sunday

One of the best ways to guard against the disruption is to get enough sleep — usually defined as seven or more hours if you’re an adult — for at least a few nights before the clock change, said Michael Grandner, director of the sleep and health research program at the University of Arizona.

That way, “you’re coming from a place of strength,” not sleep deprivation, he said.

The time change can be especially hard on those who wake up early during the week but sleep in on the weekend, Dr. Rowley said — creating what scientists call “social jet lag.” If you are one of those people, try to avoid sleeping in this weekend, he said, because the time change will add another hour of “jet lag.”

Gradually shift your sleep and meal routines

Starting at least a few days before the time change, try going to bed and waking up about 15 minutes earlier each day, said Jade Wu, a sleep psychologist and researcher at Duke University School of Medicine. This can help ease the transition, she said.

“It’s almost as if you’re biking across time zones rather than flying across time zones,” she said.

Moving your mealtimes up in the same way can also help your body’s internal clock adjust, Dr. Rowley said.

These incremental shifts can be especially helpful for those who struggle with changes to routines, like small children and adults with dementia, Dr. Wu said.

Have a ‘Sunday Funday’

Consider planning some fun activities for Sunday, Dr. Wu said, especially if daylight saving time tends to make you feel irritable or down.

Spending time outside, exercising or socializing with friends can help prevent a low mood, Dr. Wu said. And having a more active day will likely help you fall asleep earlier on Sunday night, setting you up for a better Monday, she added.

Soak up the morning light

During the days following the change, try to get as much morning light as you can, Dr. Grandner suggested. Light signals to your body that it’s time to wake up, which can help you adjust to the new clock time, he added.

Open your blinds and sit by the window for a few minutes, or take a morning walk, he said. If it’s still dark when you wake up, turn on the bright lights in your home, or consider using a light therapy lamp .

Take care with caffeine and alcohol

Caffeine can help you wake up and adjust to the clock change in the morning, Dr. Ziegler said. But remember that you also have to adapt to an earlier bedtime, so try to avoid having caffeine after 3 p.m., or earlier if you’re sensitive to caffeine , she added.

People are sometimes tempted to drink alcohol to help them fall asleep, Dr. Grandner said. But this strategy can backfire, since alcohol can cause you to wake up more often throughout the night , leading to a less restful sleep.

Plan for nourishing meals

If the daylight saving time transition leaves you sleep deprived, you may feel hungrier than usual or have more cravings for less healthy foods, said Frank Scheer, a neuroscientist at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston. To help offset those hankerings, plan to have balanced, satisfying meals with plenty of fiber and protein for at least a couple of days after the time change, he said.

Be kind to yourself

If daylight saving time sneaks up on you before you’ve had time to prepare, that’s OK too, Dr. Wu said. “You just have to be accepting that you might feel really crappy that first Monday.”

According to a 2019 online survey of about 2,000 U.S. adults , more than half said they felt “extremely” or “somewhat tired” after the spring clock change.

If it helps at all, Dr. Wu said, know that you're not alone.

Alice Callahan is a Times reporter covering nutrition and health. She has a Ph.D. in nutrition from the University of California, Davis. More about Alice Callahan

Manage the Switch to Daylight Saving Time

Clocks spring forward by an hour on sunday, march 10, in the united states, and sunday, march 31, in britain and europe..

Why do we lose an hour of sleep in the spring? Why does daylight saving time even exist? Here are some answers to common questions .

Many Americans would rather pick one time system  to use permanently. But some scientists think a permanent switch could be a bad idea .

Springing forward and falling back can disrupt your circadian rhythm and lead to jet-lag-like symptoms. Here are some tips for a smoother transition .

Parents of small children can dread the shift, which can upend nap and bedtime routines. The right plan can help ease the change .

  • WEATHER ALERT High Wind Warning Full Story

What you need to know about driver data being shared with insurance companies

The data collection was uncovered by drivers using General Motors' OnStar service

ABCNews logo

Your car could be recording how you drive, including your speed or any hard braking, and then transmitting that data to an information clearing house.

The New York Times reported that the data clearing house, LexisNexis, is working with insurance companies and their collaboration could drive your insurance rates higher.

"In the broad sense, we are all connected. The devices are connected," said K. Venkatesh Prasad, chief innovation officer with the Center for Automotive Research. "It would not be surprising to see that others would have plans."

The data collection was uncovered by drivers using General Motors' OnStar service, which is traditionally used to make an emergency call.

The owner of a Chevy Bolt told the Times he uncovered a 258-page report on his personal driving habits after he asked about a more than 20% increase in his insurance rate.

His insurance company told him to check his LexisNexis file.

Turns out, GM's OnStar service has a "smart driver" feature, which tracks driver habits as a way to improve safety.

GM confirmed to the Times that it shares "select insights" with LexisNexis and another data broker, but says the program is "optional to customers" and that drivers can un-enroll at any time.

"This is the beginning of an era where we will continue to be connected in every possible way. Cars might seem like the last bastion of this cocoon-like environment but it's one more thing that's getting connected," Prasad said.

Nationwide, auto insurance rates are up 26% this year, rising six times faster than overall inflation. The increase is blamed on several factors, including the rising cost of car repairs. But now, you can add another factor -- the possibility of insurance companies tracking how you drive.

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See a Map of Where the Deadly Texas Wildfires Are Spreading 

T he second-largest wildfire in U.S. history, and the largest in state history, is currently sweeping across the Texas Panhandle , burning through more than one million acres of land.

Two people have now been confirmed dead as a result of the blazes. Joyce Blankenship, an 83-year-old grandmother was discovered in the remains of her burned home, while Cindy Owens, an Amarillo woman in her 40s, died Tuesday after she exited her truck for an unknown reason while driving in the Texan city Canadian. Sgt. Chris Ray of the Texas Department of Public Safety said that "the fire simply overtook her," NBC reported.

The largest of the fires—which spans nearly 1.1 million acres—began at Smokehouse Creek and was 15% contained as of Sunday, according to the Texas A&M Forest Service.  

Map of wildfires in Texas and Oklahoma.

The Windy Deuce Fire in Moore County, which covers more than 144,000 acres, was 55% contained on Sunday. The Grape Vine Creek fire, at 34,800 acres, was 60% contained. The Magenta Fire in Oldham County, spanning approximately 3,300 acres, was 85% contained. The 2,000-acre 687 Reamer Fire was 10% contained. 

On Sunday, Moore County Sheriff’s office warned that a new fire was possible in the Canadian River area because of high winds, low humidity, and large amounts of grass. The office told residents to prepare to evacuate if necessary.

Fire officials from Lubbock, Texas, help put out smoldering debris of a home destroyed by the Smokehouse Creek Fire in Stinnett, on Feb. 29, 2024.

Evacuations have been ongoing across the region. Texas Governor Greg Abbott issued a state of disaster declaration in 60 counties earlier in the week. Citizens of Moore, Potter, Hemphill, and Hutchinson counties have been forced to leave their homes. Evacuation orders were also issued for communities in Wheeler, Allison, Kelton, and Briscoe, but those were reportedly lifted earlier this week.

Fourteen fires were also burning in the neighboring state of Oklahoma, across more than 319,000 acres, on Sunday—part spillover from the Smokehouse Creek blaze. Oklahoma’s Department of Agriculture, Food & Forestry reported two new fires that burned 933 acres.

The National Weather Service issued a Red Flag warning —indicating dangerously dry and windy weather—until 9 p.m. Sunday for Oklahoma and the Texas Panhandle. A cold front was expected to move into the area on Monday and could bring some relief.

Multiple vehicles and multiple residences are seen destroyed by the Smokehouse Creek Fire in Canadian, Texas, on Feb. 29, 2024.

During a visit to the southern border in Brownsville, U.S. President Joe Biden spoke out about the fires, thanking first responders for “risking their lives to save others” and urging locals to heed official warnings. 

“When disasters strike, there is no red state or blue state where I come from. There are just communities and families looking for help,” he said, adding that Texas has received $13 billion in relief funding throughout his presidency. He also linked the disaster to environmental concerns, noting: “I love some of my Neanderthal friends, who still think there’s no climate change.”

Firefighters battle flames from the Smokehouse Creek fire near Sanford, Texas, on March 3, 2024.

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Write to Armani Syed at [email protected]

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