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Recommended Vaccines for Travel to Africa: Vaccinations for African Safari Trips

Posted by Briony Chisholm on November 12 2018 in Safari Health and Medical Advice Enquire Now!

Our consultants often deal with clients who are anxious about various medical concerns before their trips, the main one being what vaccinations are needed for Africa. It’s not quite as simple as ‘Africa’ – considering Africa covers over 30 million km 2 – and different areas have different vaccination requirements.

That’s why we’ve put together this comprehensive blog, detailing exactly what shots you need for the countries in southern and East Africa that our safaris visit, when to get them, and where.

IMPORTANT NOTE/DISCLAIMER:

This is a general, basic overview of some vaccinations needed for safaris. Before traveling to Africa, every person should visit their own doctor or local travel clinic, well in advance of their departure, to obtain advice. Each person is different and has different underlying conditions, allergies, etc., so a pre-trip health check and discussion of what vaccines and malaria prophylaxis are necessary, and other health concerns, are imperative.

This blog does not replace the advice of your doctor/travel nurse.

Medical Insurance

This is a non-negotiable must. Before traveling to Africa, be sure to get good medical insurance, including medical evacuation. Many areas visited are far from medical facilities and difficult to reach. Should there be a medical emergency, you want to feel safe in the knowledge that your insurance will cover any eventuality. Check out our full section on medical insurance  on how to get it.

Recommended Vaccines for Travel to Africa

The only vaccine that is compulsory in some countries (i.e. you won’t be allowed across the border without proof of vaccination) is the yellow fever vaccine, but there are many recommended shots in others. We have a whole blog on yellow fever, so head over there for all things yellow fever , including a map of where it is endemic.

Remember to check that all your routine childhood vaccinations – which in most countries include tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, TB and meningitis – were done and get boosters where necessary. You can also discuss getting various optional shots, like the flu and pneumococcal shots, with your healthcare provider/travel clinic.

The choice of whether to get the recommended vaccinations or not depends on a number of things including:

• Where you’re traveling to in each country e.g. rural vs. urban
• Local outbreaks e.g. cholera
• Length of stay
• What your accommodation will be e.g. camping vs. 5-star hotel
• Activities you’re going to be involved in e.g. swimming in dams, helping out at a clinic, being involved in veterinary work
• Your medical history e.g. underlying conditions, medicines that may affect immunity
• Vaccination history i.e. did you receive all your childhood immunizations?

Local outbreaks/Travel warnings

Outbreaks of diseases such as cholera do, at times, occur and this will mean that you may need to get a specific vaccine for that outbreak (or, in severe cases, avoid travel to some places). The Centre for Disease Control (CDC) publishes these travel warnings  and it’s advisable to keep an eye on these in the build-up to your safari.

When to get your vaccinations for African safari travel

Remember that vaccinations may take a little while to work and some are given over a couple of days/weeks, sequentially. This means you may need to visit your doctor/travel clinic on a couple of occasions if you need to get numerous shots, so go as early as possible.

To help you plan, here we’ll list the most common shots recommended for an African safari (there are numerous other vaccines that you could consider prior to your African safari, depending on all risk factors), how the disease they protect you against is spread, how long they take to work and who the American Advisory on Immunization Practices (ACIP), Centre for Disease Control and/or World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends gets them. Later in the blog, we will list each country our safaris visit and specify what’s needed for where.

Transmission: food and water Recommended for: at-risk travelers to an area of active cholera transmission How long before entering the area should the vaccine be given: > 10-14 days

Transmission: person-to-person (air-borne) Recommended for: all travelers should be up-to-date with the diphtheria toxoid vaccine How long before entering the area should the vaccine be given: Boosters are given every 10 years

Hepatitis A

Transmission: person-to-person, food and water Recommended for: all travelers to countries with high or intermediate HAV endemicity  How long before entering the area should the vaccine be given: > 1 month/as soon as possible (3 doses)

Hepatitis B

Transmission: blood and body fluids Recommended for: all unvaccinated travelers to areas with a prevalence of HBV infection  How long before entering the area should the vaccine be given: as soon as possible (3 doses)

Transmission: person-to-person (air-borne) Recommended for: travelers to parts of sub-Saharan Africa known as the “meningitis belt” How long before entering the area should the vaccine be given: > 10 days

Transmission: Faecal-oral, oral-oral Recommended for: travelers to areas that have polio should ensure that they have completed the recommended age-appropriate polio vaccine series and that adults have received a single lifetime IPV booster dose. In addition, a booster dose for certain adult travelers to some countries that border areas with polio is recommended How long before entering the area should the vaccine be given: > 4 weeks (booster)

Transmission: animal bites Recommended for: travelers to rabies-endemic countries who may come in contact with animals How long before entering the area should the vaccine be given: > 1 month (3 doses)

Transmission: non-intact skin, injuries/bites from contaminated objects Recommended for: travelers who do not have up-to-date immunization (10-yearly booster)

Transmission: food and water, fecal-oral Recommended for: travelers to areas where there is an increased risk of exposure How long before entering the area should the vaccine be given: > 2 weeks

Yellow fever

Transmission: mosquito-borne Compulsory for: all travelers≥ 9 months of age to areas with yellow fever risk How long before entering the area should the vaccine be given: > 10 days

Where to get vaccinations for travel to Africa

The best place to go and get advice on what shots to get for your African safari is a travel clinic. Most major towns across the world have specialist travel clinics, so seek out the nearest one. If there isn’t one close, get your doctor to call one and then you can decide which shots you should have for the specific countries you’re visiting.

While you’re at the doctor, have a general check-up, stock up on any meds you take chronically (and get an official prescription, with generic names. Keep a copy with your passport). Remember that some medications may not be available in the countries you visit on your safari, so go prepared. If you want an overview of all things health-related, see our blog, The Complete African Safari Medical Guide .

Country-specific vaccinations for African travel

Vaccinations for south africa  travel.

Required vaccinations : proof of yellow fever vaccination, if traveling from or transited (> 12 hours spent) through a yellow fever endemic country Recommended shots : routine vaccinations should be up-to-date; hepatitis A; hepatitis B, if going to be exposed to blood/body fluids (including sexual contact); typhoid, if going to be traveling in rural areas Consider : cholera, diphtheria, tetanus, rabies, flu, meningococcal and others (dependent on risk)

Vaccinations for travel to  Namibia

Required vaccinations : proof of yellow fever vaccination, if traveling from or transited (> 12 hours spent) through a yellow fever endemic country Recommended : routine vaccinations should be up-to-date; hepatitis A; hepatitis B, if going to be exposed to blood/body fluids (including sexual contact); typhoid, if going to be travelling in rural areas Consider : cholera, diphtheria, tetanus, rabies, flu, meningococcal and others (dependent on risk)

Vaccinarions for Botswana safari  trips

Required vaccinations : proof of yellow fever vaccination, if traveling from or transited through a yellow fever endemic country Recommended shots : routine vaccinations should be up-to-date; hepatitis A; hepatitis B, if going to be exposed to blood/body fluids (including sexual contact); typhoid, if going to be traveling in rural areas Consider : cholera, diphtheria, tetanus, rabies, flu, meningococcal and others (dependent on risk)

Vaccinations for travel to  Zimbabwe

Required vaccinations : proof of yellow fever vaccination, if traveling from or transited (> 12 hours spent) through a yellow fever endemic country Recommended shots : routine vaccinations should be up-to-date; hepatitis A; hepatitis B, if going to be exposed to blood/body fluids (including sexual contact); typhoid, if going to be traveling in rural areas Consider : cholera, diphtheria, tetanus, rabies, flu, meningococcal and others (dependent on risk)

Vaccinations for  Mozambique holidays

Vaccinations for travel to  Malawi

Vaccinations for  Zambia  safari trips

Vaccinations for Tanzania safaris

Required vaccinations : proof of yellow fever vaccination, if traveling from or transited (> 12 hours spent) through a yellow fever endemic country Recommended vaccinations : routine vaccinations should be up-to-date; hepatitis A; hepatitis B, if going to be exposed to blood/body fluids (including sexual contact); typhoid, if going to be traveling in rural areas Consider : cholera, diphtheria, tetanus, rabies, flu, meningococcal and others (dependent on risk)

Vaccinations for Kenya safaris  trips

Required shots : proof of yellow fever vaccination for all travelers traveling from a country with a risk of YFV transmission and all of those visiting yellow fever-endemic regions of the country Recommended : routine vaccinations should be up-to-date; hepatitis A; hepatitis B, if going to be exposed to blood/body fluids (including sexual contact); typhoid, if going to be travelling in rural areas Consider : cholera, diphtheria, tetanus, rabies, flu, meningococcal and others (dependent on risk)

Vaccinations for travel to  Uganda

Required vaccinations : yellow fever vaccination is recommended for all travelers and proof is required if traveling from YFV endemic country Recommended shots: routine vaccinations should be up-to-date; hepatitis A; hepatitis B, if going to be exposed to blood/body fluids (including sexual contact); typhoid, if going to be traveling in rural areas Consider : cholera, diphtheria, tetanus, rabies, flu, meningococcal and others (dependent on risk)

What vaccines do you need for the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)?

Required vaccinations : proof of yellow fever vaccination for all travelers Recommended : routine vaccinations should be up-to-date; hepatitis A; hepatitis B, if going to be exposed to blood/body fluids (including sexual contact); typhoid, if going to be traveling in rural areas Consider : cholera, diphtheria, tetanus, rabies, flu, meningococcal and others (dependent on risk)

Vaccinations are not 100% effective

Please remember that no vaccine protects you 100%. The most important way to not get an infectious disease – after vaccination – is to avoid the causes.

This means, amongst other measures, mosquito repellants and nets and covering up between dusk and dawn, to avoid mosquito bites (yellow fever and malaria), drinking bottled water (no ice!), being careful about what you eat, and washing fruits well before eating, using condoms and avoiding risky behavior.

On the matter of malaria, for which there is no vaccination, chemoprophylaxis is recommended in endemic areas (many of the places our trips go). See our blog Malaria made simple .

Planning well & being prepared = dream safari trip

That, in a nutshell, is what you need to do regarding getting your vaccines after you’ve booked your dream African safari . As discussed, only the yellow fever vaccine is compulsory – if going to, or passing through, a yellow fever endemic country.

The rest of the recommended vaccines for travel to Africa can be decided on, in consultation with your travel health consultant, according to the current risks in the areas you’re traveling to and your personal health. Speak to our consultants for more guidance about what vaccinations you need to travel to Africa.

Here’s to a magnificent, healthy African safari!

If you liked this post, these trips cover similar ground…

• 4 Day Private Garden Route Tour from Cape Town (return)
• 6 Day South Africa Safari - Garden Route Small Group Tour

About the Author

Briony chisholm wordsmith & pharmacist.

Places Mentioned in this Post

1. South Africa

3. Botswana

4. Zimbabwe

5. Mozambique

8. Tanzania

10. Democratic Republic of the Congo

Similar & Related Blog Posts

Below you’ll find further reading and articles related or similar to this post.

Malaria Made Simple: How to Stay Safe on African Safaris

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Yellow Fever: Facts you need to know for safe African Safaris

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Travel Vaccines and Advice for Tanzania

Tanzania is a picturesque destination where travellers can explore the Serengeti, encountering incredible wildlife. For particularly ambitious hikers, Tanzania also provides the challenge of a lifetime: Mt. Kilimanjaro.

For visitors who aren’t quite up to the challenge of Kilimanjaro, there are many other natural landscapes to explore.

Tanzania’s landscape makes for impressive sunrises and sunsets. The food is also unforgettable, a mixture of Arabic, Indian and African influences.

Do I Need Vaccines for Tanzania?

Yes, some vaccines are recommended or required for Tanzania. The PHAC and WHO recommend the following vaccinations for Tanzania: hepatitis A , hepatitis B , typhoid , cholera , yellow fever , rabies , meningitis , polio , measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) , Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis) , chickenpox , shingles , pneumonia and influenza .

See the bullets below to learn more about some of these key immunizations:

• Hepatitis A – Food & Water – Recommended for most travellers
• Hepatitis B – Blood & Body Fluids – Accelerated schedule available
• Typhoid – Food & Water – Shot lasts 2 years. Oral vaccine lasts 5 years, must be able to swallow pills. Oral doses must be kept in refrigerator.
• Cholera – Food & Water – A risk in some regions. Especially recommended for those visiting rural areas.
• Yellow Fever – Mosquito – Required if travelling from a country with risk of yellow fever transmission
• Rabies – Saliva of Infected Animals – High risk country. Vaccine recommended for long-term travellers and those who may come in contact with animals.
• Meningitis – Airborne & Direct Contact – Located in the meningitis belt, vaccination is recommended during the dry season (Dec. – June)
• Polio – Food & Water – Considered a routine vaccination for most travel itineraries. Single adult booster recommended.
• Measles Mumps Rubella (MMR) – Various Vectors – Given to anyone unvaccinated and/or born after 1957. One time adult booster recommended.
• TDAP (Tetanus, Diphtheria & Pertussis) – Wounds & Airborne – Only one adult booster of pertussis required.
• Chickenpox – Direct Contact & Airborne – Given to those unvaccinated that did not have chickenpox.
• Shingles – Direct Contact – Vaccine can still be given if you have had shingles.
• Pneumonia – Airborne – Two vaccines given seperately. All 65+ or immunocompromised should receive both.
• Influenza – Airborne – Vaccine components change annually.

See the tables below for more information:

Malaria , dengue and chikungunya are all present in Tanzania. Make sure to bring mosquito repellents, netting and antimalarials.

You may be required to present proof of yellow fever vaccination if you are travelling from a country where yellow fever is present.

Visit our vaccinations page to learn more. Travel safely with Passport Health and schedule your appointment today by calling or book online now .

Does Tanzania Have COVID-19 Travel Restrictions?

While Tanzania has no entry restrictions in place, all travellers must have a medical screening on arrival. A completed ‘Health Form’ must be presented upon arrival.

While there is not yet a vaccine to prevent COVID-19, vaccines do guard against typhoid and yellow fever, two infections common in Tanzania, as well as medication to prevent travellers’ diarrhea are readily available. Call us at or schedule an appointment online to learn more about protecting your health while travelling in Tanzania.

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Passport health – travel vaccines for tanzania, do i need a visa or passport for tanzania.

A valid passport and visa are required for entry to Tanzania. It is best to get a visa before arrival to avoid any problems at entry.

Sources: Embassy of Tanzania and Canadian Travel and Tourism

Volunteer activity is prohibited on a tourist visa.

Visit the Canadian Travel and Tourism website for more information on entry and exit requirements.

What is the Climate Like in Tanzania?

Tanzania’s climate is very diverse, with tropical and coastal areas as well as cool mountainous regions. Tanzania has two main rainy seasons, the short rains and long rains.

• Short rains: October through December
• Long rains: March through June

Outside of the two rainy seasons, Tanzania’s climate is often dry and hot. In February, Tanzania’s average high temperatures are around 28 degrees Celsius and lows are around 17 – 18 degrees. Highs in July reach to around 26 degrees and lows reaching to around 14 degrees.

The best season for travel is from June to September, when animal sightings are common.

How Safe is Tanzania?

There is a high risk of terrorism in East Africa and Westerners may face an increased threat.

Break-ins, carjackings, robberies, ATM and bank fraud, muggings and assaults are not uncommon. Robbers in passing vehicles may attempt to grab bags off of pedestrians. Travellers should carry bags loosely so as not to be dragged if someone attempts to do so.

Peaceful demonstrations can turn violent in Tanzania, try to avoid them.

Visiting Zanzibar

Off the coast of Tanzania lies Zanzibar, or the Spice Island, a former slave Island. Travellers can wander around Stone Town, a UNESCO world heritage site with impressive architecture, beautiful beaches and a fascinating historical legacy.

Beyond Zanzibar, there are many smaller islands around Tanzania that offer bright blue waters and white beaches.

There are many differences between Zanzibar and the mainland. The island is almost entirely muslim and it uses it’s own system of timekeeping.

Tanzania’s Rules

Possession and sale of drugs in Tanzania are punished severely.

It may not always be clearly marked where photography is not permitted.

Tanzania is a majority Islamic state. During the holy month of Ramadan, when Muslims fast during daylight hours, avoid eating, drinking, smoking, or chewing gum in public.

Consensual same-sex relations are illegal in Tanzania and on Zanzibar. These relationships are punishable by prison time. LGBTI travellers may face targeting or harassment.

Travellers should exercise extreme caution while driving, taking taxis and public transportation.

In Tanzania, it is recommended to dress conservatively.

It is illegal to export animals or animal parts and to gather, collect or remove flora or fauna from marine parks.

What Should I Pack for Tanzania?

Here are some essential items to consider for your trip to Tanzania:

• Insect repellent and sunscreen.
• Travellers may experience diarrhea from contaminated water or food they are not used to. Traveller’s diarrhea kits are highly recommended.
• Beach supplies if you’re headed to the coast or Zanzibar!
• Light clothing for hot temperatures.

Canadian Embassy in Tanzania

Canadian consular services can help travellers with many issues they may face including passport services. Once in Tanzania, the information for the Canadian Embassy is:

Canadian Embassy in Tanzania 26 Garden Avenue/ 38 Mirambo street, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Telephone: 255 (22) 216-3300/255 (22) 211-2831/255 (687) 216-330

Stay safe abroad with Passport Health. Call or book online now and start travelling safely today!

On This Page: Do I Need Vaccines for Tanzania? Do I Need a Visa or Passport for Tanzania? What is the Climate Like in Tanzania? How Safe is Tanzania? Visiting Zanzibar Tanzania’s Rules What Should I Pack To Tanzania? Canadian Embassy in Tanzania

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Traveling Abroad This Summer? You May Need One of These Vaccines First

By Julia Ries

All products are independently selected by our editors. If you buy something, we may earn an affiliate commission.

A few years ago, I was surprised when my mother-in-law informed me that I should get vaccinated for typhoid and yellow fever ahead of a family trip to the Caribbean. At the time, I didn’t know that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) often recommends that you protect yourself against certain illnesses when traveling abroad. (Sometimes countries even require proof of specific vaccinations.)

It was easy to get the shots I needed: I asked my doctor for her input; she said, “Yep, go get them”; and after a quick trip to my local pharmacy, I was ready for my trip. But I started thinking about all the places I had traveled to without being properly immunized, and, oh, how I spiraled. How did I not know? How did I not get sick! Or, wait—was not getting the hepatitis A shot actually why I got such bad abdominal pain in Egypt….

Anyway, I learned my lesson, and now I’m here to tell you that if you live in the United States and have summer vacation plans—whether to Mexico, across the pond to Europe, or in Asia or Africa—there’s a good chance you’d benefit from at least one protective measure against illness. Below, we’ll dive into what you should know about the most common vaccines recommended for travelers.

How to make an immunization plan before you travel

First, check out the CDC’s destinations page , where you can look up countries and find the exact treatments they recommend you get. (It sincerely couldn’t be simpler.) Do this way ahead of time—some vaccines take a couple weeks to fully kick in, and others require multiple doses spaced out in specific increments. If you put it off (it happens!), check out the CDC’s guide for last-minute travelers —you can get vaccinated for some diseases on an hastened schedule, or at least learn the best preventive habits to lessen the risk of contracting anything.

No matter where you’re going, you might want to talk to a travel medicine specialist who can whip up a preventative plan for you. Ask a primary care doctor for advice or check out the International Society of Travel Medicine , where you can find a global directory of clinics specializing in safe travel.

If you can’t find your immunization records and don’t know which ones you’ve gotten, go ahead and get additional doses anyway. There’s no harm in getting an extra dose of most immunizations, Maura Sammon, MD , an associate professor of clinical emergency medicine at the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, tells SELF. As a rule of thumb: “If you’re not sure, get it,” she says.

What diseases to be aware of and protect yourself against before your trip

Okay, on to the illnesses and preventive measures to have on your radar! Here’s what to know about how to keep yourself safe during your exciting international travels.

Recommended if you’re traveling to: Africa, Asia, Central and South America, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, the western Pacific, and the Caribbean

When to get vaccinated: At least a month before your trip

Hepatitis A and hepatitis B are two very different diseases, both of which can hurt the liver, but there’s a combined hep A/hep B vaccine that you can get if you haven’t been immunized against either one (or just don’t know what you’ve been vaxxed for in the past). You can get this on an expedited schedule too, if you’re up against the clock: Typically this shot is given over the course of six months, but in a pinch, three doses can be administered in 21 days. There are also shots specifically for hep A and hep B, respectively, if you know you’ve been vaccinated for one, but not the other.

In terms of what these diseases are, let’s start with hepatitis A . It’s a very contagious liver infection that’s transmitted through contaminated food and water or contact with an infected person. The symptoms, such as fatigue, nausea, and jaundice, can last up to two months (and, for some unlucky people, up to six months). Pretty much every country in the world recommends travelers get this shot (which, by the way, requires two doses given six months apart, but even one dose provides strong protection). “It is the most recommended vaccine for travel,” Dr. Sammon says.

Hepatitis B is a much more serious liver infection that can be deadly. It’s spread through bodily fluids (like blood, semen, or vaginal fluids), most commonly through sexual contact with someone who’s infected (there are an estimated 350 million hepatitis B carriers globally). It can also be transmitted through sharing personal care items (like a razor or toothbrush) or getting a tattoo or piercing from unsterilized equipment.

Hep B is not as common as hep A, but it’s much more serious. Though many people will get better in a few weeks, some will get chronic hepatitis B, which can lead to issues like liver failure or cancer . It’s particularly important for people who expect to have any sexual contact or medical procedures abroad to get vaccinated for hep B first, Dr. Sammon adds, so talk to your doctor to gauge your risk—but no matter what, “I would recommend that you get it if it’s on the CDC list for your destination,” she says. The good news: Hepatitis B is entirely preventable by vaccines.

Recommended if you’re traveling to: Eastern and southern Asia (especially Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh), Africa, the Caribbean, Central and South America, and the Middle East

When to get vaccinated: At least two weeks before your trip

Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection that causes a sky-high fever along with weakness, headaches , and gastrointestinal issues like diarrhea and constipation. If you’re treated early, you can recover swiftly, but there’s one issue: The infection is often not recognized quickly because it resembles other common illnesses, says Dr. Sammon, adding that it can be fatal.

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Typhoid fever spreads through contaminated food and water, and, according to Dr. Sammon, it’s very easy to get. You don’t need to have direct contact with someone who has typhoid—just with the bacteria (which is ubiquitous in certain environments and can be spread through drinking or eating something that’s carrying it). The risks of contracting typhoid are greater if you plan to eat in rural areas or in someone’s home, where there may not be strict handwashing guidelines, says Dr. Sammon.

Typhoid immunization comes in a pill form (a weakened version of the bacteria that provides protection for five years) or a shot (protection lasts for two to three years).

Recommended if you’re traveling to: Western and northern Europe and northern and eastern Asia

When to get vaccinated: At least six months before your trip

If you’re headed to western or central Europe (think: Scandinavia) between April and November, when ticks are the most active, there’s a chance you’ll need this shot —especially if you have plans to hike , camp , or do outdoor activities in forested areas outside of major cities. If you’re gonna stick to urban areas, you can probably skip it: “If you’re going to the city and you’re not going to be out taking hikes in forested areas, it would not be recommended,” says Dr. Sammon.

The majority of people who contract this infection, which affects the central nervous system, don’t feel sick, but it can lead to fever, aches, and GI issues. In certain people, it can cause brain and spinal cord swelling and death. Unfortunately, unlike Lyme disease —in which it can take up to two days of a tick latching onto a human for the disease to be transmitted—tick-borne encephalitis can spread immediately after a tick bites, making the shot all the more crucial.

Recommended if you’re traveling to: Africa and South America

When to get vaccinated: At least 10 days before travel

Yellow fever is a viral infection that’s transmitted by mosquitoes predominantly in Africa and Central and South America. Dr. Sammons says yellow fever used to be much more common than it is today, but it’s still definitely worth getting the shot (one jab will give you lifelong protection) if you’re headed to one of the places where it’s prevalent .

Most people who contract yellow fever won’t get sick or, if they do, will have mild symptoms, such as fever or body aches. A small percentage of people (about 12%) will develop serious issues, including liver failure and kidney failure, says Dr. Sammon. We don’t have an antiviral drug for yellow fever, and symptoms are mainly treated with supportive care, so your best bet is to avoid getting it in the first place.

Recommended if you’re traveling to: Many countries in Africa, the Americas, and Asia

When to start taking the medications: It varies for each drug, but some medication courses start as soon as a day before travel

If you’re going to Mexico, Colombia, or any of the countries flagged here (which are predominantly tropical places), you’ll want to be protected against malaria. This disease isn’t something to mess around with. ”Malaria is probably the most concerning [illness] that people who look at travel medicine worry about,” says Dr. Sammon. People who get it typically get very sick, and in certain cases, it can be life-threatening. It takes just one quick mosquito bite to contract the disease. Fever, headache, and chills are the telltale symptoms. Some types of malaria can be severe (causing convulsions, impaired consciousness, and extreme fatigue) and rapidly fatal, particularly among people who don’t live in an endemic country (a.k.a. travelers), she adds.

The malaria immunization comes in pill form, and you’ll have to take it before your trip, during your trip, and after your trip. There are a few different types of malaria protection drugs that all have varying dosing schedules ( check out the risks and benefits of your options here ). “Go on the CDC website, see if where you’re going requires malaria prophylaxis, and contact a travel medicine specialist,” says Dr. Sammon.

Another big way to protect yourself from illness while traveling

Yes, this is a story about vaccines, but Dr. Sammon insists we include a blurb about mosquito protection. Why? Because mosquito-borne diseases like Zika, dengue, and West Nile virus are a major threat to your health, even in nearby locations like Puerto Rico. Mosquito-borne illnesses are a massive public health threat, yet they’re extremely preventable, Dr. Sammon says.

While yellow fever and malaria have safe, effective immunizations, many other mosquito-borne diseases don’t. Your best bet for staying safe from mosquitos: DEET and picaridin. Dr. Sammon says people are often afraid of DEET because it smells chemical-y, but decades of research have shown that it’s incredibly safe and very effective. Picaridin is a newer alternative that, while not as extensively studied as DEET, is just as effective. These products essentially hide you so the insect can’t smell you. Dr. Sammon recommends dousing yourself in these products when traveling to buggy places.

Another option is permethrin , an insecticide that repels mosquitoes. You can buy permethrin-treated clothing or soak your clothes in the liquid , wash them, and wear them knowing you’re well-protected for six washes, says Dr. Sammon.

All told: There are plenty more diseases out there that you may want to be vaccinated or otherwise protect yourself against, depending on where you’re going, which is why it’s worth setting up an appointment with a travel medicine doctor if you’re not sure where to start. At the very least, check out what the CDC says and talk to a pharmacist. Just don’t be like me, naively traveling without realizing the next meal, drink, or mosquito could very quickly derail my entire trip—and my health even after I get home.

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SELF does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Any information published on this website or by this brand is not intended as a substitute for medical advice, and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional.

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Vaccines for Travelers

Vaccines protect travelers from serious diseases. Depending on where you travel, you may come into contact with diseases that are rare in the United States, like yellow fever. Some vaccines may also be required for you to travel to certain places.

Getting vaccinated will help keep you safe and healthy while you’re traveling. It will also help make sure that you don’t bring any serious diseases home to your family, friends, and community.

On this page, you'll find answers to common questions about vaccines for travelers.

Which vaccines do I need before traveling?

The vaccines you need to get before traveling will depend on few things, including:

• Where you plan to travel . Some countries require proof of vaccination for certain diseases, like yellow fever or polio. And traveling in developing countries and rural areas may bring you into contact with more diseases, which means you might need more vaccines before you visit.
• Your health . If you’re pregnant or have an ongoing illness or weakened immune system, you may need additional vaccines.
• The vaccinations you’ve already had . It’s important to be up to date on your routine vaccinations. While diseases like measles are rare in the United States, they are more common in other countries. Learn more about routine vaccines for specific age groups .

How far in advance should I get vaccinated before traveling?

It’s important to get vaccinated at least 4 to 6 weeks before you travel. This will give the vaccines time to start working, so you’re protected while you’re traveling. It will also usually make sure there’s enough time for you to get vaccines that require more than 1 dose.

Where can I go to get travel vaccines?

Start by finding a:

• Travel clinic
• Health department
• Yellow fever vaccination clinic

Learn more about where you can get vaccines .

What resources can I use to prepare for my trip?

Here are some resources that may come in handy as you’re planning your trip:

• Visit CDC’s travel website to find out which vaccines you may need based on where you plan to travel, what you’ll be doing, and any health conditions you have.
• Download CDC's TravWell app to get recommended vaccines, a checklist to help prepare for travel, and a personalized packing list. You can also use it to store travel documents and keep a record of your medicines and vaccinations.
• Read the current travel notices to learn about any new disease outbreaks in or vaccine recommendations for the areas where you plan to travel.
• Visit the State Department’s website to learn about vaccinations, insurance, and medical emergencies while traveling.

Traveling with a child? Make sure they get the measles vaccine.

Measles is still common in some countries. Getting your child vaccinated will protect them from getting measles — and from bringing it back to the United States where it can spread to others. Learn more about the measles vaccine.

Find out which vaccines you need

CDC’s Adult Vaccine Quiz helps you create a list of vaccines you may need based on your age, health conditions, and more.

Take the quiz now !

Get Immunized

Getting immunized is easy. Vaccines and preventive antibodies are available at the doctor’s office or pharmacies — and are usually covered by insurance.

Find out how to get protected .

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Kenya Travel Requirements & Vaccinations

Kenya is a country on the east coast of Africa. Officially known as the Republic of Kenya, it is named for Mount Kenya, the second-highest peak on the continent at 17,057 feet. Swahili and English are the two official languages of Kenya.

The landscape in Kenya is diverse, ranging from low plains and highlands to plateaus and valleys. The climate varies depending on location with tropical conditions prevailing along the coastline and dry, desert-like heat in the northern parts of the country. Daytime temperatures are warm year-round with significant cooling at night, especially inland and at higher elevations. The hottest months are February and March and the coolest are July and August. There are two rainy seasons in Kenya which occur from March to June, and then again from October to December. The rainfall can be heavy so travelers should be prepared if visiting the country during these months.

Kenya offers a vast selection of attractions and sightseeing opportunities, including:

• Safaris through national parks and game reserves
• The Serengeti Migration of the wildebeest, which is listed among the seven natural wonders of Africa
• Historical mosques and colonial-era forts
• Tea and coffee plantations
• Beaches along the Swahili Coast of the Indian Ocean
• Diverse populations of wildlife, reptiles and birds

Recommended Vaccinations for Travel to Kenya

• Hepatitis A
• Malaria (pill form)
• Yellow Fever

*Rabies vaccination is typically only recommended for very high risk travelers given that it is completely preventable if medical attention is received within 7 – 10 days of an animal bite.

Travelers may also be advised to ensure they have received the routine vaccinations listed below. Some adults may need to receive a booster for some of these diseases:

• Measles, mumps and rubella (MMR)
• Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis)

Older adults or those with certain medical conditions may also want to ask about being vaccinated for shingles and/or pneumonia.

This information is not intended to replace the advice of a travel medicine professional. Not all of the vaccines listed here will be necessary for every individual.

Talk to the experts at UH Roe Green Center for Travel Medicine & Global Health to determine how each member of your family can obtain maximum protection against illness, disease and injury while traveling, based on age, health, medical history and travel itinerary.

A Guide to Travel Restrictions Throughout Africa

By Sarah Khan

Many predicted dire consequences when COVID-19 made its way across Africa , but the case numbers in African countries have largely remained low, especially in contrast with the United State s and Europe . 

Experts have posited that factors like climate, strict lockdown, the continent’s relatively young population (more than 60 percent of Africans are under 25), and preparation measures already in place for other outbreaks may have all played a role. 

But case counts, as well as government responses, have varied across the continent. South Africa has been the continent’s worst-affected country, accounting for nearly half the deaths despite a rather strict lockdown, and now a new, more infectious variant ; Rwanda, which has also implemented strict measures, has reported just over 200 deaths; while Tanzania stopped releasing official numbers after April and resumed international travel early, with surprisingly relaxed measures.

Many African nations are welcoming foreign travelers again, but quite a few exclude visitors from America. On the flip side, the United States has recently added South Africa to its COVID travel restrictions, meaning that non-U.S. citizens (including residents), may not enter the country if they were in South Africa within the 14 days prior. If you do decide to travel, be conscientious about not overburdening the local health systems. Stay on top of each country’s rules—which are subject to change based on rising case numbers—and wear masks , practice social distancing, and sanitize regularly.

Northern Africa

As of July, Egypt has been open to international travelers. All visitors must present printed results from a negative PCR test taken within 96 hours of entry, and must fill out a Public Health Card for contact tracing on arrival. Anyone flying directly into Hurghada, Sharm El Sheikh, Marsa Alam, or Taba who doesn’t have a PCR test must test on arrival and stay in their hotel room until the results are available. All indoor events are canceled, and restaurants and cafes are operating at 50 percent capacity.

Though Morocco began lifting travel restrictions in September, the country is under a new state of emergency, with a nationwide curfew. 

Morocco , which began lifting restrictions in September, has since instated a Health State of Emergency until February 10 at the earliest and implemented a nationwide curfew. Under that, restaurants, cafes, shops, and supermarkets throughout the country close at 8 p.m. 

Travelers from visa-exempt countries—including the U.S.—with confirmed hotel reservations are allowed, as are business travelers invited by Moroccan companies. Visitors must have a negative PCR test taken less than 72 hours before departure, with printed results to be presented at check in and health screenings at the port of entry. The rules change frequently and can make travel within Morocco a challenge.

East Africa

One of the first African countries to open widely for tourism, back in June, was Tanzania . At the time, there were no testing or quarantine requirements. That was changed in August to require a negative PCR test taken within 72 hours of travel, but the rule was later lifted in September. Now only enhanced screenings (and testing on arrival, if deemed necessary) are required. That said, your airline will likely require a negative PCR test to board, so it’s best to get tested regardless of changing rules. Keep in mind that the Tanzanian government has not released any of its COVID-19 statistics since April, so accurate information about the impact of the pandemic on locals is not readily available. The U.S. has also given the destination a Level 4 travel warning , saying “travelers should avoid all travel to Tanzania” due to a “very high level of COVID-19.” 

Tanzania was one of the first African countries to reopen for tourism, though the U.S. government warns travelers against visiting right now.

Kenya reopened its borders to international travelers—Americans included—in August. As of February, all travelers must present a digitally verified COVID test through the Trusted Traveler program . Group gatherings are banned throughout the country, with the exception of funerals and weddings, which are allowed to host up to 150 people . 

Charlie Hobbs

Maya Silver

CNT Editors

Rwanda is open to travelers, but you'll have to jump through some hoops before you can go gorilla trekking . First, fill out Rwanda’s passenger locator form online —you’ll have to upload a negative PCR test taken less than 120 hours before departure, along with your hotel reservation. A second PCR test is administered upon arrival in Kigali (at a cost of $50, plus a $10 medical services fee), and you’ll quarantine in your hotel room at your own expense until the results come back within 24 hours. To enter Volcanoes , Nyungwe , or Akagera national parks, you’ll have to submit a registration and indemnity form prior to arrival (ask your local tour operator for this), and also test negative within 72 hours of your park visit. Travelers must test negative once again before departure.

Uganda reopened borders October 1 with new safety measures: a negative PCR test issued within 120 hours of travel is required. Officials recommend arriving at the airport four hours prior to your flight to clear all medical screenings. In addition to regulated social distancing around other people, visitors to Uganda’s national parks must stay at least 32 feet away from gorillas during sightings.

Visitors to Ethiopia can fly into Addis Ababa Bole International Airport’s brand-new $300 million contactless, biosafety-focused airport terminal —but to do so, you’ll need to present a negative PCR test taken within five days of arrival in Ethiopia. Even with the negative test, all visitors must self-isolate at a hotel for seven days.

Indian Ocean islands

Seychelles has been slowly reopening to international travel, but Americans have not yet made the cut—except for those who are fully vaccinated. Anyone who’s received both doses of the vaccination is welcome from anywhere in the world, provided they show proof of vaccination and they’re traveling more than two weeks after their second dose. A negative PCR test within 72 hours is still required. The country projects that the majority of Seychelles’ adults will be vaccinated by mid-March, which is when they plan to open fully for international tourism.

Southern Africa

South Africa recorded the highest number of COVID-19 cases in Africa—more than half of the total numbers on the continent. The country began reopening its borders to Americans in November, requiring a negative PCR test taken within 72 hours of arrival and the use of a COVID tracing app. Travelers must also fill out a health questionnaire two days prior to arriving and two days prior to departing. The emergence of a new variant in recent weeks has caused concerns. Last week, Biden added South Africa to a list of restricted countries (though U.S. citizens can return from South Africa), and there’s now a national lockdown in place from 9 p.m. to 5 a.m.

U.S. citizens will be permitted enter Zambia upon presenting a negative PCR test result taken within seven days of departure. You can apply for an e-visa online . Travelers to Zimbabwe must present a negative COVID-19 PCR test taken within 48 hours of departure, but should be aware that a new, strict lockdown began this month, which prohibits all gatherings, the closure of non-essential businesses, and a 6 p.m. to 6 a.m. curfew. For Namibia , a negative PCR test taken 72 hours before arrival is required; if your test was taken more than 72 hours but less than one week before arrival, you’ll have to undergo supervised isolation at a government-approved hotel for seven days.

West Africa

Arriving in Ghana is a two-test process: First, you need a negative PCR test result from within 72 hours of departure in hand; then, you'll head to a new state-of-the-art lab that has been set up at Accra’s Kotoka International Airport for mandatory antigen tests at each travelers’ own expense ($150). Results typically arrive within 15 minutes, though the test must be paid for online in advance.

Nigeria reopened in September with strict testing protocols. Travelers must upload proof of a negative PCR test taken within 96 hours before boarding their flight to receive a QR code with a Permit to Travel certificate; both this and the negative PCR test must be shown in order to board any flight to Nigeria, and then again on arrival. After seven days, a second PCR test must be taken at the traveler's expense (ranging from about $112 to $132). Before traveling to Nigeria, visit the country’s travel portal to fill out a health questionnaire, upload your first negative PCR test result, and schedule and pay in advance for your second test.

All travelers to Senegal must present a negative PCR test dated within five days of arrival, as well as submit a passenger locator form . While some public spaces, like bars and theaters, remain closed, restaurants, private beaches, and markets are partially open with social distancing measures in effect, and a nightly curfew from 9 p.m. to 5 a.m.

This article was originally published in November 2020. It has been updated with new information. We’re reporting on how COVID-19 impacts travel on a daily basis. Find our   latest coronavirus coverage here , or visit our complete guide to   COVID-19 and travel .

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Including a visit to your local travel doctor before you go to Africa will help ensure you protect your health while you are away and increase the chances of coming home healthy.

If you are travelling to African countries including Kenya, Tanzania, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Ghana, Nigeria, Sudan and other African countries the following vaccinations are generally recommended;

It is a good idea to ensure you are up to date with all the common childhood vaccinations before visiting an African country (you may even need a booster). This includes immunisations for Tetanus and Diphtheriaand Diphtheria , Whooping cough (Pertussis), polio , measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) .

Hepatitis A (also called Hep A or HAV) is typically transmitted through contaminated food or very close personal contact with an infected person. Water-borne outbreaks can happen in under-developed or developing countries. The full two-dose Hep A vaccine is strongly recommended when visiting under-developed or developing countries and other precautions for hygiene and food safety should be taken.

• Some African countries won’t let you enter without the required vaccinations. The most common vaccination required on entry into African countries is Yellow Fever vaccination . Your Travel Doctor will be able to recommend when vaccinations form part of your destination country’s entry requirements.
• A Yellow Fever vaccination is compulsory if you are returning to Australia from Uganda and a vaccination certificate from an approved travel vaccination centre will be required upon re-entry. Yellow Fever mainly spreads from the bite of infected mosquitoes. We strongly advise travellers to vaccinate against Yellow Fever. The Yellow Fever vaccination is not compatible with some vaccinations so we recommend you seek travel vaccination advise well before the departure. Please note that the Yellow Fever Vaccination is a mandatory vaccination when travelling to some African countries.
• Typhoid Fever is caused by bacteria (from the Bacteria Salmonella group) found in contaminated food and water. Food is commonly contaminated by the hands of carriers and examples of food that could be contaminated are ice, shell-fish from sewerage contaminated water, raw fruits, vegetables, milk and milk products. Typhoid fever occurs worldwide but is more common in developing countries. We strongly recommend protecting yourself by getting the Typhoid Vaccine if you are travelling to a developing country.
• Depending on the destination, purpose and length of your trip a Rabies vaccination may be recommended. Rabies is typically transmitted by a bite or scratch from an infected animal. If you are intending to work on farms or work with other animals, we strongly advise you to have the prophylactic anti-Rabies vaccination. As this vaccination involves a series of three vaccinations it is recommended you plan ahead for it.
• Meningitis can be viral, fungal or bacterial in nature. Meningitis is caused when the protective membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord become swollen and inflamed. Symptoms can be similar to those of the common flu. The different types of Meningitis differ in severity and the most serious bacterial form of Meningitis is Meningococcal Meningitis. Meningococcal Meningitis can be fatal. It is transmitted from person to person by direct contact and / through coughing and sneezing. Mencevax can protect you against this form of Meningitis.

The above vaccinations are recommendations only. See your travel doctor to get health and vaccination recommendations based on your overall health, age and your travel itinerary. Book your appointment online with the International Travel Vaccination Clinic well in advance of your trip because some vaccines may require a long period to take effect and more than one dose may be required.

OTHER HEALTH RISKS FOR AFRICAN COUNTRIES

Other health risks when travelling in Africa may be:

Cholera is common in developing countries and is associated with poverty and poor sanitation. Cholera is a severe infectious diarrhoeal disease, caused by the Vibrio cholera bacteria. Untreated, Cholera can result in rapid dehydration and death. Cholera is most commonly spread through the ingestion of food and water that is contaminated by infected human faeces. The risk of getting Cholera can be significantly minimised by following proper sanitary practices and by following the rules of eating and drinking

• Depending on your destination and how long you are travelling for, Malaria medications may be recommended. Malaria prevention is based on two defences:
• Oral prophylaxis medication
• Personal protection against mosquitos.

It is best to consult your travel doctor for advice on the best Malaria medication based on your trip as Malaria is widespread and some strains of Malaria are chloroquine resistant.

• African Sleeping Sickness
• Bilharzia , also called ‘snail sickness’ or Schistosomiasis, is a parasitic disease transmitted by contact with contaminated fresh water (lakes, ponds, rivers and dams) which is inhabited by snails infected with one of five varieties of the parasite Schistosoma. You risk contracting the disease by swimming, bathing, fishing and washing your clothes in contaminated water. To avoid infection:
• Avoid swimming or bathing in fresh water. The ocean or chlorinated water should be safe. Water held in a water tank for longer than a day should be safe.
• Boil your bathing water for more than a minute and then allow to cool before bathing to avoid scalding.
• Drink safe water .

If you have had contact with contaminated water overseas see your health practitioner on your return for testing and treatment if required.

Remember, cleaning your hands often using either soap and water or waterless, alcohol-based hand rubs removes potentially infectious materials from your skin and helps prevent disease transmission.

See more Travel Health Advice .

The health-related information and vaccination recommendations on this website are general in nature. Your exact medication, immunisation or travel vaccination needs will vary depending on your personal medical history, vaccination history, current outbreaks and your travel itinerary / destinations. The information here should not replace a personal visit to a travel doctor to get up to date and individualised advice for your trip.

Rabies is characteristically transmitted by the bite or scratch from rabid infected animals.

People who are intending to work in farms and work with other animals are strongly advised to have this prophylactic anti-rabies vaccination. As this vaccination involves a series of three vaccinations it is recommended to plan ahead for this vaccination.

More information

Meningitis is caused by a number of bacteria and virus. Meningococcal meningitis is one of the most serious bacterial diseases and can be fatal. The disease is transmitted from person to person by direct contact and respiratory droplets (coughing and sneezing). Mencevax can protect you against this form of disease.

Meningitis Vaccinations

Meningococcal disease is caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitis, also called meningococcus. About 10% of people have this type of bacteria in the back of their nose and throat with no signs or symptoms of disease, they are ' carriers'. of the disease following low grade infection A common outcome of meningococcal infection is meningitis, When caused by Neisseria meningitis bacteria it is known as meningococcal meningitis. If not diagnosed properly and appropriate immediate treatment implemented, the disease rapidly become fatal.

Transmission

Neisseria meningitis bacteria are spread through the exchange of respiratory and throat secretions like spit ,cough, Kissing and sharing the drinks. The bacteria are not spread by casual contact or by simply breathing the air where a person with meningococcal disease has been. Sometimes Neisseria meningitis bacteria spread to people who have had close or lengthy contact with a patient with meningococcal disease example people live in the same household, roommates, or anyone with direct contact with a patient's oral secretions, meaning saliva or spit, (such as a boyfriend or girlfriend) would be considered at increased risk of getting the infection.

Signs and symptoms

When someone has meningococcal meningitis, the protective membranes covering their brain and spinal cord, known as the meninges, become infected and swell. The symptoms include sudden onset of fever, headache, and stiff neck. It is often accompanied by other symptoms, such as o Nausea o Vomiting o Photophobia (increased sensitivity to light) o Altered mental status (confusion) The symptoms of meningococcal meningitis can appear quickly or over several days. Typically they develop within 3-7 days after exposure. In newborns and infants, the classic symptoms of fever, headache, and neck stiffness may be absent or difficult to notice. The infant may appear to be slow or inactive, irritable, vomiting or feeding poorly.

Taking appropriate precaution to avoid contact of body secretion from the infected person is paramount importance.

• Wash hand frequently
• Keep the fomites separately

Vaccination

Vaccination best chance of protection against meningococcal meningitis, more so to the Traveller's travelling to densely populated countries like India, Brazil, South East Asia and Mexico. Central Africa and west Africa consider to be Meningococcal belt , vaccination paramount importance. People travelling to congregation like carnival in Brazil , Kumba Mela in India And more importantly people travelling to Mecca for Hajj time, meningococcal vaccine with ACWY strain is compulsory and have to carry an appropriate documentation with them. Traveller travelling to the above places should be aware of taking appropriate strain of meningococcal vaccine. Meningococcal C strain is only good for Australia. Traveller should take meningococcal ACWY strain containing vaccine

Travelers to Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam are advised to follow standard health recommendations for that region and, as a precaution, avoid places such as poultry farms and bird markets where live poultry are raised or kept, and avoid contact with sick or dead poultry.

As with other infectious illnesses, one of the most important and appropriate preventive practices is careful and frequent hand washing.

Cleaning your hands often using either soap and water or waterless, alcohol-based hand rubs removes potentially infectious materials from your skin and helps prevent disease transmission

Yellow fever

Yellow fever mainly spreads from the bite of infected mosquitoes. Travelers are strongly advised to vaccinate against this disease and a vaccination certificate from the approved centre is essential to re-enter the country. As this vaccination cannot be given with some vaccinations, it is best to seek travel vaccination advise well before the departure.

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• Section 9 - Sex & Travel
• Section 10 - Egypt

African Safaris

Cdc yellow book 2024.

Author(s): Kate Varela, Juliet Kasule, Joseph Ojwang, Aimee Geissler, Karl Neumann

Destination Overview

Infectious disease risks, environmental hazards & risks, safety & security, availability & quality of medical care.

Arguably the ultimate in adventure travel, an African safari is the experience of a lifetime. Safari-goers have options to view wildlife from different vantages: on land (traditional savannah guided car safaris, open trucks, air-conditioned vans, personal vehicles), on the water (in a dugout canoe), or from the air (private aircraft, hot air balloon). Hiking with trained, licensed guides in well-scouted settings offers another opportunity to see wildlife up close; treks to view chimpanzees or gorillas, for example, are highly popular.

With >150 game parks and reserves across the continent, individual travelers, families, backpackers, and people with similar interests (e.g., serious photographers) have a range of choices and budget options. Some parks are remote and rustic, with long drives to see the animals but with fewer tourists. Other parks are easily accessible with self-drive options. Many safaris accept young children and adolescent participants; gorilla trekking and other more strenuous activities require participants to be ≥15 years of age.

Map 10-01 and Map 10-02 show several major African game parks. In East Africa, the Maasai Mara National Reserve in Kenya is the northern extension of Tanzania’s Serengeti National Park game reserve. Together these 2 parks are home to the complete collection of the so-called big 5—Cape buffalo, elephants, leopards, lions, and rhinoceros—the large wild animals for which Africa is most famous. Other East African game parks that offer exceptional wildlife viewing include Tsavo National Park (Kenya); Akagera National Park (Rwanda); Ngorongoro Crater (Tanzania); and Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Murchison Falls National Park, Queen Elizabeth National Park, and Ziwa Rhino Sanctuary (Uganda). Travelers can trek to see gorillas at the Virunga National Park (Democratic Republic of the Congo), Volcanoes National Park (Rwanda), and Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (Uganda); “impenetrable” refers to the challenging hiking required in this park.

Game park destinations in Southern Africa include Moremi Game Reserve, Chobe National Park, and Kalahari Desert (Botswana); Etosha National Park (Namibia); Kruger National Park (South Africa); Lower Zambezi National Park and South Luangwa National Park (Zambia); and the Hwange National Park (Zimbabwe). Pendjari National Park in Benin, home to West African lions and elephants, is a major part of the largest intact ecosystem in West Africa, the transnational W-Arly-Pendjari (WAP) complex, which spans Benin, Burkina Faso, and Niger. Mole National Park (Ghana) boasts >93 mammal species, including elephants and hippos.

Although the centerpiece of safari-going remains viewing majestic animals in their natural habitat, many tour operators now also offer programs on local culture and history, ecosystems, and geology. Conservation-based tours promoting responsible tourism give travelers an opportunity to help safeguard wildlife, protect vital habitat, and benefit local people.

Map 10-01 African game parks & reserves (North)

View Larger Figure

Map 10-02 African game parks & reserves (South)

Health, safety, and comfort issues that safari-goers are likely to encounter are mostly predictable and largely avoidable. A pretravel consultation with a travel health care provider is essential. Multiple vaccinations might be required for healthy safari travel. Provide advice specific to each traveler’s itinerary, country, and game park. Because vaccines take time to become effective, advise travelers to seek vaccination as early as possible prior to planned departure. For people trekking to see gorillas, certain vaccines are recommended to protect both travelers and animals, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, hepatitis A and hepatitis B, influenza, measles-mumps-rubella, polio, and yellow fever.

Enteric Infections & Diseases

Hepatitis a.

Hepatitis A virus is transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food or water or through direct contact with an infectious person. Hepatitis A is among the most common vaccine-preventable infections acquired during travel. Risk is greatest for people who live or visit rural areas, trek in backcountry areas, or frequently eat or drink in settings of poor sanitation. Vaccination is recommended for travelers to sub-Saharan Africa, including safari-goers (see Sec. 5, Part 2, Ch. 7, Hepatitis A ).

Travelers’ Diarrhea

Travelers’ diarrhea (TD) is the most predictable travel-related illness and is common on safaris. Prepare travelers by explaining the risks for TD and how best to prevent it through appropriate hand hygiene and careful selection of foods and beverages (see Sec. 2, Ch. 6, Travelers’ Diarrhea ). Infectious causes of TD include bacteria (e.g., Campylobacter jejuni , Escherichia coli , Salmonella spp., Shigella spp.), viruses (e.g., norovirus, rotavirus), and protozoa (e.g., Cryptosporidium , Giardia ).

Most TD cases are mild and self-limiting. Advise travelers to carry antimotility medicine for symptomatic relief of mild TD. Consider prescribing antibiotic therapy to treat moderate to severe TD and providing travelers with clear written guidance about TD prevention and step-by-step instructions about how and when to use medications. Travelers should carry any medications with them on safari, because access to authentic drugs is not guaranteed in remote locations (see Sec. 6, Ch. 3, . . . perspectives: Avoiding Poorly Regulated Medicines & Medical Products During Travel ). Travelers should consult a physician for moderate, severe, or persistent TD.

No vaccines are available for most pathogens that cause TD. Cholera vaccine is not needed for safari-goers unless they are planning a side trip to work in a refugee camp or do humanitarian aid work in an affected country. Advise travelers to carry alcohol-based hand sanitizer with ≥60% alcohol for use when water and soap are scarce or unsafe, or conditions are generally unhygienic. Travelers should avoid drinking tap water while on safari and only consume adequately disinfected (e.g., commercially bottled) water from an unopened, factory-sealed container (see Sec. 2, Ch. 8, Food & Water Precautions ).

Typhoid Fever

Typhoid fever is a bacterial disease caused by Salmonella typhi (see Sec. 5, Part 1, Ch. 24, Typhoid & Paratyphoid Fever ). Typhoid fever vaccine generally is recommended for safari-goers. Because vaccination does not confer 100% protection, however, even vaccinated travelers should avoid consumption of potentially contaminated food and water.

Respiratory Infections & Diseases

Respiratory illnesses (e.g., COVID-19, influenza, tuberculosis [TB]) can spread between people and from people to the wildlife they encounter.

Coronavirus Disease 2019

In zoos and animal sanctuaries, big cats (cougars, lions, pumas, tigers, snow leopards) and mountain gorillas have tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19. Special operating procedures are in now place to protect wildlife and travelers; these include mandatory COVID-19 testing, limited group capacity, and required mask use to enter Volcanoes National Park and other gorilla parks; several game parks, including Kruger National Park in South Africa, also require entrants to provide a negative COVID-19 test result before permitting entry. Travelers should check with tour operators and park websites ahead of travel for up-to-date requirements, and follow park requirements to help keep both wildlife and people safe and healthy.

All travelers going to Africa should be up to date with their COVID-19 vaccines .

Influenza & Tuberculosis

While on safari, when trekking, or when visiting local communities, travelers can potentially encounter livestock species susceptible to influenza (e.g., chickens, pigs, waterfowl) and TB (e.g., cows).

Chimpanzees, gorillas, and other wildlife also are susceptible to influenza virus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Responsible tourism requires ill people to refrain from wildlife trekking or other activities that involve close contact with wildlife.

Soil- & Waterborne Infections

Schistosomiasis.

Freshwater lakes, ponds, and rivers all pose a risk for exposure to Schistosoma species, a parasite found in freshwater snails (see Sec. 5, Part 3, Ch. 20, Schistosomiasis ). Travelers should consider all freshwater sources to be contaminated and avoid bathing, swimming, wading, or other freshwater contact in disease-endemic countries. River trips (e.g., Nile River white-water rafting) present a risk for schistosomiasis (bilharzia). Swimming in the ocean or well-chlorinated pools is not a risk for schistosomiasis.

Vectorborne Diseases

Travelers should take steps to avoid arthropod bites to reduce their risk for vectorborne infections (for detailed recommendations, see Sec. 4, Ch. 6, Mosquitoes, Ticks & Other Arthropods ).

Chikungunya, Dengue, Zika

Chikungunya, dengue, and Zika are arboviruses transmitted by Aedes species mosquitoes in game parks throughout Africa (for details on each of these diseases, see the relevant chapters in Section 5). Aedes mosquitoes are aggressive daytime biters, but also bite at night.

Malaria is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, and transmission occurs in most game parks. Most infections are caused by Plasmodium falciparum . All P. falciparum in sub-Saharan Africa is considered chloroquine-resistant. Safari activities often include sleeping in tents and observing animals at dusk or after dark, sometimes near water holes, all of which increase the risk for exposure to malaria-carrying Anopheles mosquitoes. Appropriate malaria chemoprophylaxis and personal protection—wearing long-sleeved shirts and pants, using insect repellents, and sleeping under permethrin-impregnated mosquito netting—are essential (see Sec. 2, Ch. 5, Yellow Fever Vaccine & Malaria Prevention Information, by Country , and Sec. 5, Part 3, Ch. 16, Malaria ).

Rickettsial Diseases

African tick-bite fever (ATBF) is endemic to much of sub-Saharan Africa; among returning travelers, it is the most commonly diagnosed rickettsial disease (see Sec. 5, Part 1, Ch. 18, Rickettsial Diseases ). Travel-associated cases of ATBF often occur in clusters of people exposed while participating in common activities (e.g., bush hiking, game hunting, safari tours). Travelers can protect themselves from infection by taking precautions to prevent tick bites.

Trypanosomiasis

Day-biting tsetse flies ( Glossina species) transmit African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), a disease only rarely seen in travelers (see Sec. 5, Part 3, Ch. 24, African Trypanosomiasis ). Several reports document trypanosomiasis in travelers returning from visits to national parks or game reserves, including Kenya’s Maasai Mara National Reserve. Advise travelers that neutral-colored clothing seems to deter the flies, and that permethrin-impregnated clothing and insect repellant can reduce fly bites.

West Nile virus is an arbovirus transmitted by Culex species mosquitoes that are typically more active at dusk and dawn.

Yellow Fever

Travelers going on an African safari should consult a travel medicine professional for the very latest information regarding yellow fever at their destination. Currently, the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend yellow fever vaccination for much of sub-Saharan Africa (see Sec. 2, Ch. 5, Yellow Fever Vaccine & Malaria Prevention Information, by Country , and Sec. 5, Part 2, Ch. 26, Yellow Fever ).

Some countries require proof of yellow fever vaccination in the form of a valid International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis (ICVP), also known as the yellow card, as a condition of entry. Moreover, some safaris cross international borders to include ≥1 country. Assist travelers by checking the requirements for each country on their itinerary, including countries they only transit through on the way to their destination.

Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), Ebola virus disease (EVD), Lassa fever, Marburg virus disease (MVD), and Rift Valley fever (RVF) are viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) found in and around some game parks in sub-Saharan Africa. Although travelers are rarely affected, zoonotic exposure to VHFs can occur through direct contact with wildlife (e.g., bats, nonhuman primates, rodents), insect (e.g., mosquito) or tick bites, and contact with blood or body fluid of livestock (see Sec. 5, Part 2, Ch. 25, Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers ).

Travelers who touch or come into proximity of bats (e.g., spelunking, visiting bat caves) are at greatest risk for Ebola virus or Marburg virus exposure. Four confirmed cases of MVD occurred in travelers visiting Kitum Cave in Kenya and Python Cave in Maramagambo Forest, Uganda. Caution travelers against visiting locations where VHF outbreaks are occurring, to avoid contact with bats and rodents, and to avoid blood or body fluids of livestock or animal carcasses.

Animal Bites & Wildlife-Related Injuries

Wild animals are unpredictable. Travelers should follow verbal and written instructions provided by safari operators and guides and should take extra precautions if camping or traveling without a guide in a national park. Wildlife-related injuries usually occur when travelers disregard rules (e.g., when they approach animals too closely to feed or photograph them). People should never try to feed, handle, or pet unfamiliar animals, whether domestic or wild. If bitten or scratched by a monkey, travelers should be evaluated for B virus postexposure prophylaxis (see Sec. 5, Part 2, Ch. 1, B Virus ).

Rabies exists throughout Africa; dogs and bats are the primary animal reservoirs (see Sec. 5, Part 2, Ch. 18, Rabies ). The estimated rate of rabies exposures in travelers ranges from 16–200 per 100,000 travelers globally. Warn travelers not to enter caves where bats roost and shelter. Advise travelers to consult a physician for rabies postexposure prophylaxis in case of animal bites or scratches or suspected bat exposures (e.g., sleeping in a cabin or tent where bats are found).

Consider preexposure prophylaxis for people whose planned activities will increase their chances of direct animal encounters (e.g., adventure travelers, animal sanctuary visitors, campers, cave explorers [spelunkers], participants in veterinary care or wildlife management programs). Additional considerations for preexposure prophylaxis might include whether rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) and rabies vaccination are available in the  visited country in case of exposure.

Climate & Sun Exposure

Some parks are located at higher elevations and closer to the equator, making proper sun precautions imperative for avoiding sunburn, heat exhaustion, heat stroke, and dehydration. Advise travelers to seek shade, when possible, to avoid the sun during midday hours, and to carry water. In addition, advise travelers to wear sunglasses, protective clothing, and hats, and to use a broad-spectrum (protects against both ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B) sunscreen, SPF ≥15. Recommend travelers bring sunscreen and sunburn remedies with them, because selection can be limited and expensive once in country (see Sec. 4, Ch. 1, Sun Exposure ).

Natural Disasters

Natural disasters (e.g., earthquakes, flooding, landslides, volcanic eruptions) have all occurred and affected international travelers in recent years. During the rainy season, floods and landslides can be more common. Safari-goers should expect sudden road closures, plan alternative routes, and take precautions during storms. Dust storms might occur during the dry season. Poor air quality can exacerbate asthma or other lung diseases. Encourage all travelers to enroll in the US Department of State’s Smart Traveler Enrollment Program to receive up-to-date information in the event of a disaster.

Within the game parks, crime is unusual; robberies and car-jackings are more common in urban areas (see Sec. 4, Ch. 11, Safety & Security Overseas ). Travelers should check with the US Department of State’s Bureau of Consular Affairs ahead of travel to learn more about safety and security risks before traveling.

Traffic-Related Injuries

In sub-Saharan African countries, the rates of fatal motor vehicle crashes are among the highest in the world. Travelers should fasten seat belts when riding in motor vehicles, and wear a helmet when riding bicycles or motorbikes (see Sec. 8, Ch. 5, Road & Traffic Safety ). Within game parks, serious motor vehicle crashes are rare because poor road conditions generally discourage speeding. Travel in rural areas between parks is high risk, however, especially after dark. If possible, travelers should avoid nighttime driving in sub-Saharan Africa, and pedestrians should take extra care to watch for speeding vehicles. Travelers should avoid boarding overcrowded buses, and avoid driving or riding on motorcycles and motorbikes.

Travelers should work with their primary care provider to ensure any underlying illnesses are managed before travel. Before leaving the United States, each traveler also should be certain they have international health insurance coverage; and because surgical support or other advanced health care might not be available in the destination country, encourage travelers to purchase an additional medical evacuation insurance policy (see Sec. 6, Ch. 1, Travel Insurance, Travel Health Insurance & Medical Evacuation Insurance , and Sec. 6, Ch. 2, Obtaining Health Care Abroad ).

Recommend travelers carry a personal medical kit with sufficient medication to treat allergies, chronic conditions, routine health needs, and emergencies (see Sec. 2, Ch. 10, Travel Health Kits ). Warn travelers with food allergies that food labels might not reliably indicate potential allergens, and that lack of emergency services and language barriers can compound the risk for any severe allergic reaction that requires emergency medical care (see Sec. 3, Ch. 4, Highly Allergic Travelers ). Prescribe an epinephrine autoinjector for highly allergic travelers. Options for feminine hygiene products can be limited on safari—advise travelers to pack an adequate supply.

Symptoms of many diseases acquired in Africa can surface weeks and occasionally months after exposure, sometimes long after the traveler has returned home. Obtain a travel history from all patients presenting for care.

The following authors contributed to the previous version of this chapter: Karl Neumann

Bibliography

Angelo KM, Libman M, Caumes E, Hamer DH, Kain KC, Leder K, et al. Malaria after international travel: a GeoSentinel analysis, 2003–2016. Malar J. 2017;16(1):293.

Clerinx J, Van Gompel A. Schistosomiasis in travellers and migrants. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2011;9(1):6–24.

Cornel AJ, Lee Y, Almeida A, Johnson T, Mouatcho J, Ventner M, et al. Mosquito community composition in South Africa and some neighboring countries. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11(1):331.

Jensenius M, Fournier P, Kelly P, Myrvang B, Racoult D. African tick bite fever. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003;3(9):557–64.

Kading RC, Borland EM, Cranfield M, Powers AM. Prevalence of antibodies to alphaviruses and flaviviruses in free-ranging game animals and nonhuman primates in the greater Congo Basin. J Wildl Dis. 2013;49(3):587–99.

Lankau EW, Montgomery JM, Tack DM, Obonyo M, Kadivane S, Blanton JD, et al. Exposure of US travelers to rabid zebra, Kenya, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(7):1202–4.

Macfie EJ, Williamson EA. Best practice guidelines for great ape tourism. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Species Survival Commissioner Primate Specialist Group (PSG); 2010. Available from: https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/ssc-op-038.pdf .

Makhulu EE, Villinger J, Adunga VO, Jeneby MM, Kimathi EM, Mararo E, et al. Tsetse blood-meal sources, endosymbionts and trypanosome-associations in the Maasai Mara National Reserve, a wildlife-human-livestock interface. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021;15(1):e0008267.

Morgan OW, Brunette G, Kapella BK, McAuliffe I, Katongole-Mbidde E, Li W, et al. Schistosomiasis among recreational users of upper Nile River, Uganda, 2007. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;(16)5:866–8.

World Health Organization. Vaccines and vaccination against yellow fever. WHO position paper—June 2013. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2013;88(27):269–83.

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Available travel vaccines

The following vaccinations are available for people travelling abroad.

Cholera vaccination

Vaccination against  cholera isn't routinely needed for most travellers.

But in some cases it may be recommended for aid workers and people likely to have limited access to medical services – for example, people working in refugee camps or after natural disasters.

Most cases of cholera are confined to regions of the world with poor sanitation and water hygiene, such as parts of:

• South America

The vaccine is usually given as a drink in 2 separate doses, taken 1 to 6 weeks apart.

Children aged 2 to 6 years old should have a third dose taken 1 to 6 weeks after the second dose.

You should make sure you have the final dose of this vaccine at least a week before you travel.

A single booster dose or full revaccination is usually recommended if you have previously been vaccinated against cholera and you're planning to travel to an area where the infection is common.

Diphtheria vaccination

A combined vaccination that protects against diphtheria , polio and tetanus is routinely given to all children in the UK.

You should make sure you and your children are up-to-date with your routine vaccinations before travelling.

Further booster doses are usually only recommended if you're going to visit parts of the world where diphtheria is widespread and your last vaccination dose was more than 10 years ago.

Diphtheria is more common in parts of the world where fewer people are vaccinated, such as:

• Central and Southeast Asia
• Eastern Europe

Additional doses of the vaccination are given in a single 3-in-1 Td/IPV (tetanus, diphtheria and polio) injection.

Hepatitis A vaccination

Vaccination against  hepatitis A is recommended if you're travelling to countries where there are poor levels of sanitation and hygiene, and hepatitis A is common.

Ask your GP, pharmacy or travel clinic if you should have the hepatitis A vaccine if you're travelling to:

• Sub-Saharan and North Africa
• the Middle East
• South and Central America

The vaccination against hepatitis A is usually given as a single initial injection, with a second dose 6 to 12 months later. Two doses should protect you for at least 25 years.

You should preferably have the initial dose at least 2 weeks before you leave, although it can be given up to the day of your departure if needed.

Jabs that offer combined protection against hepatitis A and hepatitis B or typhoid are also available if you're likely to also be at risk of these conditions.

Hepatitis B vaccination

Vaccination against  hepatitis B is recommended if you're travelling in parts of the world where hepatitis B is common, especially if you'll be doing activities that increase your risk of developing the infection.

Hepatitis B is spread through blood and body fluids. Things like having sex, injecting drugs or playing contact sports on your travels can increase your risk.

Anyone travelling for long periods or who's likely to need medical care while abroad is also at increased risk.

Hepatitis B is found worldwide, but it's more common in parts of:

• Sub-Saharan Africa
• Southern and Eastern Europe

The hepatitis B vaccination generally involves a course of 3 injections. Depending on how quickly you need protection, these may be spread over a period as long as 6 months or as short as 3 weeks.

A combined hepatitis A and hepatitis B jab is also available if you're likely to be at risk of both these conditions while travelling.

Japanese encephalitis vaccination

Vaccination against  Japanese encephalitis  is usually recommended if you're planning a long stay (usually at least a month) in a country where you could get the condition.

It's particularly important if:

• you're visiting during the rainy season or there's a year-round risk because of a tropical climate
• you're going to visit rural areas, such as rice fields or marshlands
• you'll be taking part in any activities that may increase your risk of becoming infected, such as cycling or camping

Japanese encephalitis is found throughout Asia and beyond. The area it's found in stretches from the western Pacific islands in the east, across to the borders of Pakistan in the west.

It's found as far north as Northeastern China and as far south as the islands of the Torres Strait and Cape York in Northeastern Australia.

Despite its name, Japanese encephalitis is now relatively rare in Japan because of mass immunisation programmes.

Find out more about risk areas on the Travel Health Pro website

Vaccination against Japanese encephalitis usually consists of 2 injections, with the second dose given 28 days after the first.

Ideally, you need to have the second dose a week before you leave.

Meningococcal meningitis vaccination

Vaccination against some types of meningococcal meningitis  is usually recommended if you're travelling to areas at risk and your planned activities put you at higher risk – for example, if you're a long-term traveller who has close contact with the local population.

High-risk areas for meningococcal meningitis include:

• parts of Africa
• Saudi Arabia during the mass gatherings of Hajj or Umrah

All travellers to Saudi Arabia for the Hajj or Umrah pilgrimages are required to show proof of vaccination.

If travelling to a high-risk area, you should be vaccinated against meningococcal meningitis with a MenACWY vaccine , also known as the quadrivalent meningococcal meningitis vaccine.

This is a single injection that should be given 2 to 3 weeks before you travel. Babies under a year old need 2 injections.

You should have the MenACWY vaccine before travelling to high-risk areas, even if you had the  meningitis C vaccine as a child.

Read more about the  meningococcal meningitis vaccines .

Measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination

The MMR vaccine that protects against measles ,  mumps and  rubella is routinely given to all children in the UK. 

You should make sure you and your children are up-to-date with routine vaccinations, including MMR, before travelling.

If you haven't been fully vaccinated against these conditions or you're not already immune, you should ask about MMR vaccination before you travel.

The MMR vaccine is given as 2 injections. These are usually given when a child is 3 years and 4 months old.

But if vaccination has been missed previously, adults can have the doses 1 month apart, and children can have them 3 months apart if necessary.

Read more about the MMR vaccine .

Polio vaccination

A combined vaccination that protects against diphtheria,  polio and tetanus is routinely given to all children in the UK.

Further booster doses are usually only recommended if you're going to visit parts of the world where polio is, or has recently been, present and your last vaccination dose was more than 10 years ago.

Currently the condition is most common in Pakistan and Afghanistan, but it's also a risk in other regions of the world.

Read more about the  Td/IPV (3-in-1) vaccine .

Rabies vaccination

Vaccination against rabies is advised if you're travelling to an area where you could get rabies, particularly if:

• you're staying for a month or more
• there's unlikely to be quick access to appropriate medical care
• you plan to do activities that could put you at increased risk of exposure to rabies, such as cycling or running

Rabies can be found in many parts of the world. GOV.UK provides a detailed list of countries that have rabies in domestic animals or wildlife .

Vaccination involves a course of 3 injections before you travel, usually given over a period of 28 days.

If you're bitten, licked or scratched by an animal in a country where rabies is a problem, further doses of rabies vaccine (with or without a special anti-rabies injection given around the wound) may be required as emergency treatment.

Find out more about the rabies vaccine

GOV.UK: Rabies risks for travellers

Tetanus vaccination

A combined vaccination that protects against diphtheria, polio and tetanus is routinely given to all children in the UK.

Further booster doses are usually only recommended if:

• you're travelling to areas where access to medical services is likely to be limited and your last vaccination dose was more than 10 years ago
• you've not had two booster doses

Read more about the Td/IPV (3-in-1) vaccine .

Tick-borne encephalitis vaccination

Vaccination against  tick-borne encephalitis (TBE)  is usually recommended for anyone who plans to live or work in a high-risk area, or hike and camp in these areas during late spring or summer.

The ticks that cause TBE are mainly found in forested areas of central, eastern and northern Europe, although at-risk areas also include eastern Russia and some countries in east Asia, including some regions of China and Japan.

The vaccination requires a course of 3 injections for full protection. The second dose is given 1 to 3 months after the first and provides immunity for about a year.

A third dose, given 5 to 12 months after the second, provides immunity for up to 3 years.

The course can sometimes be accelerated if necessary. This involves 2 doses being given 2 weeks apart.

Booster doses of the vaccine are recommended every 3 years, if necessary.

Tuberculosis (TB) vaccination

The BCG vaccine (which stands for Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine) protects against tuberculosis , which is also known as TB.

The BCG vaccine isn't given as part of the routine NHS vaccination schedule. It's given on the NHS only when a child or adult is thought to have an increased risk of coming into contact with TB.

When preparing for travel abroad, the BCG vaccine is recommended for any unvaccinated people under 16 who'll be living or working with friends, family or local people for more than 3 months in a country where TB is common or the risk of multi-drug resistant TB is high.

The BCG vaccine is given as a single injection.

Areas of the world where the risk of TB is high enough to recommend BCG vaccination for previously unvaccinated travellers include:

• parts of South and Southeast Asia

Read more about the BCG vaccine .

Typhoid vaccination

Vaccination against typhoid fever is recommended if you're travelling to parts of the world where the condition is common, particularly if you'll: 

• have frequent or prolonged exposure to conditions where sanitation and food hygiene are likely to be poor
• be staying or working with local people

High-risk areas include:

• parts of South and Central America

Two main vaccines are available for typhoid fever in the UK. One is given as a single injection, and the other is given as 3 capsules to take on alternate days.

It's also possible to have a combined hepatitis A and typhoid jab.

Ideally, the typhoid vaccine should be given at least 1 month before you travel, but it can be given closer to your travel date if necessary.

Booster vaccinations are recommended every 3 years if you continue to be at risk of infection.

Read more about the typhoid vaccine .

Yellow fever vaccination

Vaccination against yellow fever is advised if you're travelling to areas where there's a risk of getting yellow fever.

Some countries require a proof of vaccination certificate before they let you enter the country.

Yellow fever occurs in some areas of tropical Africa and Central and South America. More information about yellow fever and areas where it's found is available on Travel Health Pro .

A single dose of the yellow fever vaccine is thought to provide lifelong protection. For most people, a booster dose is no longer recommended.

You must have a yellow fever vaccination at least 10 days before you travel. You will also need to complete a yellow fever vaccination checklist to make sure you can have the vaccine.

Find out more about the yellow fever vaccination checklist on the Travel Health Pro website

You should be issued with an International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis when you have the vaccine. This certificate is valid for life.

Some people cannot have the yellow fever vaccine.

Read more about the  yellow fever vaccine and who can have it .

When to get further advice

Speak to your GP before having any vaccinations if:

• you're planning to get pregnant
• you're pregnant
• you're breastfeeding
• you have an immune deficiency
• you have any allergies

Page last reviewed: 16 March 2023 Next review due: 16 March 2026

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Travel vaccinations

Measles cases are increasing worldwide.

Before travelling, check that you and your family have received the recommended measles vaccinations.

Do not travel if you have symptoms of measles or have been in contact with someone with measles.

If you develop symptoms of measles after your return to Canada, call a health care provider right away.

Global Measles Notice

When travelling outside Canada, you may be at risk for a number of vaccine preventable illnesses.

You should consult a health care provider or visit a travel health clinic preferably six weeks before you travel. This is an opportunity to:

• review your immunization history
• make sure your provincial/territorial vaccination schedule is up-to-date
• discuss any trip-related health concerns you may have
• assess your needs based on where you plan to travel and what you plan to do

You may need additional vaccinations depending on your age, planned travel activities and local conditions. Preventing disease through vaccination is a lifelong process.

Use the reference below to determine which vaccinations may be recommended or required for your destination.

Vaccination recommendations by destination

Yellow fever vaccination.

Some countries require proof that you have received a yellow fever vaccination before allowing you to enter the country. Consult an embassy or consulate of your destination country in Canada for up-to-date information on its entry and exit requirements before you travel abroad.

Other countries may require you to have been vaccinated for yellow fever if you have passed through an area where yellow fever may occur .

Proof of vaccination must be documented on an International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis . You must carry the original certificate with you.

In Canada, the vaccination is only given at designated yellow fever vaccination centres .

Immunization records

• Download the free CANImmunize app from the iOS App Store or Google Play, and manage your family’s vaccination records on the go.
• Carry copies of your family’s immunization records while you travel and leave the originals at home.
• Sickness or injury
• Travel Advice and Advisories
• If you get sick after travelling
• Receiving medical care in other countries
• Travel health kit
• Travel insurance
• Well on Your Way - A Canadian’s Guide to Healthy Travel Abroad
• Yellow Fever Vaccination Centres in Canada , Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)
• Recommended Immunization Schedules , PHAC

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Rent the Runway takes off

Rent the Runway notched a record one-day jump after reporting earnings that beat investor expectations and stoked hopes that the clothing-rental company can turn itself around. The stock surged nearly 162 percent Thursday after the company reported fourth-quarter revenue and adjusted earnings that beat Wall Street expectations. The quarterly report was a breath of fresh air for the company after investors had mostly given up on it. Rent the Runway has been under pressure since the COVID-19 pandemic and working from home shifted consumer fashion trends. Even as workers returned to the office, Rent the Runway struggled to keep subscribers due to a mismatch in inventory. — BLOOMBERG NEWS

Rates keep rising

The average long-term US mortgage rate rose to its highest level in five weeks, a setback for prospective home buyers during what’s traditionally the busiest time of the year for home sales. The average rate on a 30-year mortgage rose to 6.88 percent from 6.82 percent last week, mortgage buyer Freddie Mac said Thursday. A year ago, the rate averaged 6.27 percent. — ASSOCIATED PRESS