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How Tourism Will Change Cuba

In 2015, a record number of people traveled to Cuba. Here's a look at how mass tourism is likely to change the famously sheltered island.

President Barack Obama, the Rolling Stones, and Major League Baseball: March 2016 was a busy month in Havana .

After more than a half century of chilly relations between the United States and Cuba , the Caribbean country has moved from an outlier travel destination to top of mind. More than three million people—a record—traveled to Cuba in 2015, with visits by U.S. residents growing by 77 percent.  

How will this influx of outsiders change the famously sheltered island?  

Infrastructure projects are in the works, though many lack outside financing, and international hotel groups are champing at the bit to get in the game.

But development backed by U.S. dollars hinges on two things: the Cuban government’s willingness to give the green light to American investors—provided the country is able to make its economy transparent enough for them—and the U.S. Congress gaining enough support from the public to lift the embargo in the first place.  

Who knows when these things will happen.

In the meantime, though, increased tourism to the island—and the money it brings—is fueling the growth of entrepreneurism there, and that seems to be having a positive effect.

With demand outstripping supply, space has opened up for small privately owned businesses to act as catalysts for change in the world of restaurants, homestays, and B & Bs. Here's a look at how tourism is likely to bring about a revolution—albeit a slow and subtle one—in Cuba.

The Rise of Paladares

By international standards, Cuba is no foodie destination. But that's changing in Havana, the country's culinary heart.  

Despite local chefs having little means, other than the Internet, of learning from their peers in other countries, new paladares (privately owned restaurants) keep popping up, offering a welcome alternative to government-controlled restaurants that depend on food rationing and allowances.  

Tamar Lowell of Access Trips—which launched   culinary tours on the island in 2015—has noted increased competition among restaurants and a surge in self-employed street food vendors   over the past year, especially in   Old Havana .   “We are hearing that some of the top paladares are booking [up] weeks and even months in advance,” Lowell reports.

She's also seen firsthand how the rise of paladares has improved the quality of food for visitors (and locals who can afford it).  

Lowell points to Finca Marta , one of the stops on her company's tours,   as an illustration. Without paladares, there would be little demand for the organic produce Fernando Funes Monzote grows on his 20-acre farm just outside Havana. But as travel to Cuba explodes, chefs are encountering tourists whose expectations go beyond the staid pork and plantains fare that's given Cuba   a reputation for uninspired cuisine.

As a result, Funes now supplies   greens and vegetables to many of the top private restaurants in the city and is helping to lead the call for a homegrown resurrection of farming in Cuba.   (The country continues to import up to 80 percent of its food due to a failed state-run agriculture model that President Raúl   Castro has been working to address.)

An Airbnb Revolution

On the housing front, private homestays—many listed on Airbnb   and Homestay.com —have proliferated to bridge the gap between Cuba's current hotel capacity and the number of rooms needed to meet ever increasing demand.

One case in point: Airbnb now has   more than 4,000 listings in 40 different cities around Cuba—a threefold increase since it launched operations there in April 2015.

“Airbnb stays provide some of the most culturally diverse and immersive people-to-people experiences on the island,” says Jordi Torres Mallol, the company's regional director for Latin America. “We’re making it easier for local hosts to showcase Cuba’s unique hospitality by welcoming travelers from around the world into their homes,” he adds.  

But that's not the only perk they're receiving. Mallol reports that hosts earn an average of $250 per booking, significant income in a country where the average salary is less than $30 a month. (Though it must be noted that the cost of living is also quite low due to government subsidies, lest this become a treatise on the superiority of laissez-faire capitalism.)

Infrastructure in Flux

As the end of the embargo looms, American investors are lining up to claim their piece of the tourism pie in Cuba.

For now at least, Starwood   is the first U.S.-based hotel chain to get its foot in the door. In March 2016, the company inked an agreement to take over operations at three Havana hotels:   Hotel Quinta Avenida , in the city’s posh Miramar district, will woo the business travel set, while Old Havana mainstays   Hotel Inglaterra   and Hotel Santa Isabel   will be transformed into luxury boutique properties.    

Havana has also given the green light to passenger cruise companies based in the U.S., including Carnival , which has spring departures planned, provided Cuba changes its policy barring nationals from returning by sea .

And, as is the case with Havana's airport and hotel infrastructure, the city's port stands to be swamped by projected visitors.  

There are rumors of a new cruise ship terminal to be built in Havana’s historic harbor, but no definite plans have been confirmed. “Any major changes will take a while, because these are very complex situations,” says Molly Danner of National Geographic Expeditions , which has been leading trips to Cuba under a person-to-person license since Obama reinstituted legal travel to the island in 2011. “There are many constituencies that have to agree on what needs to happen.”

But while accessing Cuba by cruise ship presents one way of getting around the dearth of quality accommodations and dining options on shore, it means fewer American dollars will seep into the newly reinvigorated private sector economy.  

The Future Predicted

While Americans traveling with groups benefit from long-standing “fixer” relationships between tour companies   and local operators, the impending influx of independent travelers with higher expectations, combined with a lacking service sector resulting from decades of a planned economy, could lead to a dampening of enthusiasm among Americans once the initial boom has subsided.

A rueful shrug and “this is Cuba” is not going to cut it for long, especially if you're paying international prices. But given time and training, the island's hospitality and service infrastructure will build upon the warm and vibrant culture of its people, making Cuba a compelling destination for travelers everywhere.

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17 Top-Rated Attractions & Places to Visit in Cuba

Written by Karen Hastings Updated Aug 30, 2023

Cuba, the Caribbean's largest island , drips with history, culture, and mystique. Live music wafts through the cobbled squares in Havana's World Heritage-listed Old Town , vintage cars still cruise the streets, and the beautiful old buildings in Cuba's colonial cities evoke the feel of a country frozen in time.

Cuba also abounds in natural beauty. This vast island has more than 5,000 kilometers of coastline, much of it rimmed by dazzling beaches. Coral reefs glimmer in the turquoise waters, and Cuba's lush countryside and sublime islands have played host to presidents; provided refuge to revolutionaries; and inspired writers from around the world, Hemingway among them.

With all this history and beauty, as well as superb diving and fishing, Cuba offers a depth and diversity few Caribbean islands can rival. Explore this captivating country with our list of the top attractions and places to visit in Cuba.

1. Old Havana (Habana Vieja)

2. varadero, 3. trinidad, 4. guardalavaca, 5. playa paraíso, cayo largo del sur, 6. cayo coco, 7. parque nacional viñales (valle de viñales), 9. the malecon, havana, 10. che guevara mausoleum, santa clara, 11. museo nacional de bellas artes, 12. castillo de san pedro del morro, santiago de cuba, 13. peninsula de zapata (ciénaga de zapata), 14. el nicho waterfalls, 15. parque historico militar, havana, 16. plaza de la revolucion (jose marti memorial), havana, 17. fusterlandia.

Plaza Vieja

A UNESCO World Heritage site, Habana Vieja or Old Havana is a well-preserved slice of Cuban history. Strolling around the cobbled streets and gazing up at the grand Baroque and neoclassical buildings, it's easy to imagine what life in Cuba was like 200 years ago.

Extensive renovations are now breathing new life into the historic buildings. Major attractions here include the Plaza de la Catedral , home to the Cuban Baroque Catedral de San Cristobal ; the legendary restaurant and Hemingway hangout, Bodeguita del Medio ; and the military fortress, Castillo de la Real Fuerza .

Also in the Old Town, Plaza Vieja is one of the top places to visit in Havana . This vibrant gathering spot is home to some notable buildings, including the 18th-century Casa del Conde Jaruco , with beautiful stained-glass windows on the first floor. Nearby, the camera obscura offers fantastic views from its 35-meter tower.

The best way to explore Old Havana is to simply get lost along its cobbled streets. Colorful photo ops await around every corner, from the faded pastel-painted buildings to the clothes flapping in the breeze on washing lines and the candy-pink classic cars. Take time to watch kids play soccer in a square or listen to an impromptu musical performance. Allow at least a day to explore the Old Town and more if time permits.

Author's Tip: If you're seeking a more authentic Havana experience where you can connect with the locals, consider dining at paladars, small family-owned restaurants in private homes. They also tend to be cheaper than conventional restaurants. Similarly, if you're looking for an affordable place to stay, book a casa particulare. These homestays with Cuban families are another great way to save money and soak up the local culture.

Varadero

Varadero is one of Cuba's most famous beach destinations, and home to one of the best beaches in the Caribbean . It stretches along the Peninsula de Hicacos, which juts into the sea off the north coast; a drawbridge connects it to the mainland.

More than 50 beach resorts line this popular palm-fringed strip, and its magnificent white-sand beaches draw visitors from around the world.

Varadero highlights include Parque Ecológico Varahicacos (Varadero Ecological Park) , and its two caves, Cueva de Ambrosio and Cueva de Musulmanes.

For more subterranean adventures, Saturno Cave (Cueva de Saturno) offers a cool respite from the sun-blasted beach. Take a refreshing dip in the crystal-clear cenote, marvel at the giant stalactites and stalagmites, and jump off the surrounding ledges into the teal-colored pool below.

Also in Varadero, the peaceful Parque Josone is home to lush flower gardens, a restaurant, a swimming pool, and a small lake where you can paddle about in rowboats.

Other popular things to do in Varadero, besides diving and snorkeling, are deep-sea fishing, golf, skydiving, and day trips to cultural attractions.

Trinidad

Exploring the town of Trinidad, Cuba, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is like stepping back in time. The beautifully restored buildings and cobblestone streets in the city center exude a quaint colonial feel. Much of the architecture dates from the 17th to the 19th centuries, when Trinidad prospered from both the sugar and slave trades.

Today, Trinidad is one of the best cities in Cuba to visit, apart from Havana. You can soak up its lively ambience in the cobblestone Plaza Mayor , the city's central square. Above the square stands the neoclassical Church of the Holy Trinity (Iglesia Parroquial de la Santisima Trinidad).

Other Trinidad highlights are the Church and Monastery of Saint Francis (Iglesia y Convento de San Francisco), with its distinctive bell tower and the Palacio Brunet , a grand home built in 1812 and still featuring original frescoes and marble floors.

East of Trinidad, on the road to Sancti Spiritus , the lush World Heritage-listed Valle de los Ingenios contains numerous relics and monuments from the 19th century, when the sugar cane plantations and mills flourished. One of the best things to do in Trinidad, Cuba is simply drive or horseback ride through the beautiful scenery of green sugar cane fields, palm trees, and mountains.

Guardalavaca

Rimmed by glittering beaches, Guardalavaca, in the Holguin province , is quieter and more remote than Varadero. Lush foliage fringes the sweeping strand of beach here, providing plenty of shady patches for those seeking respite from the tropical sun. Divers and snorkelers can explore a plethora of sea life along the coral reefs.

Day trips from Guardalavaca include jungle adventures, sailing trips, and sightseeing tours of Santiago de Cuba .

West of Guardalavaca, Bahia de Naranjo encompasses a large slice of coast and three islands, including Cayo Naranjo with the popular Dolphinarium , which offers close-up encounters with these gregarious creatures.

Chorro de Maita is another side trip option from Guardalavaca, with a native Indian burial area and a recreated Taino Indian village.

Playa Paraíso, Cayo Largo del Sur

In a country known for its beautiful beaches, Playa Paraíso (Paradise Beach), on the island of Cayo Largo del Sur, is one of Cuba's best. This sublime strand of powdery white sand and baby blue sea skirts the sheltered western edge of the island and merges with the equally ravishing Playa Sirena.

The island of Cayo Largo del Sur is truly a sun seeker's destination with a typically dry, sunny climate and few tourist attractions besides some of the most beautiful beaches in Cuba and many hotels and resorts.

Note that sections of these beaches are clothing optional.

Cayo Coco

Cayo Coco is another of Cuba's idyllic beach destinations and one of its most isolated. The island starred in Hemingway's novels, Islands in the Stream and The Old Man and the Sea, along with nearby Cayo Guillermo .

As part of the Jardines del Rey , the combined archipelago of Sabana-Camaguey , Cayo Coco is connected to the mainland by a bridge, though most visitors arrive by air.

Sun-splashed beaches are the prime attraction. Playa Los Flamencos, on the Atlantic side of the island, is a standout with its five-kilometer strand of sun-bleached sand, and the quiet and undeveloped Playa Prohibida offers a peaceful nature trail. The island is also known for its excellent birding.

Connected by a causeway to Cayo Coco, Cayo Guillermo also boasts a bevy of beautiful beaches, such as the ravishing Playa Pilar, as well as a string of all-inclusive resorts.

Parque Nacional Viñales (Valle de Viñales)

A UNESCO World Heritage Site , the Parque Nacional Viñales is a beautiful, verdant valley in the Sierra de los Organos, north of Pinar del Rio. Steep limestone hills, called mogotes, slice through the valleys, creating a dramatic landscape, and the wildlife

The valley floors in the Parque Nacional Viñales are agricultural areas where tobacco, fruit, and vegetables are grown. For outdoor enthusiasts, the park offers fantastic hiking and horseback riding in the hills. You can also tour coffee plantations, explore caves, and go rock climbing or ziplining here.

Nearby, the charming town of Viñales is a great base for exploring the surrounding area. Tour companies also offer day trips here from Havana.

Baracoa

One of the highlights of eastern Cuba is beautiful Baracoa, the oldest city in the country. It was founded in 1511 in the province of Guantanamo, and construction began on the first church here around that time. Cut off from much of the outside world until the 1960s, when the La Farola highway was built, the city still has a remote feel.

Today, visitors come here for the charming colonial architecture and lush countryside, where waterfalls and pretty beaches provide a cool counterpoint to the steamy jungle. The flat-topped peak of El Yunque presides over all this tropical beauty, beckoning hikers to take the guided ascent to its 589-meter summit. The hillside is a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve where rare birds and plants thrive.

To really appreciate the spectacular scenery, take a drive down the winding La Farola highway , a 49-kilometer stretch from Baracoa over the mountains to Cajobabo .

The Museo Municipal is also worth a look. Housed in the Fuerte Matachin military fortress, it provides a glimpse of Baracoa's fascinating history, and the fort itself offers great views over the bay.

About 20 kilometers northwest of Baracoa is one of the area's best beaches: picture-perfect Playa Maguana . If you're looking for something adventurous to do in Cuba, you can rent a bicycle in Baracoa and peddle out here. Flights to Baracoa depart frequently from Havana.

The Malecon, Havana

Conceived in 1901 and partly built in 1902 and beyond, the Malecon is Havana's famous seafront promenade. A walk along this top Havana attraction is a stroll through the history of the city.

The promenade runs seven kilometers from the Habana Vieja quarter to the Vedado, the central business district. Along the way, you will find an assortment of well-preserved 20th-century buildings that represent a mixture of architectural styles, including Art Deco and Neo Moorish. Painted in pastel pinks and yellows, the buildings are a photographer's delight, especially in the golden glow of dusk.

People-watching is a favorite pastime here. Young lovers saunter hand-in-hand, local fishermen cast their lines, and children clamber along the sea wall.

Che Guevara Mausoleum, Santa Clara

When beach towns and resorts all start to seem the same, and you're looking for unique things to do in Cuba, Santa Clara will add some depth to your Cuban itinerary. This is the famous site of the last guerrilla battle led by Che Guevara in 1958.

Che's body was laid to rest here, and his mausoleum (Mausoleo del Che Guevara) and monument, the Memorial Comandante Ernesto "Che" Guevara, are the town's big attractions. Etched on the bronze statue of Che Guevara in Plaza de la Revolucion is his final letter to Fidel Castro, while the mausoleum lies beneath.

Adjacent to the monument, the Museo Historico de la Revolucion exhibits some of Che's personal items. Che fans should also see the poignant Monumento a la Toma del Tren Blindado, a small boxcar museum and the site of the final battle between Che Guevara and the Batista troops.

Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes

If you're an art lover, don't miss Havana's Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes (National Museum of Fine Arts), with its vast and impressive collection of international and Cuban art.

The collection is housed in two buildings and includes works from ancient times to the present day. Clad in sumptuous Italian marble, the restored Spanish Renaissance-style Palacio del Centro Asturiano was designed in the 1920s by Manuel Bustos. It displays international art, including works by European Masters; ancient art from Greece, Rome, and Egypt; and works from Asia, the United States, and Latin America. The Spanish collection, in particular, is a highlight.

The striking marble sculpture, Form, Space and Light , greets visitors at the entrance to the second venue, which dates from 1959. This Rationalist-style Palacio de Bellas Artes building displays a thought-provoking collection focusing on Cuban Art from the 17th century to the present day, including sculptures, prints, and paintings.

Palacio de Bellas Artes

Address: Trocadero Street e/Zulueta y Monserrate, Old Havana

Palacio del Centro Asturiano

Address: San Rafael, e/Zulueta y Monserrate, Old Havana

Castillo de San Pedro del Morro, Santiago de Cuba

A UNESCO World Heritage Site, Castillo del Morro is one of the best-preserved Spanish fortresses of the 17th century. It stands at the entrance to the Bay of Santiago, about 10 kilometers southwest of Santiago de Cuba, the country's second-largest city.

Perched high atop a cliff, the structure was designed in 1587, but took decades to build and was finally completed at the end of the 17th century. It was originally intended to protect against pirate attacks, but also served as a prison in the late 1700s before being once again converted into a fortress.

Today, you can explore the many different levels of the fort, learn about pirates and the fort history in the small museum, and enjoy impressive views over the bay.

Other cultural highlights of Santiago de Cuba include the Diego Velazquez Museum and Cementerio de Santa Ifigenia , home to the remains of some of Cuba's most famous military figures.

Less than an hour from the city by car, Parque Baconao is a World Heritage Biosphere Reserve where you can tour coffee plantations, wander through beautiful botanical gardens, and enjoy stunning 360-degree views over the mountains and sea from the 1,234-meter summit of Gran Piedra, a large volcanic rock.

Peninsula de Zapata (Ciénaga de Zapata)

A haven for birders and nature lovers, the Peninsula de Zapata is a remote, sparsely populated area of Cuba with diverse landscapes and one of the largest wetlands in the Caribbean .

The Cienaga de Zapata, or the Zapata Swamp as it is affectionately known, is a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, home to approximately 150 different species of birds, including waterhens, parrots, and herons. Crocodiles are also common.

One part of the peninsula is a designated nature reserve, the Gran Parque Natural de Montemar , where you can see some of these creatures in their natural habitats.

At the mouth of the Bay of Pigs (Bahia de Cochinos) is Playa Giron , the famous site of the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion. You can explore this fascinating history at the small Museo Giron .

At the top of the Bay of Pigs, Playa Larga is home to a long beach backed by lush vegetation. Avid divers can explore the underwater wildlife at numerous dive sites here along the reef.

Boca de Guama is the peninsula's tourist center, and its main attraction is the Criadero de Cocodrilos , a crocodile farm.

Poceta de Cristal in El Nicho National Park

If you're looking for a ravishing slice of nature in central Cuba, head to El Nicho waterfalls. About a 90-minute drive from Trinidad or Cienfuegos, in Parque El Nicho , these multi-tiered falls flow into several jade-green jungle pools — the perfect place to take a cool dip on a hot day.

Driving here along the twisty rutted roads is an adventure in itself, and the scenery is beautiful. Once you arrive and pay the entrance fee, take the 1.5-mile palm-lined trail to the park's most scenic spots. It meanders along a cool river and ascends through thick, tropical forest to the falls, where you can swim and sunbathe. Along the way, keep an eye out for the tocororo, Cuba's national bird, and the beautiful royal palm.

Walk beyond the falls, and you'll end up at a scenic lookout with breathtaking views across lush valleys.

Wondering about things to do with the family in Cuba? This is the perfect back-to-nature excursion. Best of all, the waterfalls gush year-round — even in the dry season.

Parque Historico Militar, Havana

The Parque Historico Militar encompasses two of Havana's famous fortresses: the Castillo de los Tres Reyes del Morro , also known as El Morro, and Fortaleza de San Carlos de la Cabana .

Presiding over the entrance of the Bay of Havana, El Morro was built in the late 16th century and early 17th century to fend off pirates, and looks much the same as it did back then. The lighthouse was replaced with one of stone in the middle of the 19th century, but its original lamp still shines out to sea. You can ascend to the top of the fort to admire impressive views of the ocean and city.

A short stroll from El Morro, Fortaleza de San Carlos de la Cabana , constructed in the 1770s, was the biggest fort the Spanish ever built, as well as the most expensive. The fort became a military prison during the Batista regime and was later used as the headquarters for Che Guevara after the Revolution.

You can explore the museums here, which trace the history of this fascinating fort, but the most popular time to visit is at night when actors dressed in 19th-century costumes perform Ceremonia del Cañonazo, a cannon-firing ceremony, at 9pm.

Plaza de la Revolucion (Jose Marti Memorial), Havana

Due to its important place in Havana's history, the Plaza de la Revolucion deserves at least a brief stop if only to absorb the events that transpired here. Castro delivered speeches in this vast square, attracting more than a million people at times. And in 1998, during a visit to Cuba, Pope John Paul II celebrated mass here.

In the center of the Plaza de la Revolucion stands a 109-meter gray tower, a memorial to the Cuban national hero, Jose Marti, while a large, white marble statue of him lies at its base. Below the statue is the entrance to the interior of the Jose Marti Memorial , which contains a museum on Marti. Ascend the tower for incredible views over Havana.

Opposite the memorial, the famous giant portrait of Che Guevara adorns the Ministry of Interior building. This is a popular spot for capturing Instagram photos, and you can also pose next to one of the colorful classic cars parked here.

Image from the house of Cuban artist José Fuster in Fusterlandia, Havana

A riot of color and bucketloads of artistic inspiration is what you'll find at Fusterlandia. Mosaics, paintings, and sculptures in every color of the rainbow decorate this small neighborhood, which is actually called Jaimanitas. It's located about a 30-minute drive from Havana.

Local artist José Fuster, often called the Picasso of the Caribbean, is the artistic mastermind who transformed the neighborhood. A painter and sculptor, he created this striking display as a reflection of his life and art, even taking the time to decorate local bus shelters and his neighbors' homes.

After you click away at all the colorful art with your camera, pop by his home studio. Many Havana tours include a visit to this famous neighborhood, but you can also take the hop-on, hop-off tourist bus for a small fee. And if you really want to splash out, you can take a tour in a classic car.

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Tourism in Cuba is big business. But why is this industry so important and what does it all mean? Read on to find out…

Tourism in Cuba

The geography of cuba, the tourism industry in cuba, statistics about tourism in cuba, the most popular tourist attractions in cuba, the most popular types of tourism in cuba, the economic impacts of tourism in cuba, the social impacts of tourism in cuba, the environmental impacts of tourism in cuba, faqs about tourism in cuba, to conclude: tourism in cuba.

Cuba, the largest Caribbean island, boasts a rich tapestry of history, culture, and natural wonders. This article delves into the dynamics of Cuba’s tourism industry, highlighting its significance to the nation’s economy and the enduring allure of its colonial cities, vibrant music scenes, and pristine beaches.

Cuba is an island nation located in the Caribbean Sea, south of the United States and east of Mexico. Here are some key aspects of Cuba’s geography :

1. Size and Land Area: Cuba is the largest island in the Caribbean, with a total land area of approximately 109,884 square kilometres (42,426 square miles). It extends about 1,200 kilometres (750 miles) from east to west and is around 191 kilometres (119 miles) at its widest point.

2. Archipelago: In addition to the main island, Cuba is composed of over 4,000 smaller islands, islets, and cays. The most significant among them are the Isla de la Juventud (Isle of Youth) and the archipelagos of Los Canarreos and Jardines de la Reina.

3. Coastal Features: Cuba has a lengthy coastline, stretching over 5,746 kilometres (3,570 miles). It is characterised by numerous bays, gulfs, and natural harbours. The Gulf of Mexico lies to the north, while the Caribbean Sea surrounds the southern and western parts of the island.

4. Topography: Cuba’s topography is diverse, with a combination of flat plains, rolling hills, and mountainous regions. The western part of the island features the Sierra de los Órganos mountain range, with Pico Turquino as the highest peak, reaching 1,974 metres (6,476 feet). The eastern part is dominated by the Sierra Maestra range, home to Pico Real del Turquino, the highest point in Cuba at 1,974 metres (6,476 feet).

5. Valleys and Plains: Between the mountain ranges, there are several fertile valleys and plains. The most notable ones include the Cauto Valley, Zapata Peninsula, and the extensive plain of La Habana-Matanzas.

6. Rivers: Cuba has numerous rivers, with the longest being the Cauto River, stretching approximately 343 kilometres (213 miles). Other significant rivers include the Toa, Sagua la Grande, and Hanabanilla.

7. Climate: Cuba has a tropical climate, with warm temperatures year-round. The island experiences distinct wet and dry seasons. The wet season occurs from May to October, with higher temperatures and increased rainfall. The dry season, from November to April, is characterised by lower humidity and milder temperatures.

8. Ecosystems and Biodiversity: Cuba is known for its diverse ecosystems and rich biodiversity. It is home to various habitats, including tropical rainforests, mangroves, wetlands, and coral reefs. The country boasts a wide array of plant and animal species, including endemic species found only in Cuba.

Cuba’s geography, with its beautiful coastlines, mountains, fertile plains, and diverse ecosystems, contributes to its appeal as a tourist destination and plays a significant role in its cultural and economic activities.

The tourism industry in Cuba plays a vital role in the country’s economy. Cuba is known for its rich cultural heritage, beautiful beaches, vibrant cities, and historical sites, attracting millions of visitors each year. Here are some key aspects of the tourism industry in Cuba:

1. Importance to the Economy: Tourism is one of the main sources of foreign currency earnings for Cuba. It contributes significantly to the country’s GDP and provides employment opportunities for a large number of people in various sectors, including hospitality, transportation, entertainment, and services.

Tourism in Cuba 

2. Visitor Arrivals: Cuba has been experiencing a steady growth in tourist arrivals over the years. Visitors come from various countries, with the majority coming from Canada, the United States, Europe, and Latin America. The ease of travel restrictions, improved diplomatic relations, and increased airline connectivity have contributed to the growth in tourism.

3. Cultural and Historical Tourism: Cuba’s rich cultural heritage and history attract many visitors. The country has numerous UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including Old Havana, Viñales Valley, Trinidad, and the historic city of Camagüey. Visitors can explore colonial architecture, vibrant music and dance scenes, museums, art galleries, and experience the unique Cuban way of life.

4. Beach Tourism: Cuba is famous for its pristine beaches and crystal-clear waters. Varadero, Cayo Coco, Cayo Santa Maria, and Guardalavaca are among the popular beach destinations. Tourists can relax on white sandy beaches, engage in water sports, and enjoy the tropical climate.

5. Nature and Ecotourism: Cuba’s diverse ecosystems offer opportunities for nature lovers and ecotourism enthusiasts. The country has protected areas, national parks, and biosphere reserves where visitors can explore lush rainforests, hike in the mountains, observe unique flora and fauna, and engage in activities like birdwatching and diving.

6. Medical Tourism: Cuba is known for its advanced healthcare system and medical expertise. Medical tourism has become increasingly popular, with visitors seeking specialised medical treatments, including surgeries, dental procedures, and wellness programs. The country offers high-quality medical services at relatively lower costs compared to other countries.

7. Cruise Tourism: Cuba has been a popular destination for cruise ships. Major cruise lines include Cuba in their itineraries, allowing visitors to explore multiple cities and attractions during their stay. Havana, Cienfuegos, and Santiago de Cuba are commonly visited ports.

8. Challenges and Opportunities: The tourism industry in Cuba faces challenges such as limited infrastructure, inconsistent service quality, and restrictions on U.S. travel. However, the country has been investing in tourism infrastructure development, increasing hotel capacity, and improving services to meet the growing demand. With the ongoing changes in international relations and evolving travel regulations, there are opportunities for further growth and development of the tourism industry.

It’s worth noting that the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted global tourism, including Cuba. Travel restrictions and safety measures have been implemented to protect public health. It’s important for travellers to stay updated on the latest travel advisories and guidelines when planning a trip to Cuba.

Now lets put things into perspective. Here are some statistics about tourism in Cuba:

1. Visitor Arrivals: In 2019, Cuba received a total of 4.27 million international visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations in the Caribbean.

2. Source Markets: The largest source markets for tourists visiting Cuba are Canada, followed by the United States, Europe (including the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Spain), and Latin American countries.

3. Tourism Revenue: In 2019, tourism revenue in Cuba amounted to approximately 2.6 billion U.S. dollars.

4. Employment: The tourism industry is a significant employer in Cuba, providing jobs for a large number of people. It directly employs around 400,000 individuals and has a multiplier effect on job creation in related sectors.

5. Accommodation Capacity: Cuba has a growing accommodation capacity to meet the demand of tourists. As of 2019, the country had around 70,000 hotel rooms, along with a variety of private accommodations such as casas particulares (bed and breakfasts) and vacation rentals.

6. Cultural Tourism: Cultural tourism is a prominent aspect of Cuba’s tourism industry. The country has 10 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including Old Havana, Trinidad, and Viñales Valley, attracting visitors interested in exploring its rich history, architecture, music, and arts.

7. Beach Tourism: Cuba’s beautiful beaches are a major draw for tourists. The country boasts over 3,500 kilometres (2,175 miles) of coastline and numerous beach destinations such as Varadero, Cayo Coco, and Guardalavaca.

8. Cruise Tourism: Cuba has been a popular destination for cruise ships. In 2019, over 570,000 cruise passengers visited the country, arriving at various ports such as Havana, Cienfuegos, and Santiago de Cuba.

9. Medical Tourism: Cuba has gained recognition for its medical tourism sector, offering high-quality healthcare services at affordable prices. In 2019, around 42,000 medical tourists visited Cuba for treatments and wellness programs.

Tourism in Cuba

10. Investments and Development: Cuba has been investing in tourism infrastructure and development projects to enhance its offerings and attract more visitors. This includes the construction of new hotels, the restoration of historical sites, and the improvement of transportation networks.

It’s important to note that these statistics are based on pre-pandemic data, and the tourism industry has been significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. It’s advisable to refer to the latest reports and updates for the most current information on tourism in Cuba.

Cuba is home to a variety of captivating tourist attractions that offer a blend of history, culture, natural beauty, and vibrant city life. Here are some of the most popular tourist attractions in Cuba:

1. Havana: The capital city of Cuba, Havana, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a treasure trove of colonial architecture, vibrant music, vintage cars, and lively street life. Old Havana (Habana Vieja) is particularly enchanting with its cobblestone streets, plazas, and historical buildings like the Castillo de la Real Fuerza and the iconic El Capitolio.

2. Viñales Valley: Located in western Cuba, the Viñales Valley is a UNESCO World Heritage Site known for its stunning landscapes and tobacco plantations. Visitors can explore the lush valleys, limestone mogotes (rock formations), and take part in tobacco farm tours to learn about Cuba’s famous cigar production.

3. Trinidad: A well-preserved colonial town, Trinidad is another UNESCO World Heritage Site. Its colourful streets, colonial mansions, and historic sites provide a glimpse into Cuba’s past. The Plaza Mayor, Trinidad’s main square, is a popular spot, and nearby attractions like the Valle de los Ingenios (Valley of the Sugar Mills) and Playa Ancón offer additional attractions.

4. Varadero: Cuba’s most famous beach resort destination, Varadero, boasts pristine white-sand beaches and turquoise waters. It offers a range of all-inclusive resorts, water sports activities, and a vibrant nightlife scene.

5. Cienfuegos: Known as the “Pearl of the South,” Cienfuegos is a charming coastal city with French influences. The city’s main attraction is the historic centre, featuring neoclassical architecture and the picturesque Cienfuegos Bay. The Teatro Tomás Terry, Palacio de Valle, and the Malecón are popular sites to visit.

Tourism in Cuba

6. Santiago de Cuba: Located on the eastern side of the island, Santiago de Cuba is Cuba’s second-largest city and known as the cultural capital. It has a rich Afro-Cuban heritage, vibrant music, and historical significance. The Castillo del Morro, Moncada Barracks, and the Santa Ifigenia Cemetery, where Fidel Castro’s grave is located, are notable attractions.

7. El Nicho: El Nicho is a stunning natural attraction located in the Escambray Mountains. It offers cascading waterfalls, lush vegetation, hiking trails, and natural pools for swimming and relaxation. It’s a popular spot for nature lovers and outdoor enthusiasts.

8. Bay of Pigs: The Bay of Pigs (Bahía de Cochinos) is known for its historical significance as the site of the failed CIA-led invasion in 1961. Today, it attracts visitors with its beautiful beaches, excellent snorkelling and diving opportunities, and the Museo Girón, which provides insight into the invasion.

9. Baracoa: Situated on Cuba’s eastern tip, Baracoa is the country’s oldest city and a hidden gem. It offers picturesque landscapes, including mountains, rivers, and rainforests. Visitors can explore El Yunque, an iconic tabletop mountain, visit cocoa plantations, and immerse themselves in the city’s unique culture and cuisine.

10. Cayo Coco and Cayo Guillermo: These neighbouring islands are part of the Jardines del Rey archipelago and offer idyllic beach experiences with crystal-clear waters and white sandy beaches. They are popular for snorkelling, diving, and relaxation.

These attractions showcase Cuba’s diverse offerings, combining historical sites, natural wonders, and stunning beaches, providing visitors with a memorable and multifaceted experience.

Cuba offers a variety of tourism experiences that cater to different interests and preferences. Some of the most popular types of tourism in Cuba include:

1. Cultural Tourism: Cuba’s rich cultural heritage, vibrant music and dance scenes, and colonial architecture make it a popular destination for cultural tourism. Visitors can explore historic cities like Havana and Trinidad, visit museums and art galleries, immerse themselves in Afro-Cuban traditions, and enjoy live music performances.

2. Beach Tourism: Cuba’s pristine beaches, with their turquoise waters and white sandy shores, attract beach lovers from around the world. Destinations like Varadero, Cayo Coco, and Guardalavaca offer all-inclusive resorts, water sports activities, and opportunities for relaxation by the sea.

3. Historical Tourism: With its colonial past and revolutionary history, Cuba has numerous historical sites and landmarks. From the UNESCO-listed Old Havana to the Moncada Barracks in Santiago de Cuba, history enthusiasts can explore important sites and learn about Cuba’s fascinating past.

4. Nature and Ecotourism: Cuba’s diverse ecosystems, including rainforests, mountains, and coastal areas, make it an ideal destination for nature lovers and ecotourism. The Viñales Valley, Sierra Maestra, and the Zapata Peninsula are popular spots for hiking, birdwatching, and exploring unique flora and fauna.

5. Adventure Tourism: Adventure seekers can find opportunities for adventure tourism in Cuba. Activities like hiking, rock climbing, cave exploration, and snorkelling or diving in coral reefs offer exciting experiences for those looking for a bit of adrenaline.

6. Cruise Tourism: Cuba has become a popular destination for cruise ships, allowing visitors to explore multiple cities and attractions in a single trip. Havana, Cienfuegos, and Santiago de Cuba are often included in cruise itineraries.

7. Medical Tourism: Cuba has gained recognition for its medical expertise and healthcare system. Medical tourism in Cuba attracts visitors seeking specialised medical treatments, including surgeries, dental procedures, and wellness programs.

8. Educational and People-to-People Exchanges: Cuba’s unique history and culture make it a fascinating destination for educational travel and people-to-people exchanges. Visitors can engage with local communities, learn about Cuba’s social and economic systems, and participate in educational programs that promote cultural exchange.

9. Gastronomic Tourism: Cuban cuisine is gaining popularity worldwide, and food enthusiasts can explore the country’s culinary delights. From traditional Cuban dishes like ropa vieja and moros y cristianos to the vibrant street food scene, gastronomic tourism offers a chance to savour the flavours of Cuba.

Tourism in Cuba

10. Music and Dance Tourism: Cuba is renowned for its music and dance traditions, including salsa, rumba, and Afro-Cuban rhythms. Music and dance enthusiasts can participate in workshops, attend live performances, and even learn to dance from local experts.

These various types of tourism highlight the diverse experiences that Cuba has to offer, allowing visitors to tailor their trips to their specific interests and preferences.

Tourism plays a significant role in the Cuban economy, contributing to employment, foreign exchange earnings, and overall economic growth. Here are some key economic impacts of tourism in Cuba:

1. Foreign Exchange Earnings: Tourism in Cuba is one of the primary sources of foreign currency earnings for Cuba. Visitor spending on accommodation, food, transportation, shopping, and other services generates revenue that contributes to the country’s balance of payments and helps finance imports.

2. GDP Contribution: Tourism in Cuba makes a substantial contribution to Cuba’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It accounts for a significant portion of the country’s economic output, stimulating economic activity in various sectors such as hospitality, transportation, entertainment, retail, and agriculture.

3. Employment Generation: The tourism industry is a major employer in Cuba, providing jobs for a significant number of people. It offers employment opportunities not only in traditional tourism-related sectors such as hotels, restaurants, and tour operators but also in supporting industries like construction, transportation, handicrafts, and agriculture.

4. Small Business Development: Tourism in Cuba has facilitated the growth of small businesses and entrepreneurship. Activities such as casas particulares (private homestays), paladares (private restaurants), and independent tour guides have emerged, offering opportunities for self-employment and private sector development.

5. Infrastructure Development: The tourism industry drives infrastructure development in Cuba. To meet the demands of visitors, the country has invested in expanding and upgrading its tourism infrastructure, including the construction and renovation of hotels, resorts, airports, roads, and other transportation facilities.

6. Stimulating Ancillary Services: Tourism in Cuba stimulates the demand for various ancillary services, such as transportation services, travel agencies, tour operators, guides, souvenir shops, entertainment venues, and cultural activities. These services contribute to economic diversification and generate additional employment opportunities.

7. Regional Development: Tourism in Cuba has contributed to regional development in Cuba by attracting visitors to different parts of the country. While Havana remains a popular destination, other regions like Varadero, Trinidad, Cienfuegos, and Holguín have also benefited from tourism-related investments and infrastructure development.

8. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): The Cuban government has sought to attract foreign investment in the tourism sector. Joint ventures and foreign-owned hotels, resorts, and other tourism-related businesses have been established, bringing in capital, expertise, and technology.

9. Revenue for the State: The Cuban government generates revenue from tourism through taxes, licensing fees, and permits. This revenue can be reinvested in social programs, infrastructure development, education, healthcare, and other areas of national development.

10. Economic Resilience: The tourism industry has the potential to contribute to economic resilience by diversifying the sources of revenue and reducing dependence on a single industry or sector. It provides an alternative income stream and helps cushion the economy against external shocks.

Tourism in Cuba has several social impacts on the country and its people. Here are some key social impacts of tourism in Cuba:

1. Employment Opportunities: The tourism industry in Cuba provides employment opportunities for a significant number of people, including those in urban and rural areas. Jobs in hotels, restaurants, transportation, and other tourism-related sectors contribute to reducing unemployment and improving livelihoods.

2. Income Distribution: Tourism in Cuba can contribute to income redistribution by creating job opportunities for individuals from various socio-economic backgrounds. It can help reduce income disparities and improve the standard of living for local communities, particularly those engaged in tourism-related activities.

3. Cultural Exchange: Tourism in Cuba promotes cultural exchange between visitors and locals, allowing for the sharing of traditions, customs, and perspectives. It provides opportunities for Cubans to showcase their rich cultural heritage, music, dance, and arts, fostering mutual understanding and appreciation among people from different backgrounds.

4. Preservation of Cultural Heritage: The preservation of Cuba’s cultural heritage is essential for the tourism industry. Tourism can serve as an incentive to protect and maintain historical sites, architectural treasures, and traditions. It encourages local communities to value and preserve their cultural assets, contributing to the conservation of Cuba’s unique identity.

5. Community Development: Tourism in Cuba can stimulate community development by supporting local businesses, services, and infrastructure. Small-scale enterprises, such as casas particulares (private homestays) and paladares (private restaurants), can flourish due to tourist demand, leading to economic growth at the community level.

6. Infrastructure Development: The development of tourism infrastructure, such as hotels, transportation networks, and public facilities, can have broader benefits for local communities. Improved infrastructure can enhance residents’ quality of life, providing better access to services, transportation, and amenities.

7. Revitalization of Historic Centres: Tourism in Cuba can contribute to the revitalization of historic city centres. Investment in restoration and renovation projects not only preserves architectural heritage but also enhances the attractiveness and livability of these areas for both residents and visitors.

8. Cultural Preservation and Pride: The interest and appreciation of tourists in Cuban culture and traditions can instil a sense of pride among the local population. It can reinforce the value of cultural heritage and motivate young people to engage in activities that preserve and promote their cultural identity.

9. Social Services and Amenities: The presence of tourism in Cuba can lead to the improvement and expansion of social services and amenities in tourist destinations. Local communities may benefit from enhanced healthcare facilities, educational resources, recreational spaces, and other public services as a result of tourism-related investments.

10. Intercultural Understanding: Tourism in Cuba encourages intercultural understanding and tolerance. As Cubans interact with visitors from different countries and backgrounds, they gain exposure to diverse perspectives, lifestyles, and beliefs, fostering a more inclusive and globally aware society.

It’s important for tourism development to be managed sustainably and in a way that respects the local culture, community values, and social well-being. Balancing the positive social impacts of tourism with the preservation of local traditions and social structures is crucial for ensuring the long-term benefits for Cuban society.

Tourism in Cuba, like any other industry, can have both positive and negative environmental impacts. In the case of Cuba, tourism has the following environmental impacts:

1. Biodiversity Conservation: Cuba is known for its rich biodiversity, including unique ecosystems, endemic species, and protected areas. Responsible tourism practices can contribute to biodiversity conservation by supporting the management and protection of national parks, biosphere reserves, and other natural areas.

2. Sustainable Land Use: Tourism development in Cuba has the potential to encourage sustainable land use practices. Conservation-oriented planning and development can help minimise the conversion of natural areas for tourism purposes, ensuring the preservation of ecosystems and reducing habitat loss.

3. Energy and Water Consumption: The tourism industry requires significant energy and water resources for hotel operations, transportation, and other services. Sustainable tourism initiatives can promote energy-efficient practices, the use of renewable energy sources, and responsible water management to minimise the environmental footprint of tourism activities.

4. Waste Management: The increase in tourist activities can put pressure on waste management systems. Effective waste management practices, including recycling, waste reduction, and proper disposal, are important to minimise the environmental impact of tourism-related waste and prevent pollution of land and marine ecosystems.

5. Coastal and Marine Ecosystems: Cuba’s coastline and marine ecosystems, including coral reefs and mangroves, are vulnerable to the impacts of tourism in Cuba. Practices such as snorkelling, diving, and boating can lead to physical damage, pollution, and disturbance to marine life. Sustainable tourism approaches focus on responsible marine activities, promoting conservation and minimising negative impacts.

6. Climate Change Mitigation: The tourism sector contributes to greenhouse gas emissions through transportation, accommodation, and other activities. Efforts to mitigate climate change in tourism can involve carbon offsetting, energy-efficient infrastructure, and sustainable transportation options to reduce emissions.

7. Cultural and Historical Sites: Popular tourist attractions, such as historical sites and cultural landmarks, require careful management to prevent degradation and damage. Preservation and restoration efforts are necessary to protect these sites from the impacts of increased tourist visitation.

8. Sustainable Transport: Encouraging sustainable transportation options, such as public transportation, cycling, and walking, can help reduce the carbon footprint associated with tourism-related travel and alleviate congestion and air pollution in popular tourist destinations.

9. Environmental Education and Awareness: Tourism in Cuba provides an opportunity to raise environmental awareness among visitors and local communities. Environmental education initiatives, including interpretive programs, guided tours, and information centres, can promote a greater understanding of Cuba’s natural environment and encourage responsible behaviours.

10. Sustainable Tourism Practices: Implementing sustainable tourism practices, such as eco-certifications, guidelines, and codes of conduct, can help minimise the environmental impact of tourism in Cuba. This includes encouraging responsible visitor behaviour, promoting sustainable resource management, and supporting eco-friendly initiatives.

It’s crucial for Cuba’s tourism industry to adopt sustainable practices that balance economic development with environmental protection. By integrating environmental considerations into tourism planning and operations, Cuba can ensure the long-term preservation of its natural resources and promote a more sustainable tourism sector.

Tourism in Cuba

Now that we know a bit more about tourism in Cuba, lets answer some of the most common questions on this topic:

1. Q: Is it safe to travel to Cuba?

   A: Yes, Cuba is generally considered a safe destination for travellers. However, it’s important to exercise caution and take necessary precautions to ensure personal safety.

2. Q: Do I need a visa to visit Cuba?

   A: Yes, most visitors to Cuba require a visa. The type of visa and entry requirements may vary depending on your nationality. It’s advisable to check with the Cuban embassy or consulate in your country for specific visa requirements.

3. Q: What is the best time to visit Cuba?

   A: The best time to visit Cuba is during the dry season, which generally runs from November to April. The weather is pleasant, with lower humidity and less rainfall. However, Cuba can be visited year-round, and each season has its own charm.

4. Q: Can I use U.S. dollars in Cuba?

   A: While the use of U.S. dollars was common in the past, Cuba has shifted to a dual currency system, primarily using the Cuban Convertible Peso (CUC) for tourists. It’s advisable to exchange your currency to CUC or use credit/debit cards in Cuba.

5. Q: Can I use credit/debit cards in Cuba?

   A: Yes, credit and debit cards from international banks are generally accepted in major tourist areas, hotels, and larger establishments. However, it’s advisable to carry cash as a backup, as some places may not accept cards or may have limited card payment facilities.

6. Q: What is the Internet and communication situation in Cuba?

   A: Internet access in Cuba can be limited and less reliable compared to other countries. Wi-Fi hotspots are available in certain public areas, hotels, and resorts. You can purchase Wi-Fi cards to access the internet for a limited time. Mobile data services may also be available but can be expensive.

7. Q: Can I use my cell phone in Cuba?

   A: It depends on your cell phone provider and the availability of roaming services. It’s recommended to check with your service provider before travelling to Cuba and inquire about international roaming plans or purchasing a local SIM card.

8. Q: What are the popular tourist destinations in Cuba?

   A: Popular tourist destinations in Cuba include Havana, Varadero, Trinidad, Viñales, Santiago de Cuba, and Cienfuegos. These cities offer a mix of historical sites, cultural experiences, natural beauty, and beautiful beaches.

9. Q: Can I drive a car in Cuba as a tourist?

   A: Yes, tourists can rent cars in Cuba, but it’s important to note that driving conditions and road signage may be different from what you’re accustomed to. It’s advisable to have a valid international driver’s licence and familiarise yourself with local traffic rules and regulations.

10. Q: What are some must-try Cuban dishes?

    A: Some popular Cuban dishes include ropa vieja (shredded beef), arroz con pollo (chicken with rice), lechon asado (roast pork), tostones (fried plantains), and moros y cristianos (black beans and rice). Don’t forget to try the refreshing mojito and traditional Cuban coffee.

Cuba, with its rich history, lively music, and iconic vintage cars, stands as a unique destination in the Caribbean. The tourism sector in Cuba is pivotal, shaping the nation’s economic landscape and influencing cultural exchanges. However, alongside its economic contributions, the industry also brings forth challenges, including environmental and socio-cultural implications. In conclusion, ensuring a balanced approach to tourism is imperative for Cuba to maintain its vibrant character, whilst fostering a sustainable relationship between visitors and local communities.

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Tourism in Cuba

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Riding the wave toward sustainable prosperity, richard e. feinberg and richard e. feinberg former brookings expert, professor, school of global policy & strategy - university of california san diego @rfeinberg2012 richard s. newfarmer richard s. newfarmer country director, rwanda and uganda - international growth centre.

Friday, December 2, 2016

Tourism is booming today in Cuba. Two big international shocks to the Cuban economy have contributed to this development.

One shock was negative: Cuba’s main international commercial partners—Venezuela, Brazil, China—have lost their appetites for subsidizing the anemic Cuban economy, lending a new urgency to grow perennially lethargic exports, and forcing the Cuban authorities to look for new sources of foreign exchange.

Tourism is booming in Cuba and is poised to explode

The second shock was positive: In the wake of the December 2014 rapprochement, the United States significantly relaxed restrictions on U.S. travel to the island, and prospective tourists in other nations saw Cuba in a new light. As a result, tourist arrivals jumped by over 16 percent in 2015 to 3.5 million. U.S. travelers, including those from the Cuban diaspora, now amount to roughly 14 percent of new arrivals, and are expected to nearly double in 2016.

Following U.S.-Cuba rapprochement in 2014, the United States significantly relaxed restrictions on U.S. travel to the island

With lovely beaches, several U.N. historic sites, and a vibrant culture, the industry has enormous potential. Moreover, Cuba still has a relatively low volume of tourists, and if properly managed could readily accommodate planned expansion and become a driver of rising incomes for the whole nation. The industry already makes an important contribution to the Cuban economy. Both public and private workers in the industry benefit directly from employment and income, thousands of suppliers benefit from sales to the industry, and the emerging private businesses include tourism-centric B&Bs, taxi transport, and restaurants. However, the industry has progressively lagged behind other countries in the region in the quality of its offerings and services. Because of government-imposed restrictions on foreign trade, labor markets, and local purchases of inputs, Cuban earnings from the industry as a share of GDP are roughly half that of its Caribbean Basin neighbors, the Dominican Republic and Costa Rica.

The government envisages boosting the number of visitors to over 10 million in 2030. It plans to add 108,000 new rooms, mainly in beach resorts and by relying on the internal cash flow of state-owned conglomerates. How feasible are these goals? Using industry norms, we estimate that Cuba would have to invest roughly $33 billion over 15 years to 2030 to achieve these targets—a massive sum in comparison to the overall size of the Cuban economy ($87 billion according to official sources). It seems unlikely that, given low domestic savings and current policies, the country can reach these ambitious goals.

The Cuban government's 2030 Vision Plan recognizes the centrality of tourism to the nation's future

Three state-owned enterprises dominate the sector. The largest conglomerate, Gaviota, reports to the Ministry of Defense (MINFAR), and is responsible for about 25 percent of total rooms available to international tourists. While fully two-thirds of hotel rooms operate with foreign collaboration, most take the form of management contracts. Joint ventures with foreign equity are the exception rather than the rule.

At the same time, private bed and breakfasts are rapidly growing, and now offer nearly one-quarter of available rooms. B&Bs have attracted sizeable foreign savings—by all accounts, mainly through remittances from relatives and friends—all the while maintaining legal ownership by domestic Cubans. These, together with private restaurants, private construction companies, and other tourist services, constitute a dynamic cluster of private enterprise that we estimate now amounts to about 30 percent of the tourism industry.

Private B and B operations are the most rapidly growing sector of accommodations serving foreign tourism in Cuba

Policy Recommendations

Cuban policies to promote sustainable growth.

Despite these challenges, realizing Cuba’s objectives of 10 million tourists is quite feasible—but only if the government adopts new policies to replace those that now shackle growth. These include most prominently:

  • Rather than seek to fund nearly all of the planned investments in hotels from internal cash flow, the country could mobilize more foreign savings by welcoming greater foreign investment . For the hotel sector and broader industry (such as golf and other leisure activities), this requires establishing clearer rules to attract foreign investment and streamlining the overly discretionary approval processes that have delayed many long-gestating projects.
  • The promising B&Bs sector could attract a surge in foreign exchange if Cubans were allowed to own more than one private dwelling. Simplifying the tax structure facing private firms and property owners would create incentives to save and invest. Amending the payroll tax system and regulations would encourage new jobs, not discourage them as they do now.
  • The government currently extracts resources from the tourism sector through a series of instruments that severely dampen growth. The most distortionary is the dual currency/dual exchange rate system. Progressively replacing this complex rationing system of foreign exchange with a modern trading system and a modern tax system would provide the state with valuable resources to invest in health, education, urban rehabilitation, and other priorities. New taxes could include a value-added tax (VAT) on hotels and tourist services, a property tax on assets, and corporate income taxes.
  • Revamping the pricing systems governing critical inputs, together with exchange rate reforms , would open the way for deepening the employment and linkage effects of the industry. While the government has taken steps to liberalize ancillary aspects of the industry—for example, restaurants and taxis—its efforts have been fitful and inconsistent, particularly in agriculture. Gradually phasing in market prices in food production, while retaining state stores to serve subsidized low-income groups, would provide incentives for farmers to expand supply, substitute for imports, and increase yields.
  • All of this would entail a shift in strategy toward increasing quality and raising domestic value added . Cuba aspires to target more upscale markets, and this means investing in better quality service and facilities, and in more staff training. Rather than focusing so heavily on large resort complexes, Cuba might do better to also dot the island with smaller, more customized facilities, offering an eco-friendly and authentic experience.
  • Finally, a high priority is increasing connectivity . Cuba has already opened new air links. No less important is improving its internet connectivity, both as part of efforts to provide a quality experience for visitors and to encourage management and financial transactions integral to first-class industry.

U.S. Policies to Promote the Industry

The United States in its own national interest should support the industry’s development. The U.S. tourism industry has the most sophisticated services in the world, yet for the last several decades it has ceded prospective market share in Cuba to European and Canadian competitors. Rather, it could become a partner in the Cuban industry’s development:

  • The United States should continue its willingness to support economic reform in Cuba , particularly through continuing liberalization of travel and commercial airline flights, promotion of telecommunications links, and greater openness in financial transactions.
  • The U.S. government could provide a general license for U.S. firms to engage in the tourism sector and to engage in management contracts and joint ventures. It is contradictory to allow a surge in U.S. visitors without allowing U.S. businesses to help to construct the associated infrastructure and services.
  • The United States should encourage Cuba to engage with the international financial institutions , recognizing that such engagement brings new responsibilities along with access to new information, knowledge, and eventually finance.
  • To advance sustainability practices, encourage U.S. hotel chains and investors to follow high-quality corporate social responsibility practices . As part of this, facilitating partnerships between environmental NGOs and Cuban counterparts as well as between the U.S. National Park Service, Environmental Protection Agency, and other U.S. agencies with management skills and technology the Cuban government lacks can contribute to preserving the environment in the Caribbean Basin.

Since the November elections in the United States, some have argued that the opening to Cuba should be reversed. In the tourism sector, this would be counterproductive to U.S. interests for three reasons:

First, Cuban-Americans and other U.S. citizens that meet certain carefully delineated criteria to visit Cuba are accelerating the development of individual and family entrepreneurs that comprise the vibrant private tourism cluster—whose expansion is clearly in the U.S. national interest—as well as increasing income of workers throughout the tourism sector.

Second, some have argued that all visitor expenditures mainly benefit the Cuban military. However, as this paper demonstrates, while the MINFAR-owned Gaviota tourism firm holds significant market share, the majority of hotel rooms are owned either by non-MINFAR state-owned enterprises or private B&Bs; and even in the case of Gaviota hotels, most of the revenues are paid out in salaries to ordinary Cubans, private or cooperative suppliers, or to other state firms that also employ common citizens. Moreover, it is difficult to argue that the military’s involvement in the tourism sector grants it access to resources that its standing within the government as a whole would not otherwise give it.

Third, re-imposing restrictions on American visitors or private commerce may reduce tourist earnings—at the cost of hurting ordinary Cubans—but it will have limited impact on the course of the industry’s expansion because Europeans, Latin Americans, and others will continue their deepening engagement with the Cuban economy.

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A hotel is seen at a beach in Varadero, Cuba, in March.

Can Cuba’s tourism adapt to survive after Covid devastated the industry?

Island’s recovery faces tough obstacles, and there are signs it is not keeping up with its competitors

C uba’s leaders arrived on the spectacular beach at Varadero this week in an effort to restart a tourism industry whose pandemic-induced devastation was all too apparent in the swaths of empty loungers on the miles of perfect sand.

So crucial is tourism to Cuba’s economy – and therefore its stability – that President Miguel Díaz-Canel, the prime minister, Manuel Marrero Cruz, and at least seven further ministers attended the launch of FITCuba, its annual tourism fair.

Marrero Cruz highlighted the island’s safety and its success in combating Covid, before praising an aggressive, if controversial, hotel building programme. He quoted Fidel Castro as saying: “Each hotel that is opened is a factory that produces an income for the country.”

Yet Cuba’s recovery faces tough obstacles, and there are signs it is not keeping up with its competitors. “Europe is booming,” said one hotelier who asked not to be named. “And the word is that the Dominican Republic and Mexico are both doing well.”

The country’s image was further damaged when a suspected gas leak tore apart one of Havana’s most iconic hotels on Friday . The entire front of the Hotel Saratoga, the first true luxury hotel built since the revolution, collapsed into the street killing at least eight people. Fortunately the hotel had yet to reopen following the pandemic.

Last year, with its main market Canada closed, Cuba pinned its hopes on Russians, who made up 40% of all visitors in 2021. Then came the war in Ukraine. Flights stopped almost overnight and 8,000 Russian holidaymakers (and several hundred Ukrainians) desperately tried to get home.

Juan Carlos García Granda, the minister of tourism, also blamed “the other pandemic, the one that has lasted over six decades … the cruel US blockade”. While this is a common government complaint, there is evidence to support his contention that it had “recently been stepped up”.

Expatriate WhatsApp groups have lit up over the last two weeks with complaints that travellers flying from Havana to American cities are suddenly having their ESTAs permanently rescinded, the visa waiver that allows citizens of almost 40 prosperous countries to enter the US easily.

The US embassy would not confirm a new policy and referred questions to the Department of Homeland Security, which failed to return calls, but airline staff with American Airlines and JetBlue say it is now a regular occurrence.

Cuba’s communist-led government remains wedded to its all-inclusive beach hotels as means of channeling a visitor’s entire spending through state coffers, despite preceding the fair with a conference on sustainable tourism. They own the properties and foreign management companies run the businesses.

A tourist has a drink next to a Cuban flag and a poster depicting Che Guevara at a restaurant in Viñales, Pinar del Rio province, Cuba.

On Wednesday, Blue Diamond, the Canadian owners of the Royalton and Memories brands, announced a vast project to take over the management of the whole of a southern island, Cayo Largo, a total of four hotels and eight “villages” totalling 1,348 rooms. They will also manage the beach restaurants and even the shops.

Cayo Largo used to be a tourist destination, but the airport fell into disrepair. Now it has been renovated to allow airliners direct access from Canada, Italy and Germany. “That’s the only way of guaranteeing occupation,” said Miguel García Núñez, Blue Diamond’s promotion manager.

New hotels have also gone up in the cities. According to senior managers at Iberostar, the Spanish hotel chain, there is an increasing interest in holidays that take in both the beach and Cuba’s iconic cities such as Havana, Trinidad and Santiago.

“The old clients came to Cuba from Canada for sun and beach, but the millennials want to explore Cuba,” said Alexei Torres Velázquez, Iberostar’s head of marketing.

Yet only 2% of all the official hotel rooms on the island are not on the beach or in the cities, and many of Cuba’s greatest assets – including the extraordinary interior of the 777-mile-long island – remain unexploited.

Trips outside the all-inclusive bubbles also have a new danger. Cuba is struggling with soaring inflation that has seen a currency black market establish itself, with private restaurants charging at the equivalent of 100 pesos to the dollar, compared with an official government rate of 24 to one.

Tourists look at the Mural of Prehistory in Viñales, Pinar del Río province, Cuba

“We arrived with just £100 in cash,” said British visitor Max Radford, who visited in January to celebrate his engagement to girlfriend Ali. “When we went to an ATM we realised our trip was impossible at the government exchange rate. A small bottle of beer [in a private restaurant] cost the equivalent of £10 and a 20-minute taxi ride £150.”

Tourists who bring cash now have to exchange with hustlers on the street to get good rates. In his speech opening the fair, tourism minister García Granda talked about reducing the reliance on cash, and creating a card with which tourists can pay for services.

For the government, the stakes could not be higher. One of the final countries in the world wedded to central planning, it buys the food, oil and other essentials that need to be imported. To pay it needs foreign currency and at its height tourism made up 40% of the Cuban economy. Foreign businesses now regularly complain that their bills are not being paid.

Still, there was optimism at the well-attended fair. Johnny Considine, owner of Cuba Private Travel, believes changes are under way. “I have noticed people getting import licences a lot faster, so that they can get access to good food and drinks. And yesterday they announced that a Venezuelan airline will do flights from Havana to Santiago [Cuba’s second city and a 12-hour drive]. So things are happening.

“It’s just quite slow.”

Most viewed

10 of the very best places to visit in Cuba

Diana Rita Cabrera

Jan 9, 2024 • 6 min read

is tourism big in cuba

Experience the very best of Cuba with these top places to visit, starting with Havana © Sean Pavone / Shutterstock

From gorgeous cities swaying to the beat of tropical rhythms to unspoiled, lush forests,  Cuba delights travelers with a wide variety of contrasting places.

Travelers will find eclectic architecture, white-sand beaches and prime wildlife-watching spots across the country. Here are 10 places worth adding to your Cuba itinerary to truly experience the Caribbean’s biggest and most fascinating island.

Best city for art and architecture

The Cuban capital of  Havana is packed with vintage cars, embellished with old-world cobblestone plazas and silhouetted on the north by a 5-mile sea drive known as the Malecón.

Make sure you visit  Habana Vieja ’s old squares for a glimpse of the colonial architecture that shaped the city in the 1700s and 1800s, where you can admire the palatial mansions that now operate as museums and hotels.

A walk along pedestrianized Calle Obispo  offers art galleries, shops, music venues and incredible architecture, with buildings spanning periods from the 1700s to the late 1900s in just a mile.

Planning tip:  Art is everywhere in Havana, with plenty of galleries and artsy outdoor areas such as San Isidro Art District and  Fusterlandia . For an in-depth session on Cuba’s artistic history, spend a day at the  Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes – Arte Cubano .

A lush green landscape that's filled with tobacco crops in the Valle de Viñales, Cuba

2. Valle de Viñales

Best for tobacco plantations

About 180km (100 miles) west of Havana,  Viñales is one of the most beautiful places in Cuba. It was added to UNESCO's World Heritage List because of its dramatic landscapes of red soils and distinctive limestone outcrops called mogotes. 

Viñales has the best casas particulares (private homestays) in Cuba and some of the friendliest and most helpful casa owners, who are the go-to coordinators for local activities. Choose from cycling, horseback riding or hiking to  Los Acuáticos and Valle del Palmarito, or drive to the  Gran Caverna Santo Tomás , Cuba’s largest cave system. 

Planning tip:  Touted as the growing spot of the world’s best tobacco, Viñales isn’t fully experienced unless you book an expert-guided tour inside the triangle-roofed drying houses scattered on local tobacco plantations.

3. Varadero

Best Cuban beach resort

Even if every tourist in Cuba decided to meet in  Varadero , there’s still room for more. Varadero is Cuba’s best beach resort, with 20km (12 miles) of white, powdery sand and impossibly crystalline waters.

You can stay in all types of accommodations, from top-end all-inclusive resorts to beautiful casas particulares . Families enjoy Varadero’s safe, shallow shores while revelers dance the night away at Casa de la Música or themed party nights at hotels.

Planning tip:  When you tire of the beach (if that is possible), while away an afternoon sipping rum-infused cocktails at  Mansión Xanadú ’s rooftop bar while gazing out at the peninsula. 

Three musicians sitting on a bench and playing music on a street in Santiago de Cuba

4. Santiago de Cuba

Best for understanding Cuba’s revolutionary history

Considered the second capital of Cuba,  Santiago de Cuba was the HQ of the revolutionary guerrillas in the 1950s, but there’s more to experience here. Caribbean rhythms, tropical flavors and frenzied festivals set the rhythm of this colorful city.

Start with a visit to  Cuartel Moncada , one of Cuba’s best museums, with a curated collection of the guerrillas’ paraphernalia and a detailed explanation of the events that started the 1959 revolution. Continue your journey through the past at the Basílica de Nuestra Señora del Cobre , Cuba’s most venerated church.

It has an exhibition of offerings given to the patron saint, including those given by the bearded revolutionaries themselves in the 1950s.

Planning tip: In symphony with its rebellious roots, Santiago bursts with a constant party-like atmosphere, reaching its pinnacle at the nationally famous Carnavales  (Carnival) right after the Día de la Rebeldía Nacional (National Rebellion Day) on July 26. 

Best for wildlife spotting 

Located in the easternmost tip of Cuba, just getting to  Baracoa is an experience in and of itself. The road from Guantánamo leads to La Farola, a sinuous 60km-long (37-mile) road considered the most scenic drive in Cuba.

Expect a three-hour trip through lush mountains, interrupted only by vendors of cucuruchos de Baracoa , a cone-shaped mix of coconut flakes, honey, guava paste and a fruity flavor (such as pineapple and orange rinds) all wrapped up in a palm frond.

Planning tip:  Río Duaba and  El Yunque are great spots for hiking among abundant flora and birdlife, but if you’re looking for a deeper immersion into semi-virgin forests, book a tour at Parque Nacional Alejandro de Humboldt.

Typical pastel-colored house with wooden front doors framed by plaster motifs and wrought-iron ornamental grills, Trinidad.

6. Trinidad

Best for shopping handmade arts and crafts

Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988 and a World Craft City in 2018,  Trinidad , full of cobblestoned streets and colonial-era mansions, is not only Cuba’s best-preserved “open-air museum,” it’s also a cradle of the best handmade crafts on the island.

Trinidad's needleworkers stitch their linen pieces at open-air markets, exhibiting handmade clothing, delicate embroidered tablecloths and garments such as guayaberas (Yucatán shirts).

Planning tip:  You’re likely to see local markets on pedestrianized parts of the town’s historical center, adjacent to the Plaza Mayor , but artisans also display a daily fair at the base of Torre Manaca Iznaga , 16km (10 miles) outside of Trinidad.

7. Matanzas

Best for live music and dancing

Touted as the Athens of Cuba,  Matanzas is the homeland of some of the country’s most cherished performers, such as Miguel Failde, creator of the cheek-to-cheek danzón (ballroom dance).

The city is also the birthplace of rumba, an Afro-Cuban dance that 70-year-old music group Muñequitos de Matanzas has promoted worldwide. Look out for live music performances held weekly at the  Museo Histórico Provincial – Palacio de Junco .

Local tip:  For travelers looking for a more Cuban Cuba – and not the usual tourist postcard of Varadero – Matanzas offers alluring architecture, featuring neoclassical buildings such as the fully restored Teatro Sauto or living antiques like the  Museo Farmacéutico , founded as the first of its type in Latin America in 1882.  

Catamarans in harbour in Cienfuegos, Cuba

8. Cienfuegos

Best spot for water sports including kayaking, fishing and windsurfing

Known as the Pearl of the South,  Cienfuegos is Cuba’s French-inspired city, founded in 1819 on a beautiful natural bay. Deep enough to welcome cruises and mega-yachts, the bay is best enjoyed from Punta Gorda and the nautical centers at Club Cienfuegos and Marlin Marina Cienfuegos.

Planning tip:  Enjoy a day kayaking, fishing or windsurfing, but make sure you include an excursion to  Laguna Guanaroca , Cienfuegos’ natural protected area, for the chance to see flamingoes and take a boat trip on the lake.

9. Camagüey

Best city for strolling maze-like alleys

Elegant and artistic,  Camagüey oozes charm and youthful energy, but it’s the surprisingly intricate street pattern of the city center that usually strikes visitors most.

With most of the grid formed by one-way narrow streets, it’s almost impossible to figure it out if you’re behind the wheel. Instead, stroll around maze-like alleys to discover small but lovely plazas all within walking distance from one another.

Spend a day wandering between the artisan market in  Plaza San Juan de Dios and the less-visited  Plaza del Carmen , home of the inspiring art gallery of  Martha Jiménez Pérez .

Planning tip: Check out Cuba’s narrowest and shortest streets while you're in Camagüey. Callejón del Cura is only 1.4m (4.6ft) wide, while Callejón de la Miseria is 15m (49ft) wide, with only two houses facing each other.

A white-sand beach dotted with tall palm trees stretches out towards the clear waters of Playa Girón, Cuba

10. Playa Girón

Best for swimming, diving and birdwatching

South of Matanzas province,  Playa Girón has one of the country’s best diving sites that isn’t far offshore – no boat required! The clear Caribbean waters offer impressive visibility and a colorful variety of marine fauna. Go for a refreshing swim in a gorgeous cove at  Caleta Buena , or look for coral reefs at  Punta Perdiz .

Playa Girón is also one of the best places in Cuba for birdwatching because it is part of the Parque Nacional Ciénaga de Zapata, which welcomes about two-thirds of the nearly 350 bird species that call Cuba home. 

Planning tip:  On the way from Playa Larga to Playa Girón, make sure you stop at  Cueva de Los Peces , one of Cuba’s few cenotes.

This article was first published December 2021 and updated January 2024

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Tourism Development for the Cuban Economy

by Orlando Gutierrez Castillo and Nélida Gancedo Gaspar | Dec 18, 2002

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is tourism big in cuba

Cienfuegos Botanical Garden. Photo by Andrew Klein.

The post-war boom, as well as the modernization of transportation and communications, has led to rapid growth of the tourist sector, particularly in countries in the process of development.

Because of the general tourism boom, not to mention the critical situation spawned by the collapse of socialism in Eastern Europe, Cuba began in the 1990s to adopt tourism as one of the basic pillars in the redefinition of its economic strategy. As a sunny Caribbean island, Cuba had flourished as a tourist destination, although it was accompanied by serious social distortions such as gambling, prostitution, and other vices. Following the Cuban revolution in 1959, however, tourism practically disappeared from the island. Part of the reason, of course, was that the United States market dried up as a result of the U.S. embargo. But more significantly, Cuba’s strategy for economic and social development didn’t consider tourist activity as key to the future of the island.

Tourism eventually became more important because it represented a significant group of investments that could generate hard currency. The 1997 Cuban Economic Resolution spells out the necessity to develop hard currency-earning sectors of the economy to finance other important activities, making explicit the role tourism could play in the country’s economic future. To achieve this, it set a goal: to attract more than two million tourists to the country by the year 2000 and earn more than $2,600 million from the tourist trade.

Thus, tourism, in ten years of sustained development, has been converted into the most dynamic sector of the Cuban economy. One-fourth of the investments in Cuba have been made in tourism. It has contributed an impressive 43% to the balance of payments at the end of the decade, more than any other industry. In a mere decade, tourism has gone from being an incidental source of income to becoming a structural factor in the Cuban economy. Few times in international history has such a dynamic structural transformation occurred. Ten years ago, the sugar industry provided between 70 and 75% of the income of the balance of payments, while the tourist sector accounted for only 6%. Cuban Tourism Minister Ibrahim Ferradaz observed that “in the last ten years, the sector multiplied its gross income eight-fold; the number of visitors multiplied by five, the number of rooms in tourist establishments tripled, and the number of jobs in the tourist sector doubled.”

This achievement can be attributed to the design and implementation of a strategy for sector development, aiming to consolidate the “structural competitivity” of tourism through the use of Cuba’s existing social and cultural assets, as well as the creation of long-term sustainable competitive advantages.

It is said that when Christopher Columbus arrived at the northeast coast of Cuba on October 27, 1492, startled by the island’s beauty, he exclaimed, “This is the most beautiful land human eyes have ever seen!” And he became de facto the first tour operator on the island. Undoubtedly, Cuba is an obvious site for tourism, with its picturesque beaches, underwater beauty, countryside landscapes, and ecological reserves (many yet to be explored). Its climate complements its easy air and sea access, as well as its important historical and cultural patrimony. An educated population and improved infrastructure of roads and communications add to the mix.

The Cuban government’s economic policy and support mechanisms have complemented these advantages. In the Caribbean region, Cuba is now the second most popular tourist destination.

PILLARS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

In the context of an economic crisis, decisive Cuban government policy “bet on” tourism. Between 1990 and 1999, more than $3.5 billion were invested in the tourist industry. The number of rooms available to international tourists grew from 12,000 to 35,000. Significant resources were also devoted to infrastructure such as airports, causeways connecting the keys, and other tourist facilities. The shift from an emphasis on goods and productivity to that of services has made tourism the “locomotive” of the Cuban economy.

Tourism is not only important in and of itself. It serves to stimulate other sectors of the economy. The real challenge is how tourism can contribute to the development and consolidation of sectors of the domestic economy that aren’t truly competitive without losing “structural competitivity”. However, the utilization of tourist demand has been sustained in a basic principle: to not force any tourist entity to buy national products, especially if those products are not considered internationally competitive. In this sense, the government does not provide support to national products in the context of the tourist industry.

Sectors related to the tourism sector operate in an environment of competition. In 1990, only 18% of the sector’s purchases were domestic; by the end of 2000, the amount increased to 61%. As a result of the incorporation of several sectors of the economy into the tourist “locomotive,” 198,000 jobs were created or recovered.

The insufficiency of financial resources, the lack of channels of access to markets, as well as the lack of experience in tourist operations, also led to the necessity of developing a group of alliances of various types with foreign entities. In slightly more than ten years, 26 mixed enterprises have been created in the tourism sector. Moreover, by the end of the year 2000, half of the country’s hotel capacity was administered by 17 international hotel chains.

Foreign companies have become increasingly interested in investing in the Cuban tourism sector, especially after the creation of a Ministry of Tourism in 1994, coupled with the approval of a 1995 law that spelled out the rules for foreign investments. Francisco Camps, an executive with the Sol Melía hotel chain, considered the largest operational foreign partner with 20 hotels on the island, declared recently in a published interview that Cuba “has a lot of future in this field, and we enjoy these types of challenges.”

The policy of education and development of human resources is another pillar of the strategy of tourism development in Cuba. Cuba’s work force is well-educated, thus creating conditions to carry out efficient work in any field. The Cuban tourist system already has several educational centers to develop workers for this sector. In 1994, all these centers were consolidated into a network known as FORMATUR, today made up of 22 teaching centers throughout the country, from which 16,000 workers graduate annually in diverse fields of concentration.

CHALLENGES FOR THE SECTOR’S DEVELOPMENT

The Cuban tourist sector has been set up to offer year-round attractions to guarantee a steady flow of visitors, as well as repeat visits. Diversity is the key to accomplishing this goal.

Diversifying what Cuban tourism offers is to take full advantage of its diverse geography, and social, economic, and cultural possibilities, to reach all segments of the market and the largest numbers of markets. This prevents demand from vacillating widely from season to season. Severe tourist ebb and flow would endanger macro-economic stability. Tourism in Cuba is a balancing act: to find an equilibrium in seasonal flows, geographic destinations, and tourist origins.

In spite of Cuba’s favorable, tropical climate, statistics show that Cuba suffers from a certain degree of tourist seasonal peaks and declines. A significant dependence on the European and Canadian markets with preferences for escaping the harsh winters, as well as excessive summer heat and fears about the hurricane season, contribute to this pattern. The existence of high and low seasons keep the sector from operating efficiently. Vice-president Lage has referred to this problem, pointing out that it increases the costs of operation and reduces profits.

This seasonality has been caused, in part, by the image of Cuba as a land of sun and beaches, instead of as a diversified country with many natural and cultural attractions. History, architecture, music, film, and art are just a few of the areas that can provide added value for the development of a more integrated, sustainable, and sophisticated assortment of tourist offerings.

Health tourism is another significant option because the recognized international prestige of Cuban medical science gives it a comparative advantage. The Servimed Company, part of the Cubanacán Corporation Group, S.A., works closely with five hotels, 23 hospitals, 11 international clinics, and a variety of pharmacies and optical stores. Health tourism accounts for two percent of tourism, and although this area does not anticipate spectacular growth in the next few years, a wide range of possibilities in the health arena could add significant value to tourism offerings. Education and sports are also important areas of development for specialized tourism, as is eco-tourism.

One of the weaknesses of Cuban tourism is its high concentration in two poles, Havana and Varadero Beach, which together generate 70% of tourist revenue. Cuba’s tourist strategy seeks a better balance throughout the island. However, extending the geographical scope of tourism should not result in the indiscriminate investment in tourist activities without prioritizing.

Eight main regions all over the island have been identified as so-called tourist poles, and $700 million has been invested to date in regional infrastructure. The policy of territorial diversification has been sustained to avoid the uncontrolled dispersion of resources.

The process of expansion and development of the Cuban tourism industry within the context of the island’s economy faces yet another series of challenges. The elevation of economic efficiency is one of them. In spite of the significant reduction of losses compared to the past, a group of tourist entities generated losses of $35 million. In this sense, several leaders of the sector have proposed cost-cutting measures without affecting service quality; the elevation of the efficiency of the investment process is one of the focal points in this process.

Another important challenge is to balance hotel investments and those related to developing other tourist facilities. During the 90s, the construction of hotel rooms accounted for 73% of investments. By the end of 1999, 60 hotels had been built, giving Cuba the second largest hotel capacity in the Caribbean. The remaining 27% was earmarked for infrastructure (11.3% for airports, and 5.6 % for a series of causeways) in the Coconut Key region, leaving other tourist-related investments such as restoration and recreation with only 13.8%. This imbalance has generated an unbalanced loss of diversity in tourist attractions.

The challenge for the Cuban tourist industry is to slow down the ever-increasing investment in hotel capacity and to speed up investments in non-hotel facilities and infrastructure. In spite of the low investment in these areas, non-hotel tourist amenities generate 18% of industry income. This shift presupposes a change in mentality regarding the conception of the tourist business. At the outset, it was more important to attract the greatest quantity of tourists possible through all-inclusive package deals, but right now it’s necessary to rethink Cuba’s tourist “product.” It’s time to decide whether it’s worthwhile to keep growing hotel capacity in an excessive form or to develop additional tourist offerings through the development of a tourist infrastructure beyond hotel chains.

Finally, the development of tourism on islands like Cuba depends on the high quality of air transportation. The Caribbean’s regional air hub is generally Miami, which isn’t a possibility for Cuba because of the economic boycott by the United States government. Thus, Cuba has to reframe its air traffic capacity to meet the needs of the tourist industry.

THE CUBAN EXPERIENCE

The Cuban tourist sector now faces the challenge of increasing its competitive capacity and taking advantage of important opportunities and resources. Weaknesses associated with both objective and subjective factors have to be worked out through a coherent strategy that adequately uses the human capital in Cuba as its principal economic resource.

After discussing the tactical adjustments that the country would need to adopt to confront the current depression caused by worldwide recession and the impact of September 11, Tourism Minister Ferradaz stressed that “the situation would not affect the important construction already underway.” He confirmed that tourism would continue to be a key sector of the Cuban economy. Cuba is not going to offer just any type of tourism to bring in hard currency; guidelines have been established about the kind of tourism that Cuba wishes to develop as a destination. President Fidel Castro himself has declared, “Sex tourism will never be permitted, nor drugs nor anything of that sort. This is not gambling tourism; it is healthy tourism, and that is what we want; it is what we promote, because we know that today tourists are worried about their safety and we have the conditions to offer them that security. We have a hospitable people, a high and growing level of education, that is, we have the conditions to offer these tourist services and at the same time, to cooperate with other Caribbean islands.”

Cuba is not looking at tourism as some sort of short-term solution that exploits people’s curiosity about the island. Nor does it see tourism as “a necessary evil” in the heart of a socialist society, explanations sometimes given by those confused about the impressive dynamism of the Cuban tourist sector. Tourism in Cuba is a strategic development associated with creating a new concept of sustainable tourism from the vantage point of its ecological, economic, and social dimensions.

Cuba: Una Década de Desarrollo Turístico

Por Orlando Gutiérrez Castillo y Nélida Gancedo Gaspar 

El desarrollo económico alcanzado en el siglo XX se ha caracterizado por el crecimiento del sector terciario de la economí­a. Especialmente, a partir de los años cincuenta, el turismo ha contribuido de manera importante a ello. Favorecido por el florecimiento económico postbélico, la modernización de los medios de transporte y de las comunicaciones en general, el sector turístico ha pasado a ser uno de los de mayor crecimiento en gran cantidad de países, en particular, en ví­as de desarrollo.

El turismo ha experimentado una constante expansión en la economía mundial con tasas de crecimiento promedio anuales de 4.5 por ciento durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Esto ha conducido a que, en la actualidad, ocupe el primer puesto entre los grupos de exportación mundiales, por delante de partidas tradicionales tan importantes como el petróleo y la industria automovilí­stica, así­ como otras no tan tradicionales como la electrónica. En 1996, los ingresos procedentes de este sector representaron el 8% del total de exportaciones mundiales y más del 35% de las exportaciones de servicios. También es generalmente aceptado el hecho de que, a pesar de las turbulencias del presente, el turismo será el sector de mayor crecimiento a nivel mundial en las dos primeras décadas del siglo XXI.

Ante estas realidades, y teniendo en cuenta la crí­tica situacón creada a partir del derrumbe del socialismo en Europa del Este, Cuba asume el turismo internacional como uno de los ejes básicos en la redefinición de su estrategia económica a partir de los años 90. Cabe destacar, en este sentido, que a partir del triunfo revolucionario de 1959, esta actividad- que habí­a alcanzado un importante desarrollo, aunque con serias distorsiones sociales, al concebirse en un marco de juego, vicio y prostitución- prácticamente desaparece debido, en parte, a la pérdida del principal mercado emisor como resultado de las restricciones impuestas por el bloqueo norteamericano y, por otra parte, porque en lo sucesivo la estrategia de desarrollo económico y social no concebí­a a esta actividad como clave en el futuro del paí­s.

La necesidad de concentrar un grupo importante de inversiones en actividades generadoras de ingresos en moneda libremente convertible en el corto plazo se refleja en la Resolución Económica aprobada por el V Congreso del PCC en 1997. En ella se plantea que los principales sectores que generan divisas deben garantizar crecientes aportes netos al país para posibilitar el financiamiento de otras importantes actividades. También se declara explí­citamente el papel que debe jugar el turismo en el futuro económico del paí­s, destacando su misión como captador de divisas frescas y definiendo metas concretas a alcanzar para el año 2000: lograr el arribo de más de dos millones de turistas y obtener más de 2 600 millones de dólares de ingresos.

Así­, el turismo, en el transcurso de diez años de desarrollo sostenido, se ha convertido en el sector más dinámico de la economí­a cubana. En él se ha concentrado una cuarta parte de las inversiones efectuadas en el paí­s y, como resultado, ocupa el primer lugar en cuanto a aportes de ingresos corrientes a la Balanza de Pagos, cerrando la década con un impresionante 43 por ciento de participación.

En el lapso de un decenio, el turismo ha dejado de ser una actividad coyuntural para convertirse en un factor estructural de la economí­a cubana. Pocas veces en la historia económica internacional se ha producido un tipo de transformación estructural tan dinámica. Diez años atrás, entre el 70 y el 75 por ciento de los ingresos a la Balanza de Pagos provení­a del sector azucarero, mientras que el turismo apenas aportaba un 6 por ciento. Ibrahim Ferradaz, ministro cubano del Turismo, al referirse a los principales rasgos de esta transformación señala que “en los últimos diez años, el sector multiplicó por ocho los ingresos brutos, quintuplicó el número de visitantes, triplicó el número de habitaciones en instalaciones turí­sticas y duplicó los puestos de trabajo”.

El logro de los resultados obedece al diseño e implementación de una estrategia de desarrollo del sector. Esta se ha orientado a consolidar la competitividad estructural del turismo mediante la utilización de factores naturales, sociales y culturales heredados, así­ como la elaboración y ejecución de polí­ticas gubernamentales tendientes a la creación de ventajas competitivas sostenibles en el largo plazo.

Cuentan que el 27 de octubre de 1492 el almirante Cristóbal Colón arribó a Cuba por la costa nororiental del paí­s y que, vislumbrado por su belleza, exclamó: “¡Esta es la tierra más hermosa que ojos humanos han visto!”. Y se convirtió, de hecho, en el primer turoperador de la Isla. Indiscutiblemente, Cuba, como destino turí­stico, cuenta con una serie de atributos heredados que representan un importante punto de partida para el desarrollo turí­stico. Sus bellezas naturales (playas, atractivos submarinos, paisajes campestres y de montaña, reservas ecológicas, todos aún muy por debajo de su capacidad sustentable de explotación), así­ como su clima son sólo una parte de ellas, que se complementan con su ubicación y fácil acceso por ví­a aérea y marí­tima, además de su importante patrimonio histórico y cultural.

Importantes elementos se han incorporado a este caudal de atractivos del paí­s en los últimos cuarenta años de Revolución: población educada, culta y solidaria, altos í­ndices de salud a niveles de paí­ses del primer mundo, reconocido prestigio como potencia deportiva, clima social seguro y voluntad de conservación del medio ambiente. Asimismo, la infraestructura creada en carreteras, aeropuertos, redes eléctricas y de comunicaciones incorporan otro grupo de atractivos que potencian producto turí­stico cubano.

Este grupo de indiscutibles ventajas heredadas ha sido complementado con elementos de polí­tica económica y mecanismos de apoyo gubernamental. Ello ha posibilitado explotar estas ventajas y consolidar un posicionamiento del sector en el mercado internacional, especialmente dentro de la región del Caribe, donde ya ocupa la segunda plaza receptora de turistas.

PILARES DE LA ESTRATEGIA DE DESARROLLO TURISTICO

La polí­tica gubernamental de definir sectores clave y situar al turismo como una prioridad en cuanto a inversiones ha jugado un papel decisivo en este sentido. En un contexto de crisis económica, Cuba “apostó” al turismo. Entre 1990 y 1999 se invirtieron más de 3 500 millones de dólares en el sector, pasándose de 12 mil habitaciones destinadas al turismo internacional a más de 35 mil. También se destinaron importantes recursos a obras de infraestructura de apoyo como aeropuertos, pedraplenes para el acceso a cayos de interés turí­stico y otras facilidades. De esta forma, se adoptan importantes decisiones en materia de estructura económica, lográndose una transformación de la misma de una esencialmente material-productiva a una de servicios, al consolidarse el turismo como “locomotora” de la economí­a cubana.

Por otra parte, una vez definido como sector clave de la economí­a, al turismo se le asignó un papel más importante en la reanimación del resto de los sectores. Esto constituyó -y aún constituye- un verdadero reto: cómo contribuir al desarrollo y consolidación de sectores económicos internos poco competitivos sin perder su propia competitividad estructural. Sin embargo, la utilización del factor demanda turí­stica se ha sustentado en un principio básico: no se fuerza a ninguna entidad turí­stica a comprar productos nacionales a menos que no sean considerados competitivos. No se garantiza protección gubernamental a los productores nacionales en sus ví­nculos con las organizaciones empresariales del turismo.

Todo ello ha generado un ambiente competitivo alrededor del sector, el cual ha mostrado importantes avances. Si en 1990 sólo el 18 por ciento de las compras del sector eran de procedencia nacional, al cierre del 2000 esta proporción ascendí­a a un 61 por ciento. A partir de la incorporación de diversos sectores económicos a la dinámica del turismo se han logrado recuperar o crear unos 198 mil puestos de trabajo.

El desarrollo y expansión del sector ha tomado en consideración la amplia participación de factores externos. La insuficiencia de recursos financieros, la carencia de canales de acceso a los mercados, así­ como la falta de experiencia en el manejo de operaciones dentro del sector condujeron a la necesidad de desarrollar un grupo de alianzas de diferente í­ndole con entidades extranjeras. A más de una década, se han creado 26 empresas mixtas en el sector. Además, al cierre del 2000 la mitad de la planta hotelera del paí­s se encontraba administrada por 17 cadenas hoteleras internacionales bajo la modalidad de contratos de administración.

El interés de empresas extranjeras por invertir en el sector turí­stico cubano ha ido en ascenso, sobre todo después de la creación del Ministerio del Turismo en 1994 y de la aprobación de la Ley No.77 de 1995 para la Inversión Extranjera. Francisco Camps, ejecutivo del grupo hotelero Sol Meliá, considerado el mayor socio extranjero en el sector con operaciones en 20 hoteles en el archipiélago cubano, destacó en una entrevista reciente que Cuba “tiene mucho futuro en este campo y nos gusta este tipo de retos”.

La polí­tica de formación y desarrollo de los recursos humanos constituye otro pilar de la estrategia de desarrollo turí­stico. Especial atención se le ha brindado a lo que sin dudas constituye la más importante y vital de nuestras ventajas estructurales: el factor humano. Como es conocido, Cuba cuenta con una alta disponibilidad de mano de obra con un notable nivel de preparación, en condiciones de capacitarse rápidamente para desarrollar una eficaz y eficiente labor en cualquier campo.

El sistema turí­stico cubano ya contaba con un grupo de centros educacionales para la formación de sus recursos humanos, fruto de la obra continuada de la Revolución en materia de formación y desarrollo de su capital humano. En 1994 se decidió integrar todos estos centros en un sistema único de formación de recursos humanos, FORMATUR, que hoy dí­a lo conforman 22 centros docentes a lo largo y ancho del paí­s, donde matriculan anualmente 16 mil trabajadores del sector para formarse en diferentes especialidades. Miguel Figueras, asesor del Ministerio del Turismo, comentaba que “en cinco años de funcionamiento, por este sistema han pasado 75 mil trabajadores y resulta fácil comprender el alcance del mismo si se tiene en cuenta que el sector cuenta en la actualidad con 87 mil efectivos”.

Adicionalmente, como parte de la propia estrategia de desarrollo se ha consolidado un conjunto de principios de gestión que han contribuido a reforzar la competitividad estructural del sector. Entre ellos se pueden señalar los siguientes:

  • La existencia de un nuevo enfoque respecto a la estructura organizativa de dirección. Desde su creación en 1994, el Ministerio del Turismo se concibió como un organismo central de nuevo tipo. Sus funciones se concentran la dirección y control de la polí­tica turí­stica del paí­s, la cual se encamina a potenciar la competitividad global del sector, garantizando su rentabilidad y sustentabilidad en el tiempo. Para lograr esta misión fue concebido con una extrema racionalidad en sus estructuras. El sistema empresarial bajo su mando se organiza a partir de un sistema de cadenas hoteleras y de infraestructura extrahotelera con un total de 18 entidades subordinadas.
  • La concepción de que no existen monopolios. Las seis cadenas hoteleras (Cubanacán, Gran Caribe, Islazul, Horizontes, Gaviota y Habaguanex) compiten entre sí­ por el mercado turí­stico, cada una con sus especificidades, grado de especialización en diferentes segmentos y cierta tendencia a la diferenciación del producto. Carlos Lage, Vicepresidente del gobierno cubano, se ha referido recientemente a las ventajas de la combinación de estos dos enfoques al señalar que ello ha permitido “instaurar una polí­tica general para todos, bien definida ante cada variante, que en el caso de nuestro paí­s es perfectamente viable por la unidad del sistema turí­stico, donde la competencia entre unos y otros sólo puede ser en cuanto a calidad”.
  • Se garantiza máxima autonomí­a de gestión dentro del sistema empresarial, basada en el hecho de que el turismo es un negocio. Ello demanda un servicio de óptima calidad y un estricto control de costos para generar utilidades. La actividad que no genere utilidades deberá reconvertirse o, sencillamente, cerrarse.
  • Amplia utilización del “outsourcing”, partiendo del criterio de que las entidades turí­sticas no son especialistas en todo, por lo que es necesario subcontratar aquellos servicios que no son decisivos en la cadena de agregación de valor para concentrarse en aquellos que sí­ definen los niveles de eficacia en la actividad.

Como se puede apreciar, la estrategia de desarrollo del turismo en Cuba se ha sustentado en la combinación de un grupo de factores, entre los que se destacan la utilización de recursos heredados, el diseño e implementación de polí­ticas y la aplicación de nuevos enfoques de gestión ajustados a las condiciones concretas del paí­s. Todo ello ha conducido a un grupo de logros, como se ha expuesto en la primera parte del trabajo. Sin embargo, el desarrollo ulterior del turismo en Cuba debe considerar importantes aspectos, asociados a la solución de equilibrios estructurales básicos dentro del sector y a otros importantes retos que deberán enfrentarse para dar continuidad efectiva a la estrategia trazada.

RETOS PARA EL DESARROLLO DEL SECTOR

La oferta del producto turí­stico cubano se ha concebido buscando, como elemento clave, el logro de una demanda estable y equilibrada a fin de garantizar un flujo continuo de turistas a lo largo de todo el año, la elevación sistemática de la duración media de la estancia y un alto í­ndice de repetición de las visitas. Uno de los mecanismos más certeros para asegurar estos resultados es lograr la diversificación del producto.

Diversificar el producto turí­stico significa, desde el punto de vista de la oferta, aprovechar al máximo las posibilidades geográficas, económicas, sociales y culturales para llegar a todos los segmentos de mercado y a la mayor cantidad de mercados emisores de turistas. Ello permite evitar oscilaciones bruscas de la demanda según el perí­odo del año que puedan poner en peligro la estabilidad macroeconómica, pero, a la vez, demanda que todo el paí­s se convierta en actor y beneficiario del turismo. De ahí­ que tres de los equilibrios básicos por los que se trabaja en el sector se refieran a la estabilidad temporal, el equilibrio espacial y el equilibrio en los mercados emisores.

A pesar de las bondades del clima, que pudiera contribuir favorablemente al logro de una estabilidad temporal, las estadí­sticas muestran que el turismo en Cuba no está exento de cierta dosis de estacionalidad. Existe un grupo de factores que han incidido en esto: la dependencia significativa de mercados como el europeo y canadiense, con preferencias marcadas en huir del crudo invierno del norte y refugiarse en zonas cálidas; el temor a temporadas ciclónicas de mayor actividad, así­ como el excesivo calor de los meses de verano en el paí­s.

La estacionalidad, caracterizada por perí­odos de alta y de baja turí­stica, introduce importantes barreras al desempeño eficiente del sector. El propio Vicepresidente Lage se ha referido a que en perí­odos de baja “el problema capital del creciente negocio del turismo es, desde el punto de vista económico, saber enfrentar esta estación en la que es más bajo el número de turistas y, por tanto, se elevan los costos y se disminuyen las utilidades”.

Sin embargo, probablemente el factor que más haya incidido desde el punto de vista de la oferta sea el concebir como producto turí­stico por excelencia el de sol y playa, desestimando otros productos atractivos que pudieran posibilitar una mayor estabilidad de los flujos de turistas y, a la vez, una mayor agregación de valor. Por esta razón es que resulta necesario diversificar la oferta turí­stica lo más posible, ofreciendo diferentes opciones atractivas durante todo el año, a partir de la adecuada utilización de las propias ventajas, heredadas o creadas, a disposición del paí­s.

Entre las ofertas que pudieran resultar atractivas se encuentran las asociadas con la cultura y las tradiciones del paí­s. La historia, la arquitectura, la música, el cine y la plástica, entre otras, son manifestaciones que pudieran agregar valor a un producto turí­stico más acabado, integrado y sostenible.

El turismo de salud constituye otra opción significativa que se sustenta en el reconocido prestigio internacional de la ciencia medica cubana, lo que concede una ventaja competitiva en el área. El principal exponente de esta vertiente turí­stica es la Compañí­a Servimed perteneciente al Grupo Corporativo Cubanacán S.A., la que está vinculada con cinco hoteles, 23 hospitales, 11 clí­nicas internacionales y un complemento de ópticas y farmacias. En la actualidad este segmento ocupa un 2 por ciento de la oferta turí­stica y, aunque no se aspira a crecimientos espectaculares en los próximos años, el potencial existente es amplio y las posibilidades de agregación de valor resultan significativas.

La educación y el deporte constituyen fuentes importantes de desarrollo de productos turí­sticos especializados. A tenor con los logros alcanzados por el paí­s en estas dos esferas de la vida social, representan importantes ventajas a explotar con alto potencial de agregación de valor. Asimismo, el ecoturismo puede erigirse en un producto turí­stico interesante si se tienen en cuenta las importantes reservas del paí­s en esta esfera.

Una de las debilidades que presenta el producto turí­stico cubano en la actualidad es su alto grado de concentración en dos polos, La Habana y Varadero, los que generan el 70 por ciento del ingreso global del sector. Es por ello que entre los objetivos principales de la estrategia de desarrollo del turismo se encuentra el de lograr una distribución equilibrada de la demanda desde el punto de vista espacial. Con el logro de una mejor distribución del flujo de turistas por todo el territorio nacional, el sector puede actuar como corrector de los desequilibrios regionales. Ello, sin embargo, no debe conducir a la promoción indiscriminada de la actividad turí­stica en los diferentes territorios, pues no serí­a recomendable en materia de efectividad de los recursos invertidos.

En este sentido, se han identificado ocho regiones principales a lo largo del paí­s, denominadas polos turí­sticos, en los que debe concentrarse la estrategia de diversificación territorial del producto turí­stico cubano. Hasta la fecha se han destinado alrededor de 700 millones de dólares en inversiones de infraestructura para el desarrollo de estos polos. La polí­tica de diversificación territorial se sustenta en evitar la dispersión desmesurada de los recursos.

Además del desafí­o que implica la diversificación del producto turí­stico, existe un grupo de retos adicionales que deberán enfrentarse como parte del proceso de expansión y desarrollo del turismo en la economí­a cubana. La elevación de la eficiencia económica del sector es uno de ellos. A pesar de su reducción significativa respecto a perí­odos anteriores, aún se registra un grupo de entidades turí­sticas que generan pérdidas por un monto de 35 millones de dólares. En tal sentido, ha sido planteado por varios directivos del sector que la reducción de los costos de explotación sin afectar la calidad del servicio y la elevación de la eficiencia del proceso inversionista constituyen los ejes principales en esta dirección.

Otro reto importante a enfrentar es el balance entre la capacidades hoteleras y extrahoteleras. Durante la década de los 90 se hizo un marcado énfasis en la construcción de capacidades hoteleras como elemento central del proceso inversionista concentrando en ellas el 73 por ciento de las inversiones. Así­ a finales de 1999 se habí­an construido unos 60 hoteles, llevando la planta hotelera del paí­s a la segunda más importante de la región del Caribe. El 27 por ciento restante se destinó a obras de infraestructura (11.3 por ciento a aeropuertos y 5.6 a pedraplenes), quedando para el desarrollo de capacidades extrahoteleras vinculadas con la restauración y la recreación sólo un 13.8 por ciento. Todo ello ha generado un desequilibrio que provoca una pérdida de diversidad en los atractivos turí­sticos.

En este sentido, el desafí­o del sector consiste en aminorar los ritmos de crecimiento inversionista en la planta hotelera y acelerar las inversiones en la red extrahotelera, si se tiene en cuenta que, a pesar de los limitados recursos invertidos en ella, genera aproximadamente el 18 por ciento de los ingresos turí­sticos. Ello presupone un cambio de mentalidad en la concepción de los negocios turí­sticos: Si en un principio lo más importante fue crecer en cuanto a número de turistas mediante la oferta predominante de paquetes ?all inclusive?, en estos momentos es necesario repensar el producto turí­stico nacional y decidir si continuar creciendo de forma desmedida en la planta hotelera o desarrollar ofertas adicionales mediante el desarrollo de la red extrahotelera.

Por último, el desarrollo del turismo en los paí­ses insulares como Cuba depende en alto grado del transporte aéreo. En el Caribe, el centro aéreo regional de los vuelos regulares se encuentra en Miami, al cual Cuba no puede acceder por barreras que impone el bloqueo económico norteamericano a la Isla. Es por ello que uno de los desafí­os que tiene que enfrentar el paí­s es la reconceptualización de su transportación aérea, partiendo de que la prioridad y la razón de ser de la aviación civil en Cuba es el desarrollo del turismo.

LA EXPERIENCIA CUBANA

El desarrollo del turismo en Cuba, al cabo de una década de duro bregar, es una realidad, así­ como la consolidación del sector como factor estructural de la economí­a. El crecimiento sostenido de su participación en el PIB es sorprendente y poco usual en la historia económica internacional. En la arena internacional, el posicionamiento alcanzado en el contexto caribeño es calificado de espectacular por muchos especialistas cuando evalúan las posiciones cimeras logradas dentro de la región en el escaso margen de un decenio.

Cabe destacar que este crecimiento se diferencia sustancialmente de la situación de los demás paí­ses caribeños e, incluso de otros polos turí­sticos dentro del Tercer Mundo. Los factores asociados al bloqueo económico de los Estados Unidos generan un contexto especial al respecto que Cuba ha sabido sortear de forma inteligente.

La estrategia de desarrollo del sector ha presentado, adicionalmente, otras particularidades como son la definición de prioridades, la utilización del efecto arrastre de otros sectores de la economí­a a partir de la demanda agregada del sector, la incorporación de agentes externos al proceso de desarrollo con caracterí­sticas especí­ficas, así­ como una marcada atención al desarrollo de sus recursos humanos.

Como resultado de la implementación de esta estrategia se han puesto de manifiesto, a la par con los logros alcanzados, ciertos desbalances, dificultades y deficiencias que se erigen en retos para el desarrollo perspectivo del sector. Entre ellos, cabe destacar los relacionados con el logro de los equilibrios espacial, temporal y el de mercados emisores. Por otra parte, aparecen otros retos que constituyen aspectos claves a considerar en la estrategia futura del sector. En tal sentido emergen los problemas asociados a la elevación de la eficiencia económica, el balance en cuanto a destinos de inversión y el desarrollo del tráfico aéreo.

Todo ello converge a un planteamiento esencial: El sector turí­stico cubano, después de vencer una etapa de expansión sin precedentes, se enfrenta al desafí­o de elevar su capacidad competitiva con importantes oportunidades que pueden ser aprovechadas, así­ como un grupo de ventajas indiscutibles que pueden apalancar este proceso. Existen importantes retos a enfrentar, especialmente la permanente amenaza del brutal bloqueo económico norteamericano que le imprime un sesgo sui generis a su desarrollo. Por otro lado, las debilidades asociadas a factores objetivos y subjetivos tendrán que apoyarse en una estrategia coherente en la que se involucre adecuadamente el uso del capital humano del paí­s como recurso económico principal.

EN EL NUEVO MILENIO, CUBA SIGUE “APOSTANDO” AL TURISMO

Tras los efectos provocados por los lamentables sucesos del pasado 11 de septiembre y la no menos lamentable guerra que estos han desencadenado, el ministro Ferradaz ha planteado en una conferencia de prensa que “Cuba espera con optimismo la temporada alta del turismo” que comienza en diciembre del 2001. A pesar de lo deprimido que se encuentra el mercado turí­stico internacional en la actualidad, considera que existen “dos elementos fundamentales que avalan esa visión positiva: Cuba es un destino turí­stico con altí­simos niveles de seguridad, lo cual constituye uno de los valores más apreciados por quienes visitan nuestro archipiélago y, por otra parte, el mercado que más limitaciones posee es el estadounidense y este no ejerce incidencias grandes en nuestras temporadas turí­sticas”.

Tras plantear los necesarios ajustes tácticos que ha tenido que efectuar el paí­s para enfrentar la actual depresión, Ferradaz destacó que “lo ocurrido no interfiere el grupo de importantes construcciones en marcha”. Ello confirma que el turismo continuará siendo uno de los sectores clave de la economí­a cubana. Se seguirá “apostando” a las excelentes perspectivas del sector en el paí­s que, como señalara el Presidente Fidel Castro, se sustentan en “su riqueza ecológica, clima de seguridad pública, social, moral y por su cultura e historia”.

Se han trazado un grupo de pautas en la definición de los rasgos del tipo de producto turí­stico que Cuba, como destino, se empeña en desarrollar. El propio Presidente Fidel Castro se ha referido a esto en los siguientes términos: “El turismo sexual no se admitirá aquí­ jamás, ni drogas, ni cosas por el estilo. No es un turismo de juego; es un turismo sano, y ese es el que queremos, ese es el que promovemos, porque hoy sabemos que en el mundo una de las preocupaciones fundamentales de los turistas es la seguridad y estamos en condiciones de darla. Tenemos un pueblo hospitalario, un nivel de educación alto y creciente; es decir, estamos en condiciones de brindar estos servicios turí­sticos y, a la vez, cooperar con los paí­ses del Caribe”.

No se trata, por tanto, de aprovechar una oportunidad de carácter cortoplacista asociada al factor “curiosidad” que pudiera despertar Cuba ni tampoco de asumir un “mal necesario” en el seno de una sociedad socialista, versiones manejadas por algunos analistas al vislumbrar la impresionante dinámica del sector. Se trata, pues, de un desarrollo estratégico, asociado a la creación de un nuevo concepto de turismo sustentable desde el punto de vista de sus dimensiones ecológica, económica y social. 

Winter 2002 ,  Volume I, Number 2

Nélida Gancedo Gaspar  is a professor at the Center for Studies of the Cuban Economy at the University of Havana. She has carried out several studies on the impact of tourism on the Cuban economy. She has published a variety of articles and has spoken on this subject at scientific conferences on and off the island.

Orlando Gutiérrez Castillo  es profesor del Centro de Estudios de la Economí­a Cubana de la Universidad de La Habana y consultor gerencial en empresas e instituciones cubanas, algunas de ellas pertenecientes al sector del turismo. Durante los últimos cinco años ha desarrollado investigaciones sobre el desempeño turí­stico en la Isla. Ha publicado diversos artí­culos sobre este tema tanto dentro como fuera de Cuba.

Nélida Gancedo Gaspar  es profesora de la Facultad de Economí­a de la Universidad de La Habana. Ha desarrollado diversas investigaciones sobre el impacto del turismo en la economí­a cubana. Ha publicado diversos artí­culos y presentado ponencias en eventos cientí­ficos sobre este tema tanto dentro como fuera de Cuba.

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Tourism in Cuba is Booming With 1.2 Million Foreign Visitors

Tourism in Cuba has seen a remarkable surge in international visitors during the first four months of 2023.

Brunno Braga • Jun 22, 2023

is tourism big in cuba

With its rich cultural heritage, stunning landscapes and warm hospitality, Cuba continues to attract travelers from around the world. Tourism in Cuba has seen a remarkable surge in international visitors during the first four months of 2023. The country welcomed over 1.2 million visitors, marking a significant increase compared to the previous year.

Approximately 495,000 of Cuba’s visitors have been from Canada. The nation is leading the pack for Cuba’s thriving tourism industry. Following closely behind are visitors from the United States and Russia. The United States had 54,000 visitor, and Russia had 44,000 visitors. This further highlights the growing appeal of Cuba as a travel destination.

The Cuban government aspires to revitalize the country’s tourism industry to pre-pandemic levels. Prior to the pandemic, over 4 million annual visitors were recorded. They aim to welcome approximately 3.5 million foreign tourists this year. This signals a steady recovery and a positive outlook for Cuba’s economy.

In 2022, Cuba experienced a decline in visitor numbers with around 1.7 million foreign tourists visiting the island. This fell short of the government’s initial estimate of 2.5 million. Cuba’s Tourism Minister, Juan Carlos Garcia, highlighted a couple of challenges affecting the tourism flow. In an interview with EFE, he said that the rise in fuel prices has impacted transportation costs.

The government remains optimistic and committed to further boosting the tourism sector. The current upward trend suggests a rebound, providing renewed hope for the tourism-dependent sectors within the country.

The significance of tourism in Cuba extends beyond the number of visitors. It plays a vital role in supporting various segments of the economy. Taxi drivers, hotel employees and individuals renting out their homes are among those who benefit directly from the tourism industry. As visitor numbers gradually increase, the country’s tourism industry remains a crucial pillar for economic growth and development.

United States citizens have been a growing source of tourism for Cuba since the Obama administration lifted some travel restrictions in 2016. However, the Trump administration’s reversal of those policies and the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the industry. Despite these challenges, Americans can still legally travel to Cuba under certain categories, such as educational or humanitarian purposes. The Cuban government also is exploring new ways to attract tourists, such as promoting medical tourism and offering long-term visas for remote workers. 

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The sector shows a recovery in income, thanks to the arrival of some 2,450,000 visitors at the close of the year, a figure far from the previewed 3.5 million..

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Tourists in Cayo Santa María, in the north of the province of Villa Clara. Photo: Otmaro Rodríguez.

Tourism will close 2023 with a recovery in income, thanks to the arrival of some 2,450,000 visitors at the close of the year, a figure far from the 3.5 million the sector authorities had previewed.

According to Minister of Economy Alejandro Gil, the number of visitors represents a growth of 50% compared to 2022 and 64% of what was achieved in 2019.

Cuba approached 2 million international visitors at the end of October, 44.6% below what was achieved in the same period of 2019, the year before the pandemic, a report from EFE specified.

At the height of the 10 months of the year, Canada led the list of sending countries with 748,976 visitors. The northern country experienced an increase of 208.6% compared to 2022.

🏝️🥇 Cuba en la Lista de los Mejores Destinos para 2024 🌟 ¡Es un honor anunciar que Cuba ha sido seleccionada como uno de los mejores destinos para reservar en 2024 según turoperadores internacionales! Conozca los detalles en 👇 https://t.co/stgKANOsSl #Cuba #CubaUnica pic.twitter.com/3f6IejQJUo — Ministerio Turismo (@MinturCuba) December 16, 2023

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Quoted by Prensa Latina news agency, professor and researcher José Luis Perelló mentioned Cuba as one of the main markets for recreational trips in the area, even though it is currently working on the recovery of the sector.

Also until October, the rest of the emitting countries were Russia (146,306), the United States (130,331), Spain (76,284), Germany (55,519) and Mexico (51,314), all with interannual increases of between 111 % and 343%.

For its part, the Cuban community abroad reported a growth of 111.6%, with 297,034 visitors. Meanwhile, Cuban residents on the island added 654,853 flights, bringing the total number of travelers of all nationalities between January and September to 2,591,938 people.

In the last meeting of the Council of Ministers, Gil highlighted that the total number of visitors received until the end of September represented only 75.5% of what was expected for this date and only 55% of those who traveled to the country in the same period of 2019.

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Tourism is a key sector for economic recovery, at a time when the country is going through a severe crisis. However, it has not yet achieved the desired takeoff, after the hard blow caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Cuba received 1.6 million international travelers in 2022 and fell short of its goal of hosting 1.7 million, a figure that had been readjusted from the initial forecast of 2.5 million.

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Cuban tourists

Can the island handle a tourist influx? (Image: AP)

Cuba's Tourism Economy: The Boon and the Dilemma

Is the island ready to receive a record 3.7 million visitors in 2016?

The world is scurrying to the Pearl of the Antilles, Cuba’s nineteenth-century nickname . And few are more eager than Americans. After the U.S.-Cuba rapprochement began in December 2014 , the island received a half million more international travelers in 2015 than it did the year prior, a 17.4 percent jump. Overall, more than 3.5 million people visited Cuba last year , and U.S. visitors increased the most, by 76.7 percent.

The figure could well be higher in 2016, now that 700 Americans at a time can visit the island on cruises, such as the Carnival Fathom Adonia ship that made a maiden voyage this week . While smaller U.S. ferry services are still seeking approval to operate between Florida and Cuba, commercial airlines have been cleared as of February for a total of 110 daily round trips to Cuba, which could begin as early as September .

More tourism improves the economic prospects of the island, where GDP growth slowed to a six-year low of just 1.3 percent in 2014 , per the Cuban government’s estimates . 2015 was better: GDP grew 4 percent , though Cuba’s then-Economy Minister Marino Murillo Jorge linked it to progress on liquidizing assets, credit contracts, and reduced import prices.

Yet, tourism is the most dynamic sector, according to a panel with officials from Cuba’s Tourism Ministry speaking on the state television program Mesa Redonda . The government expects 3.7 million tourism visits this year, said Tourism Vice Minister Mayra Álvarez García in February. As such, the government plans to increase lodging and the workforce that’ll sustain it.

While the government does not measure the sector’s income and its widespread effects, the World Travel and Tourism Council estimates that Cuban tourism directly and indirectly contributes to as much as 10.4 percent of GDP . Restaurants especially could see gains, as food accounts for some 39 percent of tourists’ spending .

The Dilemma

More dollars would have ripple effects throughout the Caribbean’s second-largest economy, where official figures place gross national income per capita at $5,539 . Even Cubans are vacationing more domestically, with a 7.5 percent increase over the year before.

But the benefits don’t come without repercussions. Cuba’s hospitality industry is already feeling the strain, with just 63,000 hotel rooms available. “From offloading at the airport to restaurant availability, infrastructure is maxed out,” founder of Cuba Educational Travel Collin Laverty told Reuters . Visitors are increasingly turning to renting casas particulares , or private homes, as hotels fill up quickly, particularly in areas of the country with less hotel capacity . Today, they number about 14,000 . Airbnb will help accommodate some of the demand. Cuba is its fastest-growing market, jumping from 1,000 listings in 2015 to 4,000 at the end of March .

And this is with the ban on American tourism still in place. U.S. visitors traveling to the island have to claim one of 12 reasons for their visit, ranging from educational to business activities, though there’s been “almost no active enforcement” of the tourism ban under the Obama administration, says U.S. attorney Robert Muse . Cubans are preparing for if and when that tourism ban is lifted, with plans to have 85,000 hotel rooms by 2020 .

Internet connectivity—now at 5 percent—is another issue for foreigners used to 24-hour access. The government has launched pilot projects in Havana that will allow residents to buy a fiber-optic broadband connection, which is generally banned for nationals. Plus, there are plans to add 80 more Wi-Fi hotspots .

Then there’s the general shortage of goods , and the scarcity of beer has made headlines. The island’s main brewer, Bucanero, says it needs a new plant to meet tourist demand , and will also need to boost imports.

The loss of human capital is yet another issue. “There are now two brain drains: an internal brain drain, as government officials abandon the public sector for higher incomes in the growing private sector; and emigration overseas,” writes Brookings senior fellow Richard Feinberg . For example, rather than make $60 a month as a doctor, Cubans can make $60 a day as taxi driver in Havana.

The international community’s interest in investing in the island’s tourism sector offers some solace. On May 3 and 4, ministers and delegates of 26 countries gathered at the International Tourism Fair in Havana to discuss how to accommodate the island’s growing market, as well as how to collaborate—not compete—with its regional neighbors.

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COHA

Cuba’s Tourism, the Embargo, and the Environment

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By Erika Sato , Research Associate at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs

To download a PDF version of this article, click here .

Cuba’s coral reefs are well known for possessing some of the best places in the world for diving. Off the coast of Jardines de la Reina , one can find plenty of biodiversity in pristine condition. [1] Since the Cuban Revolution, the government (in spite of economic constraints) has successfully implemented progressive ecological policies that, along with the isolating effects of the embargo, have so far protected its ecosystems—perhaps more effectively than any other Latin American nation. The recent boom in tourism (Cuba’s largest industry) promises to become exponential should the United States remove its economic and travel embargo on Cuba. [2] This sudden and extreme growth in tourism may jeopardize Cuba’s natural heritage. Experts fear that Cuba may face severe environmental degradation and see its coral reefs eventually disappear if it does not take further environmental precautions. If and when the United States removes its embargo, Cuba will likely receive an avalanche of U.S. tourists, corporations, and cash, which could quickly destroy much of its currently healthy coral reefs.

Although the increase in tourism may result in negative environmental consequences, this would not be reason to halt the normalization of U.S. relations with Cuba. As the Council on Hemispheric Affairs (COHA) has found, the embargo is problematic for a variety of reasons. [3] This article is therefore not meant to criticize the phasing back of the embargo, but rather to argue that the process must include the proactive implementation of strong environmental legislation. If such legislation is achieved, removing the trade embargo will allow Cuba more autonomy and the agency to better enforce its environmental protection measures.

A Rich and Fragile Natural Heritage

Cuba is extremely rich in biodiversity. In addition to its forests and terrestrial wildlife, there are two specific threatened ecosystems worth discussing. The coral reefs are very important to tourism and could face much higher traffic in the next few years due to its increase. This increase could easily lead to the ecosystem’s destruction from the sheer number of people touching and stepping on the various delicate parts of the reef. [4] However, another lesser-known and equally important ecosystem is Cuba’s mangroves. Unsustainable tourism industry development has already destroyed around 10,000 acres of mangroves, ecosystems that are extremely rare and valuable for their role in coastal protection from pollution and soil salinization. [5]

Environmental Regulation of Tourism in Cuba

One way the Cuban government has attempted to combat these issues while developing its tourism industry is through ecotourism in wildlife refuges. This trend began in the early 1990’s in projects such as the reserve in the Sierra del Rosario , just west of Havana. [6] This site had been exploited and destroyed over the past 200 years by coffee plantations, overgrazing, and deforestation before it was converted into a social project, re-forested, and later used very successfully for ecotourism. [7] Unfortunately, Cuba has also had much less successful attempts at ecotourism. Particularly problematic has been its ‘nature tourism’ which, rather than focusing on principles of sustainability, tends to only focus on tourists’ enjoyment of nature or Cuba’s rural cultures. [8] This form of ‘passive’ tourism may not appear worse than any other form, but its façade of sustainability is quite misleading to customers who wish to engage in responsible tourism.

Furthermore, taking a large number of people into wildlife refuges can be very detrimental to the local ecosystems. In sites that are strictly controlled by the government, ecotourism can be much less destructive to the environment; but regrettably, many sites are protected only nominally and are vulnerable to exploitation because the government pays little attention to enforcement. [9] As Cuba proceeds in developing its tourism industry, expansion of ecotourism could potentially be a sustainable option, but first, the government will need to step up its regulation of its environmental practices. As outlined by Anthony Winson of the University of Guelph, “it would be highly beneficial then, if more natural areas were brought under the protected area regime now set up, and if a set of real sanctions were in place to punish those organisations and individuals who despoil the environment.” [10]

Foreign Investment and United States Embargo

  Ecotourism is thus one important option to consider as Cuba’s tourism industry takes off. Part of the reason for the recent increase in tourism may relate to new laws in Cuba that will potentially affect business and tourism. Foreign direct investment (FDI) is already beginning to flow more heavily, as Cuba passed steeper tax cut measures in an attempt to encourage FDI in March of 2014. [11] This foreign investment incentive, meant to spur development in Cuba, seeks new opportunities for Cuba in healthcare, tourism, transportation, construction, agriculture, and renewable energy. [12] Although the tax cuts include clauses to warn against environmental damage, the tourism industry is a quickly growing sector partially funded by FDI, begging the question of how new infrastructure for tourism can be developed without degrading the environment. [13]

Tourism and Business Prospects

Although the United States has barely begun to test the waters of tourism in the country, Cuba is already overwhelmed with international tourists. Many of these tourists want to see Cuba before it becomes more Americanized, a phenomenon they believe will occur once U.S. business and culture gains more access to it. [21] In a Washington Report on the Hemisphere issue from April 18, COHA Research Associate Seohyeon Yang found that foreign investors as well as cruise and tourism companies from the United States are eagerly awaiting their lucrative chance. [22] Stubborn Mule Travel agency founder, Liddy Pleasants, explains, “there’s a real feeling that everyone wants to get there before it changes too much,” in terms of both U.S. tourists and imported goods. [23] Thus, as of last year, travel agencies recommend that tourists reserve their hotels eight to 10 months in advance of their trip due to the extreme shortage of accommodations. [24] This shortage demonstrates the recent growth in Cuba’s tourism industry, which is already strong despite the fact that tourism from the United States is still so limited. It is apparent that as travel and business restrictions from the United States loosen, Cuba will only continue to be more and more flooded with tourists, and it is unclear how well current Cuban environmental laws will be able to regulate this new demand for the use of its environment.

Particularly concerning for Cuba is the way that U.S. tourism corporations have been gathering at the sidelines ready to pounce on the nation. For example, executive director of Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings, Frank Del Rio, told The New York Times last July, “I just can’t stop thinking about it, […] Cuba and the cruise industry are just a match made in heaven, waiting to happen.” [25] This enthusiasm worries many environmental experts, who believe that the sheer amount of money Cuba will be suddenly exposed to (once business restrictions from the United States are terminated) will result in new challenges to their environmental laws that have not been faced before. “The tourism impact has really been minimal in Cuba, but that’s going to change. When you go from 2 million tourists a year to 4 to 6 to 8, everything will change,” declares University of Miami’s marine conservationist Fernando Bretos. [26]

Environmental Law in Cuba

Thus far, Cuba’s environmental record has been somewhat promising, but there have been concerns about Cuba’s ability to implement its environmental policy. As explained in an earlier section, the results of ecotourism have been mixed. Similarly, a 2009 COHA article concluded that much of Cuba’s recent environmental policy has “only succeeded in aiding the state in squandering resources” while failing to prevent environmental degradation in many areas. [27] However, despite these challenges, Cuba’s intention to work towards preserving its environment is clear. Since long before the 1997 implementation of Cuba’s framework Law of the Environment, Fidel Castro has strongly supported environmental consciousness. In 1992, he stated in an Earth Summit speech, “an important biological species—humankind—is at risk of disappearing due to the rapid and progressive elimination of its natural habitat.” [28] Cuba has made attempts to preserve its environment even if these were not always successful. [29] Cuba has emphasized environmental education to create environmentally conscious citizens, and has even incorporated “sustainable development” and “polluter pays” concepts into its foreign investment policy. [30] The 2009 COHA article argues that Cuba’s government supports the value of environmental initiatives, and it has shown its willingness to contribute to this by signing international initiatives such as the Kyoto Protocol. [31]

Most encouragingly, Cuba has begun to enter into joint environmental agreements with the United States. Given its current relatively pristine conditions, the biggest fear today is that the complete opening of the embargo will result in exploitation of the island’s natural heritage posed by the increase in tourism. However, the United States and Cuba both seem, to some extent, to have foreseen this danger and have taken measures to prevent it. On November 18, 2015, the United States and Cuba formed an agreement aiming to protect coastal ecosystems. [32] This agreement created sister marine sanctuary relationships between Guanahacabibes and Banco de San Antonio in Cuba, and the Florida Keys and Flower Garden Banks national marine sanctuaries in the United States, emphasizing the continuity of the ecosystem between the small patch of ocean (90 miles) separating Florida and Cuba. [33] Subsequently on November 24, 2015, both countries signed a joint statement on environmental protection with topics including protecting biodiversity and coasts, and addressing climate change, natural disasters, and marine pollution. [34] The U.S. Department of Agriculture has also established new measures for collaboration in research and exchange of information between the United States and Cuba on concerns related to agriculture and climate. [35]

These measures suggest the possibility for cooperation between the two countries for the good of the environment even though it is often argued that U.S. business interests are the main force driving the normalization process. However, the joint statement has not created any new concrete protections for Cuba’s environment, but is instead supposed to “facilitate and guide” cooperation regarding a variety of issues as listed above. [36] Similarly, the sister sanctuary agreement does not create any new environmental sanctuaries in either country, but rather aims to further opportunities for collaborative research. [37] Thus, it remains to be seen the extent to which United States and Cuba will be able to cooperate to create real change in protective environmental policy.

On May 2, the first cruise ship from the United States in half a century docked in Havana. [38] This cruise was an educational people-to-people trip, but the ship belonged to the U.S. cruise company Carnival Corp., demonstrating that big U.S. corporations are already beginning to take advantage of the new opportunities in Cuba. It seems that growth in commercial tourism on the island is all but inevitable with the normalization of relations. However, this is not to imply that the U.S. should halt the process of normalization. Rather, at the moment, the threat of exploitation is best addressed through new legislation to protect the environment. In considering this new legislation, both continued effort towards collaborative environmental policies between the United States and Cuba, and an emphasis on new policies that Cuba can implement itself as a precaution—such as increasing opportunities for ecotourism with proper government oversight—will be important. The agreements between the United States and Cuba appear to be an important start to Cuba’s preparation for the avalanche of U.S. business interests. Due to the dubiousness of the United States’ environmental record, however, it would be wise for Cuba to strengthen and expand its own protective environmental framework in addition to implementing these bilateral environmental agreements.

By Erika Sato,

Research Associate at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs

Featured Photo: Wikipedia. https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove

Please accept this article as a free contribution from COHA, but if re-posting, please afford authorial and institutional attribution. Exclusive rights can be negotiated. For additional news and analysis on Latin America, please go to: LatinNews.com and Rights Action.

[1] Erica Goode, “Cuba’s Crown Jewel”,  New York Times , July 14, 2015.

[2] Marc Franc, “Cuba Allows Tourism Industry to Hire Private Contractors,” Reuters, October 9, 2013.

[3] See COHA article by Peter Bolton on human rights and the embargo:

Peter Bolton, “The Backlash to U.S.-Cuba Normalization and the Misuse of Human Rights”, The Council on Hemispheric Affairs, April 22, 2016, Accessed May 26, 2016, https://coha.org/the-backlash-to-u-s-cuba-normalization-and-the-misuse-of-human-rights/

[4] Goode, “Cuba’s Crown Jewel”.

[5] Eudel Eduardo Cepero, “Environmental Concerns for a Cuba in Transition”, University of Miami, 2004, Accessed May 27, 2016, http://ctp.iccas.miami.edu/Research_Studies/ECepero.pdf, 8-9

[6] Anthony Winson, “Ecotourism and Sustainability in Cuba: Does Socialism Make a Difference?”  Journal of Sustainable Tourism 14 no. 1 (2006): 15.

[7] Ibid, 15.

[8] Ibid, 17.

[9] Ibid, 20; Erica Goode, “Cubans Worry Closer U.S. Ties Imperil Habitats”,  The New York Times, July 3, 2015.

[10] Winson, “Ecotourism and Sustainability”, 20

[11] Daniel Trotta, “Cuba Approves Law Aimed at Attracting Foreign Investment”, Reuters, March 29, 2014, Accessed May 27, 2016, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-cuba-investment-idUSBREA2S0EJ20140329.

[12] Jaime Hamre, “Cuba seeks $8.2 billion in foreign investment for 326 projects”, Reuters, November 3, 2015, Accessed May 27, 2016, http://www.reuters.com/article/cuba-trade-idUSL1N12Y3HK20151104

[13] Raul J. Valdés-Fauli. “What Does the New Cuban Foreign Investment Act Mean?” Fox Rothschild LLP , August 2014. Accessed May 27, 2016, http://www.foxrothschild.com/content/uploads/2015/05/NL_Cuba_Aug2014_v18.pdf.

[14] “Helms-Burton Act: Resurrecting the Iron Curtain”, The Council on Hemispheric Affairs, June 10, 2011, Accessed May 27, 2016, https://coha.org/helms-burton-act-resurrecting-the-iron-curtain/

[15] “Frequently Asked Questions Related to Cuba”, U.S. Department of the Treasury, Last Updated April 21, 2016, Accessed May 27, 2016, https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Documents/cuba_faqs_new.pdf., 2

[16] Ibid, 8.

[17] Ibid, 9.

[18] Ibid, 16.

[19] Alan Gomez, “U.S. Approves More Business Trade With Cuba”, USA Today, January 26, 2016, Accessed May 27, 2016, www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2016/01/26/cuba-us-ease-trade-restrictions-sales-to-government/79337896/

[20] Nora Gámez Torres, “Cuba Investments Are a High Risk for U.S. Companies, New Report Says”, Miami Herald, June 22, 2015, Accessed May 27, 2016, http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article25183966.html

[21] Tyler Wetherall, “Cuba Sees Record Bookings as Tourists Rush to See It Before It Changes”, The Guardian , October 30, 2015, Accessed May 25, 2016, http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2015/oct/30/travel-to-cuba-increases-us-trade-embargo

[22] Seohyeon Yang, “Tourism in Cuba: The Underlying Racism,” Washington Report on the Hemisphere 36, no. 4 (April 18, 2016): 1-5

See also for the Spanish version online: https://coha.org/turismo-en-cuba-su-racismo-subyacente/

[23] Weatherall, “Cuba Sees Record Bookings”.

[25] Goode, “Cubans Worry Closer U.S. Ties”

[26] “Cuba: The Accidental Eden: A Brief Environmental History”, PBS, April 7, 2011, Accessed May 2, 2016, http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/cuba-the-accidental-eden-a-brief-environmental-history/5830/.

[27] “The U.S. and Cuba: Destined to be an Environmental Duo?” The Council on Hemispheric Affairs, June 12, 2009, Accessed May 25, 2016, https://coha.org/the-us-and-cuba-an-environmental-duo/

[28] “Fidel Castro at Earth Summit: Tomorrow Will Be Too Late”, Green Left Weekly, June 24, 1992, Accessed May 26, 2016, https://www.greenleft.org.au/node/3551.

[29] Evenson, “A Deeper Shade of Green”, 1-2, 16-18.

[30] Ibid, 14-16; 29.

[31] “The U.S. and Cuba: Destined to be an Environmental Duo?”

[32] Agencia EFE, “EE.UU. y Cuba Fortalecen Su Cooperación Para Proteger el Medio Ambiente”, El Nuevo Herald, November 24, 2015, Accessed May 25, 2016, http://www.elnuevoherald.com/noticias/mundo/america-latina/cuba-es/article46309755.html

[33] “U.S. and Cuba to Cooperate on Sister Sanctuaries”, National Marine Sanctuaries, last revised November 19, 2015, Accessed May 26, 2016, http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/news/nov15/us-and-cuba-to-cooperate-on-sister-sanctuaries.html.

[34] “Agriculture Secretary Vilsack Announces Historic Agreements for U.S.-Cuba Agriculture Sector” United States Department of Agriculture, March 21, 2016, Accessed May 25, 2016, http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?contentid=2016/03/0069.xml

[36] Andrea Korte, “Diplomacy With Cuba Sees New Scientific Partnerships”, American Association for the Advancement of Science, December 10, 2015, Accessed May 26, 2016, http://www.aaas.org/news/diplomacy-cuba-sees-new-scientific-partnerships.

[37] “U.S., Cuba Sign First Environmental Accord Since Thaw”, WUSF News, November 19, 2015, Accessed May 26, 2016, http://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/post/us-cuba-sign-first-environmental-accord-thaw#stream/0.

[38] Mimi Whitefield, “Cruise Ship From Miami Arrives in Havana for Historic Trip to Cuba”, The Miami Herald, May 2, 2016, Accessed May 26, 2016, http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article75096132.html

Featured Photo: Mangrove. Taken from Google Images.

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LuxuryTravelDiva

Is Tourism Big in Cuba?

By Anna Duncan

Cuba is a vibrant and historically rich country located in the Caribbean. It’s well-known for its music, dance, cigars, and rum. However, one of the significant contributors to Cuba’s economy is tourism.

In recent years, Cuba has seen a surge in the number of tourists visiting the country. But how big is tourism in Cuba? Let’s explore.

A Brief Overview of Tourism in Cuba

Tourism began to develop in Cuba during the 1990s when the government decided to open up to foreign investment. Since then, tourism has become one of the main sources of revenue for the country. According to official statistics from the Cuban government, over four million tourists visited Cuba in 2019.

Top Tourist Destinations

Cuba has several popular tourist destinations that attract visitors from all over the world. The most famous destination is Havana, which is not only the capital city but also a UNESCO World Heritage site. Other popular tourist destinations include Varadero, Cayo Coco, Trinidad, and Santiago de Cuba.

Reasons for Tourism Growth

There are several reasons why tourism in Cuba has grown over the years. Firstly, Cuba offers a unique experience with its rich culture and history. From vintage cars to colonial architecture – there’s something for everyone in Cuba.

Secondly, after decades of isolation due to political reasons from western countries like America and Europe, Cuba has recently opened up to these markets which have led to an increase in tourism.

Thirdly, Cuba offers affordable travel options compared to other Caribbean countries making it an attractive option for budget-conscious travelers.

Impact on Cuban Economy

Tourism has had a significant impact on the Cuban economy as it contributes significantly to its GDP. In 2019 alone, tourism generated approximately $3 billion in revenue for the country.

The growth of tourism has led to the development of various industries such as hospitality, transportation, and entertainment, creating job opportunities for locals. Additionally, tourism has helped to improve infrastructure in Cuba, with the construction of new hotels and restaurants.

Challenges Faced by Cuba’s Tourism Industry

While tourism has been a boon for Cuba’s economy, there are several challenges that the industry faces. One of the major challenges is the lack of infrastructure to support the growing number of tourists. Cuba’s hotels and transportation systems are often inadequate to meet the demand during peak season.

Another challenge is that the country relies heavily on imports for supplies like food and beverages required by tourists. This can lead to shortages and higher prices.

In conclusion, tourism is undoubtedly a big industry in Cuba, providing significant revenue for the country’s economy. With its unique culture and history, affordable travel options, and open market policies, it’s not hard to see why Cuba has become a popular tourist destination in recent years. While there are challenges that need to be addressed, it’s safe to say that tourism will continue to play a significant role in Cuba’s economy for years to come.

  • Cuba sees over four million tourists annually
  • Havana is one of the most popular destinations
  • Tourism contributes significantly to GDP
  • Affordable travel options make it an attractive option
  • Lack of infrastructure poses a challenge for tourism growth

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Cuba Tourism Faces Shortages of Visitors and Supplies

Dave Sherwood, Marc Frank and Nelson Acosta, Reuters

February 18th, 2023 at 7:58 AM EST

Tourism officials in Cuba have to fight the perception that a visit isn't worth the hassle because of ongoing blackouts and shortages.

Dennis Schaal

British birdwatcher Harriet Babeo arrived at Cuba’s Bay of Pigs earlier this week and promptly racked up 80 species for her list including the world’s smallest hummingbird and the elusive red, white and blue Cuban trogon, rarities found only the island.

Far more challenging, she told Reuters, was hunting down a few liters of gasoline for her group’s rental car.

“We’ve gone … three days now, and (the service stations) have had nothing,” Babeo said over breakfast, binoculars and bird book near at hand, at a private home-stay on Cuba’s serene Bay of Pigs.

Tourists like Babeo who spoke with Reuters often raved about their experience in Cuba, praising the country’s hospitality, culture and weather. But increasingly, says Paolo Spadoni, an economist with Augusta University, visitors must confront the realities of Cuba’s economic crisis – the worst in decades – an ominous headwind as the country struggles to breathe new life into its all-important tourism sector.

“If you see how slow the recovery of the Cuban tourism sector is compared to other countries, it tells you there are deeper problems,” Spadoni said.

Cuba in 2022 received 1.6 million visitors, just 38% of the 4.3 million who traveled to the island in 2019, prior to the pandemic. Neighboring Dominican Republic, meanwhile, saw 7.2 million visitors in 2022, up 11.1% over 2019.

Policies implemented by U.S. President Donald Trump have scared off many tourists, Spadoni said. Trump ended cruise ship dockings and flights from the United States and put travelers of other nationalities who visited the island at risk of complicating entry to the United States.

But Cuba’s centrally planned economy, he said, has also failed to ensure adequate infrastructure and supply chains to serve those who still venture forth, souring some visitors and making it “very unlikely” Cuba will hit its goal of 3.5 million visitors in 2023.

“It’s a combination of things that create more and more problems just traveling to Cuba and in the end, many just decide to go somewhere else,” Spadoni said.

The Cuban government did not immediately respond to a request for comment.

Cuba reported 246,000 visitors in January, a slower start to the year than likely necessary to hit its targets, but far better than the first month of 2022, when only 86,400 tourists arrived.

Part of the Experience

Large, state-owned hotels in Havana and on sandy keys offshore account for much of Cuba’s tourism revenue, official statistics show.

But at Playa Larga, a palm-fringed white sand beach deep inside the Bay of Pigs, small private homeowners still fight for their share of tourists, offering home-cooked meals, cozy rooms and Cuban hospitality.

Amauri Lugo, who runs a small home-stay near the beach, said even breakfast basics – milk, bread, eggs, cheese, ham – were hard to come by this year. And while electrical service has improved since December, he said, blackouts were so common last year that tourists often ate dinner by candlelight.

“It made it difficult to attend (to) visitors, but a lot of them understood and cooperated, even enjoyed those moments,” he said.

Collin Laverty, founder of Cuba Educational Travel (CET), said such flexibility is a hallmark of travel to Cuba.

“I always tell travelers there’s definitely a challenging situation on the ground, shortages, inflation, and you’ll experience those things, and you should, because that’s part of going to a country and learning about the reality,” he said.

And for those not interested in roughing it, there are other options, he told Reuters.

“There’s certainly nice hotels with strong internet, bathrooms with toilet paper, and nice restaurants,” Laverty said. “You can see the challenges but you don’t necessarily have to live them first hand as travelers.”

(Reporting by Dave Sherwood in Playa Larga; Additional reporting by Marc Frank and Nelson Acosta in Havana; Editing by Daniel Wallis)

Copyright (2023) Thomson Reuters. Click for restrictions

This article was written by Dave Sherwood from Reuters and was legally licensed through the Industry Dive Content Marketplace . Please direct all licensing questions to [email protected] .

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Photo credit: A stop on a TravelLocal arranged tour of Cuba. The country's tourism rebound has been sluggish compared with its neighbors. TravelLocal

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Six Essential Tips for Your Trip to Cuba 2022

From alternative accommodation to bypassing the restrictive internet in Cuba, check out these six essential tips for your trip to Cuba.

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When is the best time to visit Cuba?

Planning a visit to Cuba? The island offers sunny skies and activities year-round. Learn more about its seasons, weather, and cultural calendar.

Is it safe to travel to Cuba?

Here are some of the best safety tips to follow as you enjoy your trip, and use public transportation in Cuba.

Greatest Waterfalls in Cuba

Imagine finding yourself in Cuba, surrounded by an exuberant natural environment - where the vivacious green mountains stretch out into a splendid blue sky - while the fresh Caribbean seabreeze brightens your face. And on this tropical voyage, you discover a land of waterfalls on every corner of the island.

El Nicho waterfall, Sierra de Escambray

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Five of the best beaches in cuba.

Discover the best Cuban beaches making a splash in the

Cayo Coco: The Ideal Cuban Paradise

Of all the Cuban islands, Cayo Coco has some of

Dance to Your Own Beat at Havana World Music 2022

Havana World Music: Are you ready to break beyond the

Lesser Known Parts of Cuba to Discover This Year

Escape the crowds and Look further into the Cuban landscape

City Guide: Cienfuegos

Cienfuegos is a picturesque coastal town with laid back charm

Marabana – Havana’s Annual Marathon

The Marabana, Havana’s annual marathon, is a unique opportunity to

Best Spots for Fishing Around Cuba

Largely untouched and diverse, Cuba is one of the most

Five Cuban Clothing Brands to Shop for in Havana

Take a look at the emerging Cuban dress wear brands

Havana’s National Museum of Fine Arts

Your essential guide to one of Cuba’s most fascinating cultural

Explore the Glittering Caves of Bellamar

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Top Four Jazz Clubs in Havana

Cuba’s capital has always enjoyed a lively jazz scene, and has produced legendary musicians. It’s time to visit Havana’s best jazz clubs!

La Zorra Y El Cuervo jazz club, Vedado, Havana

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Winter activities and tips!

History & Heritage

Visit the Museo de la Revolución

Wildlife & Nature

Ciénaga de Zapata

Castillo del Morro

Beaches & Islands

Hit the Beach at Tarará

Tarará Beach – Havana’s Best Kept Secret

Tired of typical tourist spots? Get to know Tarará beach,

Castillo del Morro: A Historical Fortress in Havana

Learn about the History of Cuba in the bay of

Ciénaga de Zapata: A Natural Cuban Treasure

Encounter the endemic flora and fauna of Matanzas Cuba, and

Visit the Museo de la Revolución, and Relive the Fight for Cuba

Havana’s Museo de la Revolución offers a thorough look at

The Cuban Cigar: Everything You’ll need to know

Learn about the curious and mysterious history of the Cuban cigar, how a Habano is made, and where you can buy quality tobacco like Cohiba cigars.

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What You Need To Be Aware Of As A Tourist Visiting Cuba

B eaches with white sand as fine as sugar, vintage American cars cruising down streets lined by colorful aging buildings, and the chance to puff on a fine cigar while watching people dance the salsa in the warm night air: It's not hard to understand the picture-postcard allure of Cuba. It's a country in the throes of rapid change as it emerges back onto the world stage after decades of stagnation following the 1959 revolution. So now is a wonderful time to pack your dancing shoes and visit the Caribbean's largest island.

However, Cuba isn't an uncomplicated tropical paradise and there are several things you need to be aware of before you visit as a tourist. Like, as an American, is it even legal for you to visit Cuba as a tourist? What's with the money situation? And can you access the internet or are you going back to the Stone Age (also known as the early 1990s)?

Can Americans Visit Cuba?

Cuba is just 103 miles from the tip of Florida making it the ideal winter getaway for sun-seeking Americans. However, the U.S. imposed restrictions on travel to Cuba in 1963 and while the level of restrictions has varied over the years, as of July 2023, Americans can't visit Cuba purely for tourism purposes.

That said, there are 12 categories of authorized travel to Cuba, and the one that most Americans visiting the island use is the "support for the Cuban people" category. You'll need a passport with six months validity at the time of entry and two blank pages. You also need a Cuban Tourist Card, which you can usually get from your airline for as little as $50.

Speaking of airlines, you can fly direct to Cuba from several U.S. cities, including Miami, Tampa, New York City , and Houston. Most direct flights from the U.S. land in the Cuban capital of Havana, though there are several nonstop flights from Miami to other destinations in the country, including Santiago de Cuba and the popular beach resort of Varadero.

Cuban Currency

There's good news and, let's say, tricky news when it comes to paying for things in Cuba. The good news is that there is now one currency used by residents and visitors alike in the country: the Cuban peso (CUP). The Cuban convertible peso (CUC), which used to be the currency used by tourists, was eliminated in 2021.

The only official place you can exchange currency in Cuba is at Cadeca exchange houses. You cannot get CUP outside of Cuba, nor should you take the currency home with you. Spend or exchange anything you have left over before you go to the airport (after security, you should pay in foreign currency).

What about credit cards? U.S. credit and debit cards won't work in Cuba. Credit cards from major financial institutions like Visa and Mastercard from other countries should be accepted by certain businesses and ATMs. However, cash is king in the country and it's always a good idea to keep some with you for tips to service workers.

The Internet In Cuba

Cuba is the perfect place to go on a digital detox. We're going to be honest: Getting online isn't as easy as in the U.S. and internet speeds can be sluggish. However, if you need to connect to the internet, you can. The most common way to access the internet in Cuba is via hotspots in places like public parks and on the Malécon in Havana. (They are also perfect for people-watching, so embrace the experience!) Many hotels and some other businesses also have Wi-Fi.

To access the internet in most places you're going to need a NAUTA card, which you can purchase from ETECSA offices around Cuba. Be prepared to stand in line to buy the card and take your passport along with you. Our advice? Be patient and make the most of your offline moments to fully immerse yourself in the Cuban experience. And plan to latergram your posts on Insta.

Sleeping And Eating

When it comes to accommodation in Cuba, you'll find a range of options. From all-inclusive beach resorts to cozy casas particulares, you'll find somewhere to suit your preferences and budget. Our pick for independent travelers is a casa particular, a privately owned guesthouse which offers a fantastic opportunity to experience Cuban hospitality firsthand. Many places offer breakfast and an evening meal, so you can taste home-cooked Cuban food. It's also an excellent way to support the Cuban people (this is likely the stated purpose of your visit, after all) as the money you pay goes directly to the guesthouse owners. In contrast, the Cuban government holds at least a 51% share in all hotels in Cuba. Hotel star ratings are often on the generous side, so be discerning.

As far as food goes in Cuba, your best bet is to go to a paladar, a privately run restaurant that serves excellent versions of classic Cuban dishes like roast pork, shredded beef, and suckling pig (the cuisine is pretty meat-forward). A note on cultural sensitivity: Many products that are widely available in the U.S. might not be in Cuba and even basic products often disappear from Cuban shops at short notice. Savor what's put on your plate and enjoy the often simple but tasty food.

How To Support And Respect The Cuban People

Staying in casas particulares and eating at paladares are just two ways that you can support the Cuban people on your trip. Consider taking a salsa class run by a local, buying locally made handicrafts, and whiling away the steamy nights sipping rum and listening to musicians put on a fabulous show. By patronizing local businesses, not only are you financially supporting the Cuban people, but you're also going to have an authentic Cuban experience.

We touched on the unavailability of some food items earlier, but shortages extend to many consumer products in Cuba. Bring everything you think you'll need for your trip, including medications. You may also want to bring a roll of toilet paper (glamorous, we know), as public bathrooms often don't have it. Power cuts are common; while they might be frustrating, remember that you're only there for a short time and, for Cubans, power cuts are infuriating, so keep your complaints to yourself. This goes for everything, really; if you're not prepared for some minor inconveniences, don't visit Cuba. If you want to take a memorable trip to a country steeped in history with a vibrant culture, stunning urban architecture, and beautiful natural landscapes, it'll all be worth it.

Read this next: The World's Best Places To Put On Your Travel Bucket List

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Cuba aims to improve tourism industry after pandemic travel slow down

By Hank Tester

Updated on: July 28, 2023 / 2:44 PM EDT / CBS Miami

MIAMI -- Airports are overflowing and Americans are traveling again on flights to Europe and other typical summer destinations.

But travel to the Caribbean is on the rise again despite the current warm-weather season in full effect right now.

Summers in the Caribbean traditionally have been considered the slow season, but not so much anymore. 

"Like the Dominican Republic (and) Jamaica, the Bahamas are having very good summers with their air traffic and flights from all over the world," said Alexander Britell, editor-in-chief of Caribbean Journal. 

"To bolster their strong tourism number, the Bahamas is specifically targeting promotional efforts at potential South Florida travelers especially new arrivals who might not realize the islands are just minutes away by air."

Many of the islands are getting tourist traffic that equals or exceeds the pre-pandemic boom travel years, experts said.

The Dominican Republic has seen historic levels of tourism through June, reaching about 8 million just by air this year, the largest in the country's history, according to officials.

Tourism these days is often measured on how well the sector has rebounded from COVID.

During the pandemic the DR had few restrictions and opened very early but not the case in Cuba.

"It is still not where it was before the pandemic which was four million visitors a year," Britell said. 

Cuba's hopes were that tourism in 2022 would generate 2.5 million visitors, but only a little over a million visited the island.

The country opened up later than other Caribbean Nations.

During the pandemic, Cuba's major source of tourism -- Canada -- had closed its borders, with Canadians unable to depart their country.

Now Canadian tour operators are planning a major push for Cuba this winter, Britell told CBS News Miami.

But Cuba has several issues, including:

  • Wrestling with the lack of hotel rooms.
  • Grappling with ongoing fuel issues;
  • Struggling under the weight of the U.S. embargo which restricts significant American visitors.
  • Flinching under occasional unrest and the inclusion of Cuba on the list of countries that sponsor terrorism. 

The Cuban government, which owns and operates much of the island's tourism infrastructure is looking to the Russians who have promised to provide massive economic aid, including increased flights into Cuba.

Said Britell, "They have gotten 4-5 percent of their tourism from Russia.  I am not sure it is going to make a massive dent in their recovery."

Juan Carlos Garcia, Cuba's minister of tourism, told members of Cuba's National Assembly that Canada continues to be the nation's main source of tourist traffic, followed by the Cuban American Exile Market.

He is banking on the Russians becoming the third tourist market for Cuba in part because of the anticipated increase in air charters from Russia.

In recent months talks between Chinese and Cuban tourism officials have been ongoing with the goal of increasing the tourist flow from China to the island nation.

Cuba aims to double its Chinese tourist arrivals by strengthening its ecotourism, cultural, health, and nautical tourism industries, among other options according to state-controlled media.

hank-tester.jpg

Hank Tester is a CBS4 News general assignment reporter. He joined WFOR-TV CBS4 Miami in October 2015.

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Judge Upholds Biden Program Giving Some Immigrants Short-Term Legal Status

The initiative allows up to 360,000 people a year from Cuba, Haiti, Nicaragua and Venezuela to live and work in the United States if supported by a financial sponsor.

A woman in a green head scarf sits across a desk from a woman in a white parka.

By Miriam Jordan

A federal judge on Friday allowed the Biden administration to continue a program that it has used to give temporary legal status to hundreds of thousands of citizens of Cuba, Haiti, Nicaragua and Venezuela.

Known as humanitarian parole, the program has offered people from the troubled countries an alternative to entering the United States illegally, and has been central to the administration’s strategy to curb the influx of migrants arriving at the U.S. southern border.

President Biden has faced considerable criticism for his administration’s handling of the border, and Texas and other Republican-led states had sued the administration to block the parole program. But Judge Drew B. Tipton of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Texas sided with the administration, saying the states had failed to establish they had standing on any of their claims.

The Homeland Security secretary, Alejandro N. Mayorkas, said he was pleased by the decision in a statement on Friday, calling the program “a key element of our efforts to address the unprecedented level of migration throughout our hemisphere.”

The ruling is a blow to Texas, which has filed a spate of lawsuits against the Biden administration as part of its effort to shape immigration policy, historically a federal responsibility.

The states that signed onto the lawsuit, including Florida, Tennessee and Arkansas, argued that the program had burdened them with additional costs for health care, education and law enforcement. They also argued that the Biden administration was simply inviting many people who otherwise would have entered the country illegally to come to the United States.

Even as the overall number of migrant crossings has stayed at historically high levels, the number of unlawful crossings by nationals from countries in the program has declined. The judge concluded that the states could not argue they had been harmed by a program that had led to a reduction in border crossings.

“The record establishes that the number of CHNV [Cuban, Haitian, Nicaraguan and Venezuelan] nationals entering the United States since the program’s implementation has dramatically decreased by as much as 44 percent,” the judge wrote in his 31-page decision.

“Plaintiffs, therefore, are unable to demonstrate that they have been injured by the program, and as a result they lack standing to bring these claims,” he added.

Thumbnail of page 1

Read the Federal Judge’s Ruling

A U.S. district judge allowed the Biden administration to continue a program that it has used to give temporary legal status to hundreds of thousands of citizens of Cuba, Haiti, Nicaragua and Venezuela.

Texas is almost certain to appeal the decision to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, which covers Texas, and the case could end up in the U.S. Supreme Court, experts said.

The lawsuit, filed last year by Texas on behalf of 21 states, was the first to challenge the use of the president’s immigration parole authority in federal court. The program allows nationals of designated countries to obtain a two-year period of parole, or temporary permission, to live and work in the United States, provided they have a financial sponsor to support them.

As of the end of January, nearly 360,000 people had been approved to participate. Sponsorship typically comes from a relative or other individual, who is often backed by a house of worship whose members pool funds.

“Today’s decision is a victory for people who have jumped at the opportunity to sponsor loved ones under this program, and it is a critical repudiation of Texas’ attempt to hold immigration policy hostage for the entire country,” said Monika Y. Langarica, senior staff attorney for the Center for Immigration Law and Policy at the U.C.L.A. School of Law, which defended the program in court.

Last summer, the Supreme Court overturned a 2022 decision by Judge Tipton and ruled that the Biden administration could set priorities for which undocumented immigrants to arrest. That ruling influenced the outcome of the humanitarian parole case, according to legal experts, because it sent the message that states had to prove they were being adversely affected by a policy to sue; they couldn’t go to court just because they disagreed with it.

Judge Tipton, who was appointed by President Donald J. Trump, also noted that state expenditures related to illegal immigration declined after the program was put in place.

“The court has before it a case in which plaintiffs claim that they have been injured by a program that has actually lowered their out-of-pocket costs,’’ he wrote.

Aaron Reichlin-Melnick, policy director at the American Immigration Council, which advocates on behalf of immigrants, called the ruling “a big success for the Biden administration.”

The use of parole authority goes back decades. It was used to admit nearly 200,000 Cubans in the 1960s and more than 350,000 Southeast Asians after the fall of Saigon in the Vietnam War. The Biden administration unveiled a humanitarian parole program in April 2022 for Ukrainians fleeing war, with no cap on the number of participants. None of the 21 states who joined the lawsuit have sought to terminate the program for Ukrainians.

In introducing a new humanitarian parole program , first for Venezuelans in late 2022 and then for Cubans, Haitians and Nicaraguans in January 2023, the federal government was aiming to dissuade people from trying to cross the U.S. southern border illegally by offering the possibility of a legal pathway for which they could apply from their home countries.

Nan Langowitz has sponsored two Venezuelan families and her synagogue in Wellesley, Mass., has assisted families from Afghanistan and Syria. Ms. Langowitz, who submitted a declaration to the court in favor of the program, said she was “elated” by Friday’s ruling.

“I look forward to continuing to welcome other newcomers who can contribute their energy to our country,” she said.

Miriam Jordan reports from a grass roots perspective on immigrants and their impact on the demographics, society and economy of the United States. More about Miriam Jordan

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COMMENTS

  1. Tourism in Cuba

    Tourism in Cuba is an industry that generates over 4.7 million arrivals as of 2018 ... in the first part of the 20th century Cuba continued to develop with the influence of big investments, the creation of various industries, and growing travel to support mostly US interests and corporations.

  2. No fuel? No problem: Tourists in Cuba brave worsening shortages

    Cuba in 2022 received 1.6 million visitors, just 38% of the 4.3 million who traveled to the island in 2019, prior to the pandemic. Neighboring Dominican Republic, meanwhile, saw 7.2 million ...

  3. Cuban tourism industry flounders as sunseekers look elsewhere

    That decision saw Cuba attract 67% fewer visitors in 2021 versus 2020, and less than 10% of the 4.3 million arrivals in 2019, official data shows. The Caribbean as a whole, meanwhile, saw tourist ...

  4. How Tourism Will Change Cuba

    After more than a half century of chilly relations between the United States and Cuba, the Caribbean country has moved from an outlier travel destination to top of mind. More than three million ...

  5. Cuba Invests Big Time in a Shrinking Tourist Industry

    Cuba, whose duty is to work for today and tomorrow at the same time, could be betting on an increase in future tourism, which impacts the national economy as unexpectedly as the boom of 2015 and 2016, after the declaration of normalization of relations between Cuba and the United States. Tourism was the salvation of the 1990s.

  6. 17 Top-Rated Attractions & Places to Visit in Cuba

    Other popular things to do in Varadero, besides diving and snorkeling, are deep-sea fishing, golf, skydiving, and day trips to cultural attractions. 3. Trinidad. Trinidad. Exploring the town of Trinidad, Cuba, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is like stepping back in time.

  7. Tourism In Cuba

    Tourism in Cuba. Cuba, the largest Caribbean island, boasts a rich tapestry of history, culture, and natural wonders. This article delves into the dynamics of Cuba's tourism industry, highlighting its significance to the nation's economy and the enduring allure of its colonial cities, vibrant music scenes, and pristine beaches.

  8. Tourism in Cuba

    Tourism is booming today in Cuba. Two big international shocks to the Cuban economy have contributed to this development. One shock was negative: Cuba's main international commercial partners ...

  9. 20 things to know before going to Cuba

    2. Fill out your passenger information in advance. Cuba uses an online form called D'Viajeros to gather traveler information, including immigration and health data, in advance of travel. Fill out the form digitally up to 72 hours before your arrival in Cuba. 3.

  10. Can Cuba's tourism adapt to survive after Covid devastated the industry

    Last modified on Fri 6 May 2022 13.47 EDT. C uba's leaders arrived on the spectacular beach at Varadero this week in an effort to restart a tourism industry whose pandemic-induced devastation ...

  11. Visiting Cuba in 2023: Here's what you need to know

    Making sense of the new travel policies and rules. This year, Cuba ranked as the top trending destination in the 2023 Travelers' Choice awards, meaning Cuba-focused pages on Tripadvisor are seeing an increase in year-over-year activity. But having swung back and forth throughout the last three American presidencies, the rules about visiting ...

  12. 10 of the best places to visit in Cuba

    Travelers will find eclectic architecture, white-sand beaches and prime wildlife-watching spots across the country. Here are 10 places worth adding to your Cuba itinerary to truly experience the Caribbean's biggest and most fascinating island. 1. Havana.

  13. Complexities of Tourism Planning and Development in Cuba

    Tourism to Cuba has continued to grow with a 16% increase between 2014 and 2015, and another 13% increase in 2016 (Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas e Información Republica de Cuba, 2016 ). This has led to new opportunities, as well as given way to new impacts, some of which are discussed in this issue. Specifically, this issue builds on the ...

  14. Tourism Development for the Cuban Economy

    Tourism in Cuba is a balancing act: to find an equilibrium in seasonal flows, geographic destinations, and tourist origins. In spite of Cuba's favorable, tropical climate, statistics show that Cuba suffers from a certain degree of tourist seasonal peaks and declines. A significant dependence on the European and Canadian markets with ...

  15. Tourism in Cuba is Booming With 1.2 Million Foreign Visitors

    In 2022, Cuba experienced a decline in visitor numbers with around 1.7 million foreign tourists visiting the island. This fell short of the government's initial estimate of 2.5 million. Cuba's Tourism Minister, Juan Carlos Garcia, highlighted a couple of challenges affecting the tourism flow. In an interview with EFE, he said that the rise ...

  16. THE 15 BEST Things to Do in Cuba

    9. Fabrica De Arte Cubano. 2,505. Points of Interest & Landmarks. The F.A.C., Cuban Art Factory, located on the 26 and 11 in Vedado, is the best night cultural proposal in La Havana. There is always something new to do, theater, jazz, contemporary dance, concerts, DJ's, exhibitions or intranet chatting.

  17. Cuban tourism to close 2023 far from expected number of visitors

    Tourism will close 2023 with a recovery in income, thanks to the arrival of some 2,450,000 visitors at the close of the year, a figure far from the 3.5 million the sector authorities had previewed. ... Cuba approached 2 million international visitors at the end of October, 44.6% below what was achieved in the same period of 2019, the year ...

  18. Cuba's Tourism Economy: The Boon and the Dilemma

    The Boon. More tourism improves the economic prospects of the island, where GDP growth slowed to a six-year low of just 1.3 percent in 2014 , per the Cuban government's estimates . 2015 was better: GDP grew 4 percent, though Cuba's then-Economy Minister Marino Murillo Jorge linked it to progress on liquidizing assets, credit contracts, and ...

  19. Cuba's Tourism, the Embargo, and the Environment

    The recent boom in tourism (Cuba's largest industry) promises to become exponential should the United States remove its economic and travel embargo on Cuba. ... demonstrating that big U.S. corporations are already beginning to take advantage of the new opportunities in Cuba. It seems that growth in commercial tourism on the island is all but ...

  20. Is Tourism Big in Cuba?

    In conclusion, tourism is undoubtedly a big industry in Cuba, providing significant revenue for the country's economy. With its unique culture and history, affordable travel options, and open market policies, it's not hard to see why Cuba has become a popular tourist destination in recent years. While there are challenges that need to be ...

  21. Cuba Tourism Faces Shortages of Visitors and Supplies

    Outbound Travel 2024: Asia's Big Year, Europe's Slowdown ... Large, state-owned hotels in Havana and on sandy keys offshore account for much of Cuba's tourism revenue, official statistics show.

  22. The Official Travel Guide to Cuba · Visit Cuba

    Greatest Waterfalls in Cuba. Imagine finding yourself in Cuba, surrounded by an exuberant natural environment - where the vivacious green mountains stretch out into a splendid blue sky - while the fresh Caribbean seabreeze brightens your face. And on this tropical voyage, you discover a land of waterfalls on every corner of the island.

  23. What You Need To Be Aware Of As A Tourist Visiting Cuba

    However, the U.S. imposed restrictions on travel to Cuba in 1963 and while the level of restrictions has varied over the years, as of July 2023, Americans can't visit Cuba purely for tourism purposes.

  24. Cuba aims to improve tourism industry after pandemic travel slow down

    Juan Carlos Garcia, Cuba's minister of tourism, told members of Cuba's National Assembly that Canada continues to be the nation's main source of tourist traffic, followed by the Cuban American ...

  25. Judge Upholds Biden Program Giving Some Immigrants Short-Term Legal

    The initiative allows up to 360,000 people a year from Cuba, Haiti, Nicaragua and Venezuela to live and work in the United States if supported by a financial sponsor. By Miriam Jordan A federal ...