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NASA’s Iconic Logotype Began with ‘Shock and Surprise’

NASA’s Iconic Logotype Began with ‘Shock and Surprise’

The Falcon 9 rocket that launched SpaceX’s Crew Dragon Demo-2 mission marked the return of NASA’s sleek logo, sometimes called “the worm” as a complement to the venerable Insignia, sometimes called “the meatball.” Photo Credit: SpaceX

Designer receives honor for advancing NASA mission.

When Artemis II roars off the launch pad carrying four astronauts to the Moon, including the first woman and the first person of color ever to travel the more than 230,000 miles from Earth, the rocket will bear two of the most iconic emblems in the world—NASA’s Insignia and NASA’s Logotype.   

NASA’s Insignia is the venerable blue circle, emblazoned with stars, a white loop that is evocative of orbit, and a bold, red V that refers to the agency’s role in advancing aeronautics. James “Jim” Modarelli, a graduate of the Cleveland Institute of Art, designed the insignia. Modarelli was an employee of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics when it was absorbed by NASA in 1958. He submitted his design following an open call for employees to create a logo for the new agency. That logo adorned every Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo mission.    

The origin story for NASA’s Logotype begins in 1972, the year the final Apollo missions returned from the Moon. That year, the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) kicked off the Federal Graphics Improvement Program, a sweeping effort to modernize and bring artistic flair to the logos of government agencies. More than 40 logos were developed, including the eagle of the United States Postal Service and emblems for the U.S. Veteran’s Administration, Federal Energy Administration, and the Internal Revenue Service.   

None is more iconic than NASA’s Logotype. It was created by a small firm founded by designers Richard Danne and Bruce Blackburn in 1973. Danne & Blackburn received an RFP from the NEA in 1974 to rebrand NASA’s logo.   

This example illustrates acceptable uses of the NASA Logotype and protected space requirements. Credit: NASA

This example illustrates acceptable uses of the NASA Logotype and protected space requirements. Credit: NASA

“ It starts with a huge shock and surprise,” Danne recalled in a recent NASA event honoring him. The year before, Blackburn had designed the logo for the upcoming U.S. Bicentennial and the success of that effort likely played a role in the large opportunity for the small firm. “…We think that’s one of the reasons that we got invited. A firm of five people. Really tiny. And all of a sudden, this RFP drops out of nowhere and we’re thrilled. And we have about a week to respond. And ironically, it’s a verbal proposal.”  

The firm didn’t have to wait long after submitting its proposal, Danne recalled. “And then maybe they took another two weeks or something like that, and then they dropped a bomb on us that we were selected to do it.”  

In the next two months, the firm focused on a bold choice. It would propose a single elegant symbol to represent a sweeping agency with 10 centers spread across the country working at the forefront of space exploration, aeronautics research, and scientific advancement. Stylized, bold red letters against a white background. Both “A”s are sans crossbar, evocative of the nosecones of spacecraft and airplanes, the first “A” and the “S” joined together in a display of dynamism.   

Graphic designer, design critic and educator Michael Bierut was a first-year student at the University of Cincinnati when he first saw the new logotype in 1975. “Design students in those days felt that they were enlisting in this great cause, which was to modernize the world … and to take it forward into an optimistic second half of the 20th and indeed in the 21st century. And this symbol was a beautiful demonstration of what that might look like,” Bierut said at the event honoring Danne. 

From left to right, moderator and Washington Post design reporter Shelly Tan, creator of the NASA worm logotype Richard Danne, Pentagram designer Michael Bierut, NASA entertainment and branding liaison Bert Ulrich, and Amazon Music head of live event merchandise Julia Heiser, participate in a panel discussion during a Richard Danne dedication event, Monday, Nov. 6, 2023, at the Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters building in Washington. Photo Credit: NASA/Keegan Barber

From left to right, moderator and Washington Post design reporter Shelly Tan, creator of the NASA worm logotype Richard Danne, Pentagram designer Michael Bierut, NASA entertainment and branding liaison Bert Ulrich, and Amazon Music head of live event merchandise Julia Heiser, participate in a panel discussion during a Richard Danne dedication event, Monday, Nov. 6, 2023, at the Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters building in Washington. Photo Credit: NASA/Keegan Barber

“And so, I would say from the minute I saw it, I understood all those things that it was meant to represent. It’s modern. It’s like one sleek path. And in retrospect, I realize that it has this amazing other characteristic, which is that, to put it very simply, a 4-year-old can draw it. And if you’re talking about seizing the imagination of the next generation, the generation after that, that sort of capacity to inculcate them in the excitement, to reduce it to a simple shape like that is just really thrilling.”  

NASA’s iconic “worm” logo and European Space Agency (ESA) logo have been added to the aft wall of Orion’s crew module adapter on September 20, 2020, ahead of NASA’s Artemis I mission. Photo Credit: NASA

NASA’s iconic “worm” logo and European Space Agency (ESA) logo have been added to the aft wall of Orion’s crew module adapter on September 20, 2020, ahead of NASA’s Artemis I mission. Photo Credit: NASA

The simple shape, presented in a precise color, not only captured the public’s imagination, but solved very practical concerns. The logotype was legible from very far away and it printed exceptionally well. “The printing in those days was so atrocious. …  So, the simplicity was obvious as propulsion, and technology, and all that movement. But we were also trying to make it useful so that you couldn’t destroy it,” Danne said.   

Danne & Blackburn delivered the logotype with a comprehensive manual for its use and reproduction. The manual helped graphic designers at NASA’s centers to better understand how to use the logotype in their own projects. Decades later, graphic designers and space enthusiasts still revere the manual, which includes illustrations of the logotype on cars, trucks, spacesuits, uniforms, and more. So much so, in fact, that a 2015 Kickstarter campaign to crowdsource a reprint of the manual raised $941,966, about five times its original goal.  

The logotype, which became known as “the worm,” was NASA’s primary logo from 1975 until 1992, when the agency retired it and returned to the insignia, known as “the meatball.”   

“ Almost 30 years later, the worm got a second life on the Demo-2 mission,” said David Rager, NASA’s Creative Director, referring to the mission that carried astronauts Robert Behnken and Douglas Hurley to the International Space Station, validating SpaceX’s human transportation system for NASA’s Commercial Crew Program.  

“And from there, we looked to see how these two incredible logos could coexist harmoniously,” Rager explained, at the event honoring Danne. “Aesthetically, some might say they come from different planets. But we found with just the right balance, they complement each other fantastically. In an aircraft, we place the meatball near the crew, towards the front of the craft. And the worm rests on the larger surface for support and legibility. On our space launch system, the insignia is placed up near the crew, and the worm, large and bold on the boosters.”  

Richard Danne (left), Designer of the NASA Logotype, poses for a photo with former NASA Associate Administrator Bob Cabana. Richard received the Exceptional Public Achievement Medal for his outstanding achievement in creating the NASA worm logotype, Monday, Nov. 6, 2023, at the Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters building in Washington. Photo Credit: NASA/Keegan Barber

Richard Danne (left), designer of the NASA Logotype, poses for a photo with former NASA Associate Administrator Bob Cabana. Richard received the Exceptional Public Achievement Medal for his outstanding achievement in creating the NASA worm logotype, Monday, Nov. 6, 2023, at the Mary W. Jackson NASA Headquarters building in Washington. Photo Credit: NASA/Keegan Barber

On November 6, NASA presented Danne with the Exceptional Public Achievement Medal, which recognizes the accomplishments of non-government employees who contribute to the mission of NASA.   

“Creating the worm for NASA has been a singular achievement in my own career and in the history of design. It has not always been easy, but it was a glorious experience and I feel fortunate to be part of the NASA family and to have helped the agency achieve its missions and goals,” Danne said.

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News | May 31, 2018

Nasa releases logo to mark apollo's 50th anniversary.

apollo 50th logo

From October 2018 through December 2022, NASA will mark the 50th anniversary of the Apollo Program that landed a dozen Americans on the moon between July 1969 and December 1972. NASA unveiled an official logo for use in observing these milestone anniversaries Friday at the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington.

The unveiling was part of “NSO Pops: Space, the Next Frontier,” a National Symphony Orchestra celebration of NASA’s 60 years of accomplishment.

The Apollo 50th anniversary logo is available for download from the NASA Images and Video Library .

Created by NASA graphic artist Matthew Skeins, the logo offers a nod to the past with a few elements borrowed from the original program emblem, and a glimpse into the future with a graphic depiction of NASA’s vision for the next half-century of deep space exploration.

The arc through the word “Apollo” represents Earth’s limb, or horizon, as seen from a spacecraft. It serves as a reminder of how the first views of Earth from the Moon – one of NASA’s crowning achievements -- forever transformed the way we see ourselves as human beings. It also affirms NASA’s intention to continue pushing the boundaries of knowledge and delivering on the promise of American ingenuity and leadership in space.

The original Apollo emblem, adopted by the program in 1965, used drawings of the Moon and Earth linked by a double trajectory to portray President John F. Kennedy’s goal of “putting a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth” by the end of the 1960s. In a similar fashion, the Apollo 50th anniversary logo describes a contemporary goal, with images of the Moon and Mars filling the first and second “O”s, respectively, and the phrase “Next Giant Leap” beneath the word “Apollo.” Neil Armstrong declared his first step onto the lunar surface from the ladder of the Eagle lander on July 20, 1969, to be “one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.” Today, NASA is working to return astronauts to the Moon to test technologies and techniques for the next giant leaps – challenging missions to Mars and other destinations in deep space.

The original emblem was a composite design derived from the ideas of NASA employees and contractor personnel. It featured the constellation Orion overlaid on a capital letter “A.” The constellation was positioned so that its three central stars formed the bar in the initial for “Apollo.” In the 50th anniversary logo, elements of the same star field recall the collective effort of some 400,000 people who worked on the Apollo Program – an 11-year series of 33 spaceflights including six that reached the lunar surface. The three central stars are repositioned diagonally beside “50” to emphasize the many sacrifices made in pursuit of the lunar goal -- especially the lives of Apollo 1 astronauts Virgil “Gus” Grissom, Ed White and Roger Chaffee who perished in a capsule fire during a test on the launch pad in January 1967.

The star field, like the rest of the anniversary logo, is set against a blue nebula as an acknowledgement that human footprints on distant worlds is not too big a dream, and confirmation that NASA already is working toward that goal.

For more information about NASA’s plan for the future, visit:

https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasas-exploration-campaign-back-to-the-moon-and-on-to-mars

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NASA Draws From Apollo Emblem For New Artemis Moon Program Logo

There are some obvious similarities.

NASA’s new Artemis program logo was revealed on the eve of the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 first moon landing.

Fifty years after Project Apollo landed the first astronauts on the moon, NASA is drawing inspiration — and a new insignia — from its historic lunar program.

The space agency on Friday (July 19) revealed the logo for Artemis , its next effort to return Americans to the moon and send the first humans to Mars. The new logo incorporates the stylized "A" from the Apollo program logo.

"Today, I am proud to share with you for the very first time the Artemis logo. This is the image of exploration that will carry us as we once again send humans beyond low Earth orbit," said Jim Bridenstine, NASA's Administrator, at the close of a two-hour NASA Television special dedicated to celebrating "NASA's Giant Leaps: Past and Future" on the eve of the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 first moon landing.

Related: Apollo 11 at 50: A Complete Guide to the Historic Moon Landing Mission

Named after the mythological Greek goddess of the moon who was also the twin sister of Apollo, the Artemis program is aimed at landing the next American and the first woman on the moon by 2024 . The Artemis logo is intended to pay tribute to the past while establishing a new direction for future missions.

"This new identity draws inspiration from the Apollo program logo and mission patch," reads a NASA statement issued on Friday. "Using an 'A' as the primary visual and a trajectory from Earth to the moon, we honor all that the Apollo program achieved. However, through Artemis we will forge our own path, pursue lunar exploration like never before and pave the way to Mars."

Like many NASA emblems, the Artemis logo is replete with symbolism, beginning with the names of its colors: Earth Blue, Rocket Red and Lunar Silver.

The "A," in addition to referencing the Apollo logo, represents an arrowhead from the goddess Artemis' quiver and is intended to symbolize launch. The tip of the "A" extends beyond the moon, signifying that NASA's lunar efforts are not an end, but rather the preparation for what lies beyond.

The crescent Earth at the bottom of the logo depicts missions from humanity's perspective. "From Earth we go. Back to Earth all that we learn and develop will return," wrote NASA. This crescent also illustrates Artemis' bow as the source from which all energy and effort is sent.

The trajectory is drawn from left to right through the crossbar of the 'A' opposite that of the Apollo program logo, highlighting the distinct differences in NASA's return to the moon. Further, the trajectory is red to symbolize the path to Mars.

Finally, the moon is included as NASA's next destination and a stepping stone for Mars. "It is the focus of all Artemis efforts," explained the space agency.

The original Apollo program logo, adopted in 1965, used drawings of the moon and Earth linked by a double trajectory to portray President John F. Kennedy's goal of "putting a man on the moon and returning him safely to the Earth" by the end of the 1960s. The emblem was a composite design derived from the ideas of NASA employees and contractor personnel. It featured the constellation Orion overlaid on a capital letter "A," such that the three stars that form Orion's belt also served as the bar in the initial for Apollo.

The first Artemis mission, previously known as Exploration Mission-1, has had its own mission patch since December 2017. The Artemis-1 emblem features the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket making its maiden flight and uses similar red, blue and silver colors as in the new Artemis logo.

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Click through to collectSPACE to see the animated version of NASA’s new Artemis logo.

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Robert Z. Pearlman

Robert Pearlman is a space historian, journalist and the founder and editor of collectSPACE.com , an online publication and community devoted to space history with a particular focus on how and where space exploration intersects with pop culture. Pearlman is also a contributing writer for Space.com and co-author of "Space Stations: The Art, Science, and Reality of Working in Space” published by Smithsonian Books in 2018. He previously developed online content for the National Space Society and Apollo 11 moonwalker Buzz Aldrin, helped establish the space tourism company Space Adventures and currently serves on the History Committee of the American Astronautical Society, the advisory committee for The Mars Generation and leadership board of For All Moonkind. In 2009, he was inducted into the U.S. Space Camp Hall of Fame in Huntsville, Alabama. In 2021, he was honored by the American Astronautical Society with the Ordway Award for Sustained Excellence in Spaceflight History.

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APOLLO 50th Anniversary Logo | by NASA on The Commons

APOLLO 50th Anniversary Logo

Created by nasa graphic artist matthew skeins, the logo offers a nod to the past with a few elements borrowed from the original program emblem, and a glimpse into the future with a graphic depiction of nasa’s vision for the next half-century of deep space exploration.   the arc through the word “apollo” represents earth’s limb, or horizon, as seen from a spacecraft. it serves as a reminder of how the first views of earth from the moon – one of nasa’s crowning achievements -- forever transformed the way we see ourselves as human beings. it also affirms nasa’s intention to continue pushing the boundaries of knowledge and delivering on the promise of american ingenuity and leadership in space.   the original apollo emblem, adopted by the program in 1965, used drawings of the moon and earth linked by a double trajectory to portray president john f. kennedy’s goal of “putting a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth” by the end of the 1960s. in a similar fashion, the apollo 50th anniversary logo describes a contemporary goal, with images of the moon and mars filling the first and second “o”s, respectively, and the phrase “next giant leap” beneath the word “apollo.” neil armstrong declared his first step onto the lunar surface from the ladder of the eagle lander on july 20, 1969, to be “one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.” today, nasa is working to return astronauts to the moon to test technologies and techniques for the next giant leaps – challenging missions to mars and other destinations in deep space.   the original emblem was a composite design derived from the ideas of nasa employees and contractor personnel. it featured the constellation orion overlaid on a capital letter “a.” the constellation was positioned so that its three central stars formed the bar in the initial for “apollo.” in the 50th anniversary logo, elements of the same star field recall the collective effort of some 400,000 people who worked on the apollo program – an 11-year series of 33 spaceflights including six that reached the lunar surface. the three central stars are repositioned diagonally beside “50” to emphasize the many sacrifices made in pursuit of the lunar goal -- especially the lives of apollo 1 astronauts virgil “gus” grissom, ed white and roger chaffee who perished in a capsule fire during a test on the launch pad in january 1967.   the star field, like the rest of the anniversary logo, is set against a blue nebula as an acknowledgement that human footprints on distant worlds is not too big a dream, and confirmation that nasa already is working toward that goal.   image number: n/a date: june 1, 2018.

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Apollo Software - Generate More Bookings With Travelopro Apollo Software

Travelopro is an award winning travel technology company , delivering b2b / b2c travel software, travel crm, accounting software, car rental software and mobility solutions to global travel & hospitality companies..

apollo-software

What Is Apollo Software ?

Travelopro is a leading travel technology company which provides integration of Apollo software which is specialized in providing the travel distributions, technologies, and services for thousands of travel companies around the globe which includes travel agencies, corporates, travel suppliers and travel web sites.

We are building travel applications by integrating the Apollo GDS with feature-rich tools and software to manage all your bookings.

Our system provides users with all the schedules, availability, fares, policies and rules, as well as our reservation and ticketing capability for travel suppliers. We offer Apollo GDS system which is integrated with Apollo GDS for real-time inventory and booking.

It is easy to use and navigate. As a dominant global distribution system (GDS), Our Apollo software provides travel distribution, technologies, and services for thousands of travel companies around the globe, including travel agencies, corporations, travel suppliers and travel Web sites.

With the advancement of the internet, many suppliers such as tour and package companies offer their own web-based booking engines.

The main difference between the CRS and the web-based booking engines are the techniques in utilizing the systems. The Computer Reservation Systems are completely keyboard-driven and you must learn the formats in order to operate it efficiently. The web-based booking engines are operated in the point and click environment.

The current trend in travel agencies about computerization is the use of the Computer Reservation Systems (CRS) also called the Global Distribution Systems (GDS).

Our Apollo software is one such GDS that is widely used by travel companies all around the world for your travel bookings. Whether you want to book airline tickets or do hotel bookings, Apollo software will do that for you.

You can store and retrieve information’s and conduct transactions related to air travel, hotels, car rental or other tasks.

If you have a travel company and are looking for companies that can develop Apollo software for your business then Travelopro is the best solution you are looking for. Apollo GDS software providers started selling the inventories through the mode of XMLs /APIs.

Using the airline XML, Hotel XML, and Car XML – travel companies could connect to GDS systems to check online availability and do the bookings.

It also helped the travel agents to combine the XMLs (GDS system) on their own website in the form of API’s to get the airline booking system /hotel booking system usable for the B2C users.

How To Get Apollo Software ?

apollo-software

Integrating Apollo software allows the recondition of inventory information (availability/pricing) automatically. All the agents and B2C users get the same seamless data.

As the travel industry is changing to the online mode from the offline mode, travel agents have started asking for white label software / white label solution from the hotel suppliers and Apollo software system providers to sell the hotels and airline/ flight tickets with their own brands, logo and contact data.

All the customers, clients and corporates across the globe can view and book a hotel, flight, tours, and transfers on 24 X 7 basis. Our Apollo software is extensively used to widen the market reach. A single global distribution system is connected through many B2B, B2C, B2E, and B2B2C websites .

Apollo software is an online integrated project and contact management software. Our Apollo software allows users to prioritize tasks, organize projects, and keep the team on the same page with only a browser and an Internet connection.

Our Apollo GDS is a project based on cloud and communication management solution which is developed by Applicom that helps clients manage personal and professional plans by reminding them of appointments and deadlines.

It links up the management of personal tasks, calendars, contacts, and projects. Key features which are included are whiteboards, milestones, iCal integration, interactive timers, interactive calendars, cases, and deals. Users can divide a task into subtasks with a priority status, due date, and attachments.

They can also set up task dependencies that disallow the user to start or complete a task until precursor dependency is met.

Our Apollo software provides a separate profile for each contact that covers conversation history, dates, and tasks assigned and contact data.

Users can notify projects through the solution’s favorites menu and arrange projects in different sections to help organize workflow.

Our Apollo software provides backup data of all the project files. The solution caters to businesses of multiple sizes. Pricing is per month. Support is offered via knowledge base and email.  It is easy to use and navigate.

With a rich set of tools and many other features and improvements being developed day after day, thousands of people all over the world are using the software to manage their everyday tasks.  Some features, benefits, product strengths of Apollo GDS is as follows:

Tasks, Milestones, and Project Management

apollo-software

Apollo software is a web-based application with a desktop feel. Our Apollo software gives relevant task information at a glance, but which is also immediately editable. Users can set the status of their task and let the rest of the team know what they are busy with. They can prioritize visibly their tasks and set deadlines.

It can also assign multiple persons and subdivide tasks into smaller subtasks three nested levels deep. It also has recurring tasks, notifications, grouping and sorting, and many more.

It also has a milestone view that shows when is the next deadline, a status progress bar which shows current status, and quick links to related tasks and messages. Users can easily make a project, set optional due dates, and give access to the team or clients. Other features include starting favorite projects, categorizing, using Gantt charts, project merge, and more. 

Messaging, Contacts and Image Proofing

The integrated productivity software which has contact management tools that can enable users to create and organize their own contacts. Each contact has its own page with its own contact details, conversation history, co-worker notes, important dates, events, and next tasks assigned.

They can track conversations, set reminders, browse, search, tag, and see what the latest activity on each contact is. It has a very simplified data entry, import and export functions, and archive email sent to the contacts.

Messages have more features than regular emails that can have comments and file attachments but can also be sent as an email. Image proofing tool allows its users to annotate images and PDFs with familiar tools. Annotations are also linked to discussions who can reply for a consensus.

Time Tracking, Billing, File Management, write board, and more

Apollo software also has interactive and smart timers for time tracking. All users can configure if a project is usable or not. It has got a file management tool which allows for easy uploading and categorizing.

It has got thumbnails and quick preview for images and PDFs, approvals, and integration with cloud storage. Whiteboards allow users to create documents online and keep revision history.

The software also comes with a calendar, email integration, user administration and permission, Zapier integration, webhooks, CSV data interchange, and restful API. 

Travelopro offers fully-automated inventory distribution and travel management solution for travel agencies. We are specialized in B2B and B2C travel solutions for Web and Mobile platforms with advanced API integrations from leading GDS or OTAs providers around the world.

We have built a wide range of proven, ready-to-deploy solutions that fit most business models, helping you to minimize the overall development time and get your products out into the global market place.

We focus on developing products that are intuitive and reliable, and continuously improve their effectiveness and efficiency. The GDS travel system integration platform for Travelopro acts as the centric point for travel providers travel agencies, corporate and developers to get connected.

This acts as the medium for increasing profitability and helping the online booking system and other sources to achieve commercial success in the B2B (business-to-business) travel network.

Travelopro offers Global Distribution System which is centralized. We provide the GDS Software connectivity for a simple low commission on successful booking only. You will be able to save money each and every month, as well as directly impact your GDS revenue.

Our Integration Service will help your travel company book thousands of airlines, hotel room a holiday online. Global Distribution System (GDS) is a computerized reservation network used as a single platform of access for accommodating airline seats, hotel rooms, rental cars , and other travel related things by online booking sites, large corporations and travel agents.

We offer global distribution systems are Amadeus , Galileo, Sabre, and World span. They are owned and operated as joint ventures by major airlines, car rental companies, and hotel groups also called automated reservation system (ARS) or computerized reservation system (CRS).

Specialties of GDS Integrations are huge inventory of flight, hotel, cars and buses, Best fares and commissions, Good connectivity with single interface, extended network with travel agents, Reliable for new connections, 4 Seat selection preference and other options like check-in, all round support to travel entrepreneurs, Suitable platform for B2B and B2C.

The GDS system is owned or operated by a company that permits transactions between the travel industry service providers, mainly airlines, hotels, car rental companies, and travel agencies . The GDS mainly uses real-time inventory (like the number of hotel rooms which is available, number of flight seats available, or number of cars available) to its customers.

Travel agencies traditionally relied on Apollo GDS for services, products and rates in order to provide travel-related services to the end consumers. Thus, an Apollo GDS can link services, rates and bookings consolidating products and services across all three travel sectors: i.e., airline reservations, hotel reservations, car rentals.

Primary customers of Apollo GDS are travel agents (both online and office-based) to make reservation on various reservation systems run by the vendors.

GDS has got no inventory; the inventory is held on the vendor's reservation system itself. Our Apollo GDS system will have real-time link to the vendor's database. When a travel agency wants a booking on the service provided by a particular airline company, the Apollo GDS system will send the request to the appropriate airline's computer reservations system.

The prototype of GDS in the travel sector can be seen in the 1950s as the traditional legacy business model which inter-operated between the airline vendors. Computer reservation systems (CRS), at the starting stage was used by the airline companies as an automated booking system, but later, travel agents were given access.

Around 1980, Connection to different travel providers in a single platform, CRS helps us doing that, CRS enabled travel agents to connect to different travel providers in a single system.

At this point, in addition to flights, hotels and car rentals were also included. CRS claimed much strength by late 80s being so helpful to both suppliers and distributors.

In the 90s, the airline computerized reservation systems were transformed to global distribution systems (GDS). GDS has enhanced a lot from airline alliances and has become independent business units with product internationalization and introduction of new products, mainly hotel rooms. 

Main features of GDS:

• Report availability and prices of travel products

• Reserve user requests.

• Sale and ticketing

• Track sales (change of flights, extend accommodation)

• Facilitates control management for travel agencies)

Next Generation capability was built by the GDS to permit compatible systems to input the data straight into the GDS´s. There are several such systems in place.

This means that a hotel might use an online form to enter their rates and data and this goes straight into the GDS. It substantially decreases the time to get to market and eliminates some errors when re-keying data.

GDS sold this option to vendors who it turn incorporated it into their hotel solutions. Some setup shop as GDS agents to provide this service. Next Generation offers GDS users with real-time prices and availability that is 100% identical to the information used by a hotel’s own reservation staff.

The information is available much faster and more accurate resulting in increased confidence and usability by agents. With next generation Seamless, agents are more inclined to sell more using the GDS rather than book via telephone to assure their clients the lowest rates.

Galileo inside Shopper, Worldspan Integrated Hotel Source, Sabre Direct Connect Shop, the respective GDS' Next Generation Seamless products, were implemented by 2004. The technology to update a mainframe is not trivial.

It contains robotics that interface online system with GDS mainframe computers. Mainframes are not internet savvy computers and cannot be entered directly to change and import new data. The data is sent via packets relayed on telecommunications network. The packet relay is interpreted by the mainframe.

As these mainframes are all different systems, protocols and standards were developed. Mainframes also have very specific rules on what characters are allowed.

Charters and in some cases, words act as tigers to set off process in a mainframe, so the information sent to a mainframe must be accurate and comply with their rules.

Even after years of implementation the GDS-load process was finding errors in data integrity. A simple quotation mark can trigger a failure with disastrous results.

Travelopro has utilized the rising demand of the travel industry to redefine the distribution system involving all the core elements of airlines and the ancillary products.  We are very well known for paving the path for the growing need for travel commerce which includes hotel, tour operators, and car rental.

With the vision of remodifying the travel global system integration with every passing day, we have maintained our domain expertise in the travel industry, which has helped us to remain the top GDS system integration in the travel domain all around the world.

One of the most important examples of the effort made by Travelopro to remain as the leader of global distribution system integration is the initiative taken to design the B2B payment method, which was one of its kind in the history of travel domain.

The B2B payment solution was the answer to all awaiting demands of the travel intermediaries to accomplish the travel transaction securely and safely.

What makes Travelopro dominant among the GDS providers is the efficiency with which it accomplished its additional services like advertising solutions, data services for business intelligence, services for subscription and providing analogical marketing tools for all travel agencies, travel data users and travel providers.

Galileo GDS traces its way back to 1971 when United Airlines created its first computerized central reservation system under the name Apollo. During the time in the 1980s and early 1990s, a large proportion of airline tickets were sold by travel agents.

Flights by the airline owning the reservation system had a special display on the computer monitor. Because of the high merchandise actions of the GDS systems, which is owned by American Airlines and United Airlines, respectively, Worldspan and Galileo were created by other airline groups in an attempt to get market share in the computer reservation system market, by inference, and the commercial airline market.

Galileo GDS was created during the year 1987 by 9 European countries. In response and to prevent possible government intervention, United Airlines spun off its Apollo software reservation system, which was then controlled by Covia.

Galileo International was born when Covia gained Europe's Galileo and merged it with the Apollo systems in 1992. The Apollo software GDS was used by United Airlines until March 3, 2012, when it switched to SHARES, a system used by its former Continental Airlines subsidiary.

Apollo software is still used by Galileo International travel agency customers in different countries like the United States, Canada, Mexico, and Japan.

Travelopro provides a flexible, reliable and secure software platform for our global clients to develop their own travel booking systems through our pre-integrated Apollo software GDS platforms.

Build your systems on the world’s most complete and robust fare data. We offer customized solutions for travel agencies and travel management companies with seamlessly integrated booking tools, online reservation systems, and multi-GDS services which distribute your inventory and content to the world’s global distribution systems.

We are a leading travel portal development company, offering B2B (agents), B2C (Users) & corporate travel portals with GDS and third-party APIs integration. Galileo GDS system, offered by Travelopro, is one of the most sophisticated global distribution systems used by agents, aggregators & hospitality companies.

Travel software and mobility solutions have helped global travel agencies grow much faster. It has gained the 100% adoption of the OTA model. Travel software is an online travel reservation system, which helps travel agents or end-users search, book and manages travel-related things efficiently and accurately.

In many ways, GDS helps the travel organizations, agents and their clients to access all the travel data by comparing prices, reservation options, access scheduling and inventories (airlines, hotels, car rental, and holidays) along with options of allowing the clients to book tickets online.

There are four main GDS Systems heading in the travel industry. It was revealed that the GDS is and will remain as the most important channel of distribution for airlines, hotels and car rental companies alike.

However, the Internet also allows the GDS companies, label providers and even the traditional travel agents to host websites directly which access to their connections and provide the services previously offered by offline travel agents.

For so many years, Our Apollo software has been providing the travel industry with reliability, security, speed, and accuracy to hospitality, airlines, car rentals and many more.

As per IATA study, the future of Apollo software is very huge and it will create a robust ecommerce platform for the travel industry. If Apollo software GDS keeps continuing the ever-changing needs of airlines and hotel industry then it will rule the travel industry. We offer fully-automated inventory distribution and travel management solution for travel agencies.

We are very much specialized in B2B and B2C travel solutions for Web and Mobile platforms with advanced API integrations from leading GDS or OTAs providers.

We have built a wide range of proven, ready-to-deploy solutions that fit most business models, helping you to minimize the overall development time and get your products out into the global marketplace.

We focus on developing products that are intuitive and reliable, and continuously improve their effectiveness and efficiency.

By partnering with Travelopro, you will get the best fares and content seamlessly with the option to build your own customized search options, bookings, etc. We have a group dedicated team of professionals having many years of combined experience that can help you build the travel portal of your dream. 

Get your travel business online

If there is one thing you do today, get your travel business online. everyone are talking of going online. provide yourself and your agents with their own b2b/b2c booking engine. travelopro platform consist of many components assembled to get your one stop travel software and travel technology, to automate travel business process and configured in many ways to meet your business goals. here's what you'll get (its affordable, easy and profitable)..

Destination

Fetaures of Online Reservation System:

  • Fast and Flexible booking engine
  • Secure, scalable and robust reservation architecture
  • Fully customized booking engine
  • Cost-effective solutions
  • User friendly interface
  • Integrated Payment Gateway
  • Multi-language support

Travel Technology Platform You can trust

Powered by our Industry Leading Travel Technology – Including complete inventory and Global Fares – Travelopro gives you the highest quality travel technology solution to power your brand.

Apollo Travel Orlando

Let’s keep it real – this is who we are:

We do one thing.. travel, – and we do it really, really well., but, to be honest, there are also a lot of things that we can’t do., we suck at making tiramisu., we call someone when the stove stops working., when we need a plumber, we ‘got a guy.’, we can’t sew worth a darn., however, there are a few things that we excel at:, attention to detail, developing relationships, finding holiday deals, knowing how to talk to people, problem-solving, to us, that’s all you really need for the perfect holiday package..

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Apollo Travel Orlando

We specialize in destination weddings, honeymoons and group vacations. but that doesn’t mean we aren’t also keen to work on  all-inclusive resorts, cruises, and european travel packages. in fact, that’s kind of our thing too we pride ourselves on our attention to detail, our focus on quality,  our passion for what we do, and our commitment to fulfilling our promise to you of an amazing vacation. our competitive prices and tailored and affordable holiday packages are also an exceptional bonus, of course, our apollo mantra:.

Our mantra at Apollo Travel Orlando is that life’s short – live it! Everything we do stems from our core belief that life is a journey that should be filled with love, adventure and unforgettable moments – and we’d like to help our clients add some of that to theirs. Most people only have a few iconic moments in their life where they feel ‘Wow, now this is living.’ At Apollo, we want to give our clients more of those moments

Tailored Travel Packages

It’s one thing to pack up and go to grandma’s house in Virginia. It’s a whole different story when it comes to planning an international all-inclusive vacation. From planning the right itinerary and finding the right accommodation to arranging private touring and transfers – it’s a lot. No worries, we got you! Whether you’re looking for insider experiences, local flavour or merely pursuing your wanderlust and want to let the country surprise you, our travel experts know the ins and outs of various locations all around the world.

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Still need Antartica

Lots of countries left

So far, our customer base includes:  

… and counting..

Help us grow this.

(No Southern Antarctic – yet)

We’ve Got You Covered

You’re so much more than just a booking number. You’re someone we wanna hang out with, get to know and try our best to ensure that you’re vacation is everything you dreamed it will be.

Personal support

We’re with you every step of the way. Unlike online retailers, with Apollo Travel, you have your own personal agent that is there for you whenever you need them. Any hiccups on the road? We’ve got you covered.

Apollo Travel has partnerships with all the major insurance vendors. We strongly advise opting in for our travel insurance packages . It’s fairly inexpensive compared to the peace of mind and coverage you receive.

Our Newsletter

We won’t play hard to get! Let’s stay in touch?

Sign up for our newsletter and stay in the loop with our latest holiday packages and deals.

(pinky promise no spam emails!)

Thank you. We will contact when the next newsletter comes out

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Apollo Medical Travel

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Website terms and conditions of use.

Last Revised: 18 JUNE 2020

We at Apollo Medical Travel are on a mission to make high quality medical care more accessible. In order to accomplish our objective, and to ensure that you are fully informed, we have established the following terms and conditions for our website. By accessing or using our site, you agree to be bound by the terms and conditions described herein. If you do not agree to all these terms, do not use our website.

These terms and conditions of use (“Terms”) apply solely to your access to, and use of, the website of Apollo Medical Travel LLC (“Apollo Medical Travel”), located at www.ApolloMedicalTravel.com . (the “Site”) and the appointment and other services provided through the Site (the “Services”). These site Terms do not in any way alter the terms or conditions of any other agreement you may have with Apollo Medical Travel or its affiliates, for products, services, or otherwise. If you are using the Site on behalf of any entity, you represent and warrant that you are authorized to accept these Site Terms on such entity’s behalf, and that such entity agrees to indemnify you and Apollo Medical Travel for violations of these Terms.

Apollo Medical Travel reserves the right to change or modify any of the terms and conditions contained in the Site Terms or any policy or guideline of the Site, unilaterally and at any time. Any changes or modification will be effective immediately upon posting of the revisions on the Site, and you waive any right you may have to specific notice of such changes or modifications. Your continued use of this Site following the posting of changes or modifications will confirm your acceptance of such changes or modifications. Therefore, you should review the Site Terms and applicable policies periodically to understand the Terms that apply to your use of the Site. If you do not agree to the amended Terms, you must stop using the Site.

Topics Covered Herein Consist of:

1.         Services 2.         Advertisement and Promotions; 3 rd Party Products and Services 3.          Third Party Content 4.         Hyperlinks 5.          Limited License & Limitations on Use 6.         Copyright, Trademarks & Intellectual Property 7.         Copyright or Intellectual Property Infringement Claims Notice & Procedures 8.         Submissions 9.         User Content and Interactive Services or Areas 10.       Registration Data and Account Security 11.        Privacy Policy 12.       Indemnification 13.        Disclaimer 14.       Limitation of Liability 15.       Limited Damages 16.       Limitation on Actions 17.       Acknowledgment of Risk 18.       Governing Law 19.       Termination 20.       Severability 21.       Questions and Contact Information  

1.       Services

Apollo Medical Travel provides an online medical appointment system that allows users to compare, receive quotes, receive assistance with travel arrangements, and make appointments with medical service providers (“Medical Provider”) through the Site. Should you make an appointment through the Site, you acknowledge and agree that Apollo Medical Travel does not provide and has no responsibility or liability of any kind for, the services performed by the Medical Provider (the “Medical Services”). You further acknowledge that Apollo Medical Travel is not a medical provider and as such does not recommend, endorse, or make representations, warranties, or guarantees regarding the Medical Providers or Medical Services and has no responsibility, liability, or obligation of any kind for the accuracy, completeness, or other aspects of the information provided regarding such Medical Providers, whether on the Site or otherwise, or for the relationship between you and the Medical Provider you select. Information provided through the Site is to be considered strictly as informative and educational guidance and is not to be interpreted as medical advice.

You further acknowledge that the nature of the Medical Services that you may require can only be determined by the Medical Provider after an in-person examination, and any list of services or requests for services made through the Site, and any quotes for the fees charged for such Medical Services, are merely quotations and estimates and may not reflect the actual services provided or amounts charged. You should always request an estimate directly from the Medical Provider prior to their commencement of any work. It is your responsibility to determine whether your insurance will apply to the Medical Services you will receive and what requirements there may be to use such insurance in connection with the Medical Services. All payments for Medical Services will be charged directly by your selected Medical Provider in accordance with their payment policy.

2.       Advertisement and Promotions; Third Party Products and Services

Apollo Medical Travel may conduct advertisements or promotions for Medical Providers or products or services offered by hotels, visa expedition services, insurance companies, etc (“Third Parties”) on the Site, to include affiliate marketing through hyperlinks. Apollo Medical Travel may receive commissions when you click these links and make purchases. Your use of the services of these Third Parties, and any terms, conditions, warranties or representations associated with such dealings or promotions of the Third Party goods or services provided are solely between the user and the Third Party. Apollo Medical Travel is not responsible or liable for any Third Party products or services or for any loss or damage of any sort incurred as the result of any such dealings or promotions or as the result of the presence of such advertisements or Third Party information on the Site.

3.       Third Party Content

Apollo Medical Travel may provide Third Party content on the Site including but not limited to videos, hyperlinks, testimonials, accreditation agencies as a service to users who may be interested in obtaining more information or receiving information through different mediums (i.e. visual). Apollo Medical Travel does not control, endorse, or adopt any content provided by Third Parties and makes no representation or warranties of any kind regarding the content of Third Parties, without limitation regarding accuracy or completeness. Users acknowledge and agree that Apollo Medical Travel is not responsible or liable in any way for the content of Third Parties and takes no responsibility to update or review any Third Party content. Use of the content of Third Parties contained herein is at the users own risk.

4.       Hyperlinks

You are granted a limited, non-exclusive right to create a text hyperlink to the Site for noncommercial purposes, conditional to the link not portraying Apollo Medical Travel or any of its products or services in a false, misleading, derogatory, or otherwise defamatory manner and provided further that the linking site does not contain any adult or illegal material or material that is offensive, harassing, or otherwise objectionable. This limited right may be revoked at any time.

You may not use the Apollo Medical Logo or other proprietary graphic of Apollo Medical Travel to link to the Site without the express written consent of Apollo Medical Travel.

For information regarding hyperlinks originating from the Site, see Third Party Content.

5.       Limited License & Limitations on Use Apollo Medical Travel grants the User a nonexclusive, nontransferable, revocable limited license to access and use the site in accordance with the Terms. Apollo Medical Travel may terminate this license at any time for any reason and, in any such case, any data or information that you provided may be deleted without notice to the User. The materials on the Site are for personal, non-commercial use and are not to be used for commercial exploitation. Further, the decompiling, reverse engineering, disassembly, or creation of derivative works from the Site or the materials therein, the use of network monitoring or discovery software, and the use of robots, spiders, or other automatic software or device, or manual process to monitor the Site or the materials therein without Apollo Medical Travel’s express written permission is prohibited. User may not use the Site as a destination linked from any unsolicited bulk or commercial messages (spam). User may not use or otherwise export or re-export the Site or any portion thereof in violation of export control laws and regulations of the United States of America. Any unauthorized use of the Site is prohibited.  

6.       Copyright, Trademarks & Intellectual Property

7.       Copyright or Intellectual Property Infringement Claims Notice & Procedures

Apollo Medical Travel will always respect the intellectual property of others. If you feel that your work has been duplicated in such a way that would constitute copyright infringement, or if you believe your intellectual property rights have been otherwise violated, you should provide to us the following information:

a)       The electronic or the physical signature of the individual that is authorized on behalf of the copyright or other intellectual property interest;

b)       A description of the copyrighted work or other intellectual property that you believe has been infringed upon;

c)       A description of the location of the site which you believe has been infringing upon you work;

d)       The physical address, telephone number, and email address;

e)       A statement in which you state that the alleged and disputed use of your work is not authorized by the copyright owner, its agents, or the law;

f)        And finally, a statement made under penalty of perjury, that the aforementioned information in your notice is the truth and accurate, and that you are the copyright or intellectual property owner, representative, or agent authorized to act on the copyright or intellectual property owner’s behalf.

The Apollo Medical Travel Agent for notice of claims of copyright or other intellectual property infringement can be contacted as follows:

Mailing Address: Apollo Medical Travel LLC Attn: Copyright Agent 2025 Swaim Dr. Matthews, NC 28105

Telephone:     +1 (704) 582-9832

Email:             [email protected]

8.       Submissions

User acknowledge and agree that any materials including but not limited to photos, videos, reviews, notes, comments, suggestions, or ideas regarding Apollo Medical Travel, the Site, products or services provided by the user in the form of email or other manner of submission to Apollo Medical Travel, or any posting on the site are non-confidential and shall become the sole property of Apollo Medical Travel. Apollo Medical Travel shall own all exclusive rights, including all intellectual property rights, and shall be entitled to the unrestricted use and dissemination of these materials for any purpose, commercial or otherwise, without acknowledgement or compensation to the user.

9.       User Content and Interactive Services or Areas

User acknowledges, understand and agree that all information, text, software, data, photographs, music, video, messages, tags or any other content, whether it is publicly or privately posted and/or transmitted, is the expressed sole responsibility of the individual from whom the content originated. In short, this means that you are solely responsible for any and all content posted, uploaded, emailed, transmitted or otherwise made available by way of Apollo Medical Travel’s Services, and as such, Apollo Medical Travel does not guarantee the accuracy, integrity or quality of such content. It is expressly understood that by use of our Services, you may be exposed to content including, but not limited to, any errors or omissions in any content posted, and/or any loss or damage of any kind incurred as a result of the use of any content posted, emailed, transmitted or otherwise made available by Apollo Medical Travel.

Furthermore, user herein agrees not to make use of the Site for the purpose of:

a)         uploading, posting, emailing, transmitting, or otherwise making available any content that shall be deemed unlawful, harmful, threatening, abusive, harassing, tortious, defamatory, vulgar, obscene, libelous, or invasive of another’s privacy or which is hateful, and/or racially, ethnically, or otherwise objectionable;

b)       causing harm to minors in any manner whatsoever;

c)         impersonating any individual or entity, including, but not limited to, any Apollo Medical Travel officials, forum leaders, guides or hosts or falsely stating or otherwise misrepresenting any affiliation with an individual or entity;

d)       forging captions, headings or titles or otherwise offering any content that you personally have no right to pursuant to any law nor having any contractual or fiduciary relationship with;

e)       uploading, posting, emailing, transmitting or otherwise offering any such content that may infringe upon any patent, copyright, trademark, or any other proprietary or intellectual rights of any other party;

f)        uploading, posting, emailing, transmitting or otherwise offering any content that you do not personally have any right to offer pursuant to any law or in accordance with any contractual or fiduciary relationship;

g)         uploading, posting, emailing, transmitting, or otherwise offering any unsolicited or unauthorized advertising, promotional flyers, “junk mail,” “spam,” or any other form of solicitation, except in any such areas that may have been designated for such purpose;

h)       uploading, posting, emailing, transmitting, or otherwise offering any source that may contain a software virus or other computer code, any files and/or programs which have been designed to interfere, destroy and/or limit the operation of any computer software, hardware, or telecommunication equipment;

i)        disrupting the normal flow of communication, or otherwise acting in any manner that would negatively affect other users’ ability to use the Site;

j)          blocking, interfering with or disrupting any Apollo Medical Travel Services, servers and/or networks that may be connected or related to our website, including, but not limited to, the use of any device software and/or routine to bypass the robot exclusion headers or changing or modifying the data sent between client software (the browser extension) and the servers of Apollo Medical Travel ;

k)       intentionally or unintentionally violating any local, state, federal, national or international law, including, but not limited to, rules, guidelines, and/or regulations decreed by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, in addition to any rules of any nation or other securities exchange, that would include without limitation, the New York Stock Exchange, the American Stock Exchange, or the NASDAQ, and any regulations having the force of law;

l)        providing informational support or resources, concealing and/or disguising the character, location, and or source to any organization delegated by the United States government as a “foreign terrorist organization” in accordance to Section 219 of the Immigration Nationality Act;

m)      “stalking” or with the intent to otherwise harass another individual; and/or

n)       collecting or storing of any personal data relating to any other member or user in connection with the prohibited conduct and/or activities which have been set forth in the aforementioned paragraphs.

Further, with respect to feedback regarding any Medical Provider or any Medical Services, user agrees that such feedback will be based on actual experience with the Medical Provider for whom you are providing feedback and will be an accurate and honest reflection of your experiences and opinion.

10.   Registration Data and Account Security

When providing personal information to the Site, user agrees to provide accurate, current, and complete information as prompted by any form contained on the Site and accepts the risk of unauthorized access to the registration information provided to Apollo Medical Travel.

11.   Privacy Policy

Please refer to our Privacy Policy for information regarding how Apollo Medical Travel collects, uses, and discloses personally identifiable information from its users.

12.   Indemnification

To the maximum extent allowed by law, user waives, releases, and holds harmless Apollo Medical Travel, its owners, managers, employees, and agents (“Released Parties”) from any and all suits, claims, proceedings, demands, and/or incidents for medical complications, bodily injury, death, and/or property damage of any person or entity, including derivative claims of any kind for pain, suffering, loss of capacity, loss of earnings, and / or loss of consortium (“Claims”), which in any way arise out of or in connection with Apollo Medical Travel’s services.

Further, to the maximum extent allowed by law, user will defend and indemnify Released Parties from any and all such Claims.

User waives, releases, and relinquishes any claim or demand for consequential, special, punitive, incidental, and/or indirect damages of any kind, regardless of the factual basis or legal theory from which it arises.

User expressly agrees that these Terms shall bind the user as well as each of their successors and assigns, including but not limited to the user’s next of kin, assigns, estate, heirs, and personal representatives.

13.   Disclaimer

      You herein and expressly acknowledge that:

The Site materials and the Services therein are provided on an “as is” basis without warranties of any kind, whether expressed or implied, including but not limited to any implied warranties of title, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, and non-infringement except as expressly provided to the contrary in writing by Apollo Medical Travel.

14.   Limitation of Liability

15.   Limited Damages

In no event shall the aggregate liability of Apollo Medical Travel, whether in contract, warranty, tort (including negligence whether active, passive, or imputed), product liability, strict liability or other theory, arising out of or relating to the use of or inability to use the site, the services or the Medical Services or your dealings with any Medical Provider exceed the compensation, if any, received by Apollo Medical Travel in connection with your access to or use of the Site.

16.   Statute of Limitations

User acknowledges, understands, and agrees that regardless of any statute or law to the contrary, any claim or action arising out of or related to the use of Apollo Medical Travel’s Services must be filed within 1 year after said claim or cause of action arose or shall be forever barred.

17.   Acknowledgment of Risk

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This wide-field composite image was made with X-ray (blue/ROSAT & Chandra), radio (green/Very Large Array), and optical (red/Digitized Sky Survey) observations of the supernova remnant, IC 443. The pullout, also a composite with a Chandra X-ray close-up, shows a neutron star that is spewing out a comet-like wake of high-energy particles as it races through space. Based on an analysis of the swept-back shape of the wake, astronomers deduced that the neutron star is located in the multimillion degree Celsius gas in the remnant. The direction of the wake is puzzling since it should point back toward the center of the remnant. A possible explanation is that it is being pushed aside by fast-moving gusts of gas in the remnant, much like cometary tails are pushed away by the solar wind.

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“‘Round the moon and back…”

The mission objectives for Apollo 8 included a coordinated performance of the crew, the command and service module, or CSM, and the support facilities. The mission also was to demonstrate translunar injection; CSM navigation, communications and midcourse corrections; consumable assessment; and passive thermal control. The detailed test objectives were to refine the systems and procedures relating to future lunar operations.

All primary mission objectives and detailed test objectives were achieved. All launch vehicle and spacecraft systems performed according to plan. Engineering accomplishments included use of the ground network with onboard navigational techniques to sharpen the accuracy of lunar orbit determination and the successful use of Apollo high-gain antenna—a four-dish unified S-band antenna that deployed from the service module, or SM, after separation from the third stage.

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Apollo 8 launched from Cape Kennedy on Dec. 21, 1968, placing astronauts Frank Borman, James Lovell Jr. and William Anders into a 114 by 118 mile parking orbit at 32.6 degrees.

During the second revolution, at two hours, 50 minutes ground elapsed time, the S-IVB third stage restarted for a five-minute, 17-second burn, initiating translunar coast. Following S-IVB/CSM separation at three hours, 21 minutes, a 1.5 feet per second radial burn of the SM reaction control engines was initiated to establish sufficient distance for S-IVB propellant dumping. Following the propellant dumping, which sent the stage into diverging trajectory and solar orbit, the separation distance still was deemed inadequate and a second SM reaction control burn of 7.7 feet per second was performed.

The first midcourse correction occured at about 10 hours, 55 minutes into the mission and provided a first check on the service propulsion system, or SPS, engine prior to committing spacecraft to lunar orbit insertion. The second and final midcourse correction prior to lunar orbit insertion occurred at 61 hours, 8 minutes, 54 seconds.

Loss of signal occurred at 68 hours, 58 minutes, 45 seconds when Apollo 8 passed behind the moon. At that moment, NASA’s three astronauts became the first humans to see the moon’s far side. The first lunar orbit insertion burn, at 69 hours, 8 minutes, 52 seconds, lasted four minutes, two seconds and reduced the spacecraft’s 8,400 feet per second velocity by 2,994 feet per second, resulting in an initial lunar orbit of 70 by 193 miles. The orbit circularized at 70 miles by the second lunar orbit insertion burn of 135 feet per second, performed at the start of the third revolution, again on the back side of the moon, at 73 hours, 35 minutes, five seconds.

During the 20-hour period in lunar orbit, the crew conducted a full, sleepless schedule of tasks including landmark and landing site tracking, vertical stereo photography, stereo navigation photography and sextant navigation. At the end of the 10th lunar orbit, at 89 hours, 19 minutes, and 16 seconds, a three-minute, 23-second trans-Earth injection burn was conducted, adding 3,522 feet per second. Only one midcourse correction, a burn of five feet per second conducted at 104 hours, was required instead of the three scheduled.

Six telecasts were conducted during the mission: two during translunar coast, two during lunar orbit and two during trans-Earth coast. These transmissions were telecast worldwide and in real time to all five continents. During a telecast on Christmas Eve, the crew read verses from the first chapter of Genesis and wished viewers, “Good night, good luck, a Merry Christmas and God bless all of you – all of you on the good Earth.” All telecasts were of excellent quality. Voice communications also were exceptionally good throughout the mission.

Separation of the command module, or CM, from the SM occurred at 146 hours, 31 minutes. A double-skip maneuver conducted during the re-entry steering phase resulted in an altitude gain of 25,000 to 30,000 feet. The re-entry velocity was 24,696 mph, with heatshield temperatures reaching 5,000 degrees F. Parachute deployment and other re-entry events were nominal. Apollo 8 splashed down in the Pacific Ocean at 10:51 a.m. EST Dec. 27. The splashdown was about 5,100 yards from the recovery ship USS Yorktown, 147 hours after launch and precisely on time. According to prior planning, helicopters and aircraft hovered over the spacecraft, and pararescue personnel were not deployed until local sunrise, 50 minutes after splashdown. The Apollo 8 crew reached the recovery ship at 12:20 p.m. EST.

Frank Borman , Commander William A. Anders , Lunar Module Pilot James A. Lovell Jr. , Command Module Pilot

Neil Armstrong , Commander Fred W. Haise Jr. , Lunar Module Pilot Edwin E. Aldrin Jr. , Command Module Pilot

12/24/67 – S-II stage ondock at Kennedy 12/27/67 – S-IC stage ondock at Kennedy 12/30/67 – S-IVB ondock at Kennedy 1/4/68 – S-IU ondock at Kennedy 8/14/68 – launch vehicle at pad 10/17/68 – spacecraft at Pad 12/11/68 – Countdown Demonstration Test

Dec. 21, 1968; 7:51 a.m. EST Launch Pad 39A Saturn-V AS-503 High Bay 1 Mobile Launcher Platform-1 Firing Room 1

Altitude: 118.82 miles Inclination: 32.509 degrees Orbits: 10 revolutions Duration: six days, three hours, 42 seconds Distance: 579,606.9 miles

Dec. 27, 1968; 10:52 a.m. EST Pacific Ocean Recovery Ship: USS Yorktown

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How Moscow Metro’s iconic ‘M’ changed over time (PHOTOS + VIDEO)

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“Subway logo design competition. For the best entries <...> the following five prizes will be awarded:

First prize: 2,000 rubles.

2 second place prizes: 1,000 rubles each.

2 third place prizes: 500 rubles.”

So read a newspaper ad in 1934, which marks the start of the logo’s history. At that time, for comparison, a university lecturer received about 4,000 rubles a year.

Construction of the subway system itself was well underway, yet it had no defining symbol. So, the project management announced a nationwide competition open to all citizens. But the results were disappointing. There were only 97 submissions and all were rejected (the 1,000- and 500-ruble prizes were still awarded in order not to offend anyone).

In the end, the task was assigned to professional architects. The designer of the Moscow Metro logo is considered to be architect Ivan Taranov, who, together with his wife Nadezhda Bykova, created a symbol for the very first station of the new transport system, Sokolniki.

A large letter ‘M’ duly appeared above this and subsequent stations, together with a bulky ‘Metro’ sign. All design elements were three-dimensional with electric illumination at night.

Metro station Biblioteka imeni Lenina, 1935

Metro station Biblioteka imeni Lenina, 1935

Later, the ‘Metro’ signs were scrapped so as not to distract attention from the architecture of the station lobbies, leaving only a single-letter ‘M’ symbol, which Muscovites quickly got used to, Andrey Komarov and Mikhail Shulga, experts on the history of the Moscow Metro, explains.

Vestibule of Komsomolskaya st., 1935

Vestibule of Komsomolskaya st., 1935

As of 1943, all stations only bore the famous ‘M’, although there was no specific standard at the time; the symbol at the station entrances differed from the printed version that appeared, for example, in newspapers and on employee ID cards and tickets.

Okhotny Ryad. Old lobby

Okhotny Ryad. Old lobby

In 1950, when the Circle Line was opened, the first standardized logo appeared in the new station lobbies: The letter ‘M’ with gray-colored serifs and a bright red neon tube illuminated at night.

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In 1967, the architectural institute ‘Metrogiprotrans’ developed a new signage system. The ‘M’ symbol was now supposed to be the same on all maps and tickets and at station entrances and lobbies. However, the plan was only partially implemented and it was not possible to harmonize everything. The symbol itself was also modified with a black circle around the ‘M’, which was changed in the 1980s to the symbolic, blue-colored outline of a tunnel.

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After the collapse of the USSR in the 1990s, a sans serif frame outline of the letter was used for entrance signs and, in 1996, the letter ‘M’ was bordered by a kind of red garland.

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Once again, there were no standards and each designer was free to depict the symbol on subway-related printed matter as they pleased.

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A single format for all symbols appeared only in 2014, developed by the ‘Art. Lebedev Studio’.

The logo became a big ‘M’ with serifs, no background and no bordering.

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Lebedev also created a grander version of the letter with neon tubes, but it was not used anywhere.

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Finally, in 2016, the logo was placed inside a track-shaped red loop, forming part of the ‘Moscow Transport’ brand image.

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Home » Europe » Moscow

EPIC MOSCOW Itinerary! (2024)

Moscow is the heart of Mother Russia. Just the mention of this city conjures images of colorful bulbous pointed domes, crisp temperatures, and a uniquely original spirit!

Moscow has an incredibly turbulent history, a seemingly resilient culture, and a unique enchantment that pulls countless tourists to the city each year! Although the warmer months make exploring Moscow’s attractions more favorable, there’s just something about a fresh snowfall that only enhances the appearance of the city’s iconic sites!

If you’re a first-time visitor to Moscow, or simply wanting to see as much of the city as possible, this Moscow itinerary will help you do just that!

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Best Time To Visit Moscow

Where to stay in moscow, moscow itinerary, day 1 itinerary in moscow, day 2 itinerary in moscow, day 3 and beyond, staying safe in moscow, day trips from moscow, faq on moscow itinerary.

Here is a quick look at the seasons so you can decide when to visit Moscow!

The summer months (June-August) are a great time to travel to Moscow to take advantage of the enjoyable mild temperatures. This is considered peak travel season. Bear in mind that hotel prices rise along with the temperatures!

when to visit moscow

If you’re planning a trip to Moscow during fall (September-November) try to plan for early fall. This way the temperatures will still be pleasant and winter won’t be threatening.

Russian winters (December-February) are not for the faint of heart as Napoleon learned to his peril. Some days the sun will be out for less than an hour, and snow is guaranteed. Although winters are exceptionally cold, this is when you’ll get a true glimpse of the Moscow experience!

The best time to visit Moscow is during spring  (March-May). The temperatures will begin to creep up and the sun begins to shine for significant portions of the day. Hotel rates will also have yet to skyrocket into peak ranges!

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With a Moscow City Pass , you can experience the best of Moscow at the CHEAPEST prices. Discounts, attractions, tickets, and even public transport are all standards in any good city pass – be sure invest now and save them $$$ when you arrive!

Moscow is a large city with many accommodation options to choose from. Staying in a location that fits with your travel plans will only enhance your Moscow itinerary. Here is a brief introduction to a few great areas of the city we recommend checking out!

The best place to stay in Moscow to be close to all the action is Kitay-Gorod. This charming neighborhood will put you within walking distance to Moscow’s famous Red Square, thus cutting down on travel time. This will allow you to see more of the city in a shorter amount of time!

where to stay in moscow

It’s surrounded by restaurants, cafes, bars, and shops. If you’re a first-time visitor to Moscow, or just planning a quick weekend in Moscow, then this area is perfect for you!

Another great area to consider is the Zamoskvorechye district. This area of the city offers a blend of new and old Moscow. It has an artsy vibe and there are plenty of fun sites you can explore outside of the main touristy areas of Moscow.

Of course, as in all areas of Moscow, it’s close to public transportation that will quickly connect you with the rest of the city and make your Moscow itinerary super accessible!

Best Airbnb in Moscow – Exclusive Apartment in Old Moscow

Exclusive Apartment in Old Moscow

Modern and cozy, this apartment is in the heart of Old Moscow. Bordering the Basmanny and Kitay-Gorod districts, this two-bedroom flat is walking distance to the Kremlin and Red Square. Safe, quiet, and comfortable, this is the best Airbnb in Moscow, no question!

Best Budget Hotel in Moscow – Izmailovo Alfa Hotel

moscow itinerary

The Izmailovo Alfa Hotel is a very highly rated accommodation that provides all the components necessary for a comfortable trip to Moscow. There is an on-site restaurant, bar, fitness center, and an airport shuttle service. The rooms are modern and spacious and are equipped with a TV, heating/air conditioning, minibar, and more!

Best Luxury Hotel in Moscow – Crowne Plaza Moscow World Trade Centre

moscow itinerary

If you’re touring Moscow in luxury, the Crowne Plaza Moscow World Trade Centre is the hotel for you! Elegantly furnished rooms are equipped with a minibar, flat-screen TV,  in-room safes, as well as tea and coffee making facilities! Bathrooms come with bathrobes, slippers, and free toiletries. There is also an onsite restaurant, bar, and fitness center.

Best Hostel in Moscow – Godzillas Hostel

moscow itinerary

Godzillas Hostel is located in the center of Moscow, just a short walk from all the major tourist attractions and the metro station. Guests will enjoy all the usual hostel perks such as self-catering facilities, 24-hour reception, Free Wi-Fi, and security lockers. This is one of the best hostels in Moscow and its wonderful social atmosphere and will make your vacation in Moscow extra special!

Godzillas Hostel is one of our favourites in Moscow but they’re not taking guests right now. We’re not sure if they’re closed for good but we hope they’ll come back soon.

An important aspect of planning any trip is figuring out the transportation situation. You’re probably wondering how you’re going to get to all of your Moscow points of interest right? Luckily, this sprawling city has an excellent network of public transportation that will make traveling a breeze!

The underground metro system is the quickest and most efficient way to travel around Moscow. Most visitors rely exclusively on this super-efficient transportation system, which allows you to get to pretty much anywhere in the city! It’s also a great option if you’re planning a Moscow itinerary during the colder months, as you’ll be sheltered from the snow and freezing temperatures!

moscow itinerary

If you prefer above-ground transportation, buses, trams, and trolleybuses, run throughout the city and provide a rather comfortable alternative to the metro.

Moscow’s metro, buses, trams, and trolleybuses are all accessible with a ‘Troika’ card. This card can be topped up with any sum of money at a metro cash desk. The ticket is simple, convenient, and even refundable upon return to a cashier!

No matter which method you choose, you’ll never find yourself without an easy means of getting from point A to point B!

Red Square | Moscow Kremlin | Lenin’s Mausoleum | St. Basil’s Cathedral  | GUM Department Store

Spend the first day of your itinerary taking your own self guided Moscow walking tour around the historic Red Square! This is Moscow’s compact city center and every stop on this list is within easy walking distance to the next! Get ready to see all of the top Moscow landmarks!

Day 1 / Stop 1 – The Red Square

  • Why it’s awesome: The Red Square is the most recognizable area in Moscow, it has mesmerizing architecture and centuries worth of history attached to its name.
  • Cost: Free to walk around, individual attractions in the square have separate fees. 
  • Food nearby: Check out Bar BQ Cafe for friendly service and good food in a great location! The atmosphere is upbeat and they’re open 24/7!

The Red Square is Moscow’s historic fortress and the center of the Russian government. The origins of the square date back to the late 15th century, when Ivan the Great decided to expand the Kremlin to reflect Moscow’s growing power and prestige!

During the 20th century, the square became famous as the site for demonstrations designed to showcase Soviet strength. Visiting the Red Square today, you’ll find it teeming with tourists, who come to witness its magical architecture up close!

The Red Square

The square is the picture postcard of Russian tourism, so make sure to bring your camera when you visit! No matter the season, or the time of day, it’s delightfully photogenic! 

It’s also home to some of Russia’s most distinguishing and important landmarks, which we’ve made sure to include further down in this itinerary. It’s an important center of Russia’s cultural life and one of the top places to visit in Moscow!

In 1990, UNESCO designated Russia’s Red Square as a World Heritage site. Visiting this historic site is a true bucket-list event and essential addition to your itinerary for Moscow!

Day 1 / Stop 2 – The Moscow Kremlin

  • Why it’s awesome: The Moscow Kremlin complex includes several palaces and cathedrals and is surrounded by the Kremlin wall. It also houses the principal museum of Russia (the Kremlin Armory).
  • Cost: USD $15.00
  • Food nearby: Bosco Cafe is a charming place to grat a casual bite to eat. They have excellent coffee and wonderful views of the Red Square and the Moscow Kremlin!

The iconic Moscow Kremlin , also known as the Kremlin museum complex, sits on Borovitsky Hill, rising above the Moscow River. It is a fortified complex in the center of the city, overlooking several iconic buildings in the Red Square!

It’s the best known of the Russian Kremlins – citadels or fortress’ protecting and dominating a city. During the early decades of the Soviet era, the Kremlin was a private enclave where the state’s governing elite lived and worked.

The Kremlin is outlined by an irregularly shaped triangular wall that encloses an area of 68 acres! The existing walls and towers were built from 1485 to 1495. Inside the Kremlin museum complex, there are five palaces, four cathedrals, and the enclosing Kremlin Wall with Kremlin towers.

The Armoury Chamber is a part of the Grand Kremlin Palace’s complex and is one of the oldest museums of Moscow, established in 1851. It showcases Russian history and displays many cherished relics. Definitely make sure to check out this museum while you’re here!

The Moscow Kremlin

The churches inside the Moscow Kremlin are the Cathedral of the Dormition, Church of the Archangel, Church of the Annunciation, and the bell tower of Ivan Veliki (a church tower).

The five-domed Cathedral of the Dormition is considered the most famous. It was built from 1475–1479 by an Italian architect and has served as a wedding and coronation place for great princes, tsars, and emperors of Russia. Church services are given in the Kremlin’s numerous cathedrals on a regular basis.

The Grand Kremlin Palace was the former Tsar’s Moscow residence and today it serves as the official workplace of the President of the Russian Federation (Vladimir Putin seems to have bagged that title for life) .

Insider Tip: The Kremlin is closed every Thursday! Make sure to plan this stop on your Moscow itinerary for any other day of the week!

Day 1 / Stop 3 – Lenin’s Mausoleum

  • Why it’s awesome: The mausoleum displays the preserved body of Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin .
  • Cost: Free!
  • Food nearby: Khinkal’naya is a charming Georgian restaurant with vaulted ceilings and exposed brick. It’s a popular place with locals and right next to the Red Square!

Lenin’s Mausoleum, also known as Lenin’s Tomb, is the modernist mausoleum for the revolutionary leader Vladimir Lenin. It’s located within the Red Square and serves as the resting place for the Soviet leader! His preserved body has been on public display since shortly after his death in 1924.

It’s located just a few steps away from the Kremlin Wall and is one of the most controversial yet popular Moscow attractions!

Admission is free for everyone, you’ll only need to pay if you need to check a bag. Before visitors are allowed to enter the mausoleum, they have to go through a metal detector first. No metal objects, liquids, or large bags are allowed in the mausoleum!

Lenins Mausoleum

Expect a line to enter the building, and while you’re inside the building, you’ll be constantly moving in line with other visitors. This means you won’t be able to spend as long as you’d like viewing the mausoleum, but you’ll still be able to get a good look. Pictures and filming while inside the building are strictly prohibited, and security guards will stop you if they see you breaking this rule.

The mausoleum is only open on Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Saturday – unless it’s a public holiday or a day scheduled for maintenance. The hours it’s open for each day are limited, make sure to check online before you visit to make sure you can fit this into your Moscow itinerary for that day!

Insider Tip: The Lenin’s Museum is there for people to pay their respect; remember to keep silent and move along quickly, it’s not intended for people to congregate around. Also, men are not allowed to wear hats and everyone must take their hands out of their pockets when inside the building.

Day 1 / Stop 4 – St. Basil’s Cathedral

  • Why it’s awesome: A dazzling designed cathedral that showcases Russia’s unique architecture. This cathedral is one of the most recognizable symbols of the country!
  • Cost: USD $8.00
  • Food nearby: Moskovskiy Chaynyy Klub is a cozy cafe serving food items and pipping hot tea; it’s the perfect place to go if you’re visiting Moscow during the winter months!

Located in the Red Square, the ornate 16th-century St. Basil’s Cathedral is probably the building you picture when you think of Moscow’s unique architecture. Its colorful onion-shaped domes tower over the Moscow skyline!

The cathedral was built from 1555-1561 by order of Tsar Ivan the Terrible. It was designed with an iconic onion dome facade and enchanting colors that captivate all who see it. Fun fact: If you’re wondering why Russian churches have onion domes, they are popularly believed to symbolize burning candles!

This iconic cathedral has become a symbol of Russia due to its distinguishing architecture and prominent position inside the Red Square. It’s one of the most beautiful, wonderful, and mesmerizing historical cathedrals in the world!

St. Basils Cathedral

The interior of the church surprises most people when they visit. In contrast to the large exterior, the inside is not so much one large area, but rather a collection of smaller areas, with many corridors and small rooms. There are 9 small chapels and one mausoleum grouped around a central tower.

Visiting the inside is like walking through a maze, there are even small signs all around the cathedral tracing where to walk, and pointing you in the right direction! The walls are meticulously decorated and painted with intricate floral designs and religious themes.

The church rarely holds service and is instead a museum open for the public to visit.

Insider Tip: During the summer months the line to go inside the cathedral can get quite long! Make sure to arrive early or reserve your tickets online to guarantee quick access into the cathedral!

Day 1 / Stop 5 – GUM Department Store

  • Why it’s awesome: This is Russia’s most famous shopping mall! It’s designed with elegant and opulent architecture and provides a real sense of nostalgia!
  • Cost: Free to enter
  • Food nearby: Stolovaya 57 is a cafeteria-style restaurant with a variety of inexpensive Russian cuisine menu items including soups, salads, meat dishes, and desserts. It’s also located inside the GUM department store, making it very easily accessible when you’re shopping!

The enormous GUM Department Store is located within the historic Red Square. It has a whimsical enchantment to it that sets it apart from your typical department store.

A massive domed glass ceiling lines the top of the building and fills the interior with natural sunlight. There are live plants and flowers placed throughout the mall that give the shopping complex a lively and cheerful feel! A playful fountain sits in the center, further adding to the malls inviting a sense of wonder and amusement!

The GUM department store opened on December 2, 1893. Today, it includes local and luxury stores, including Fendi, Louis Vuitton, Prada, and many more! There are numerous cafes, restaurants, and even a movie theater inside!

GUM Department Store

For a special treat, head into Gastronom 1. This 1950s-style shop sells gourmet food items, like wine, freshly-baked pastries, cheese, Russian chocolate, and of course, vodka! Also, be on the lookout for a bicycle pedaling ice cream truck with an employing selling ice cream!

The ambiance is simply amazing, a trip to this idyllic shopping mall is an absolute must on any Moscow itinerary!

Insider Tip: Make sure to carry some small change on you in case you need to use the restroom, you’ll need to pay 50 rubles – or about USD $0.80 to use the bathroom in GUM.

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Novodevichy Convent | Gorky Park | State Tretyakov Gallery | All-Russian Exhibition Center | Bolshoi Theater

On your 2 day itinerary in Moscow, you’ll have a chance to use the city’s excellent public transportation service! You’ll explore a few more of Moscow’s historic highlight as well as some modern attractions. These sites are a little more spread out, but still very easily accessible thanks to the metro!

Day 2 / Stop 1 – Novodevichy Convent

  • Why it’s awesome: The Novodevichy Convent is rich in imperial Russian history and contains some of Russia’s best examples of classical architecture!
  • Cost: USD $5.00
  • Food nearby: Culinary Shop Karavaevs Brothers is a cozy and simple place to have a quick bite, they also have vegetarian options!

The Novodevichy Convent is the best-known and most popular cloister of Moscow. The convent complex is contained within high walls, and there are many attractions this site is known for! 

The six-pillared five-domed Smolensk Cathedral is the main attraction. It was built to resemble the Kremlin’s Assumption Cathedral and its facade boasts beautiful snowy white walls and a pristine golden onion dome as its centerpiece. It’s the oldest structure in the convent, built from 1524 -1525, and is situated in the center of the complex between the two entrance gates.

There are other churches inside the convent as well, all dating back from many centuries past. The convent is filled with an abundance of 16th and 17th-century religious artworks, including numerous large and extravagant frescos!

Novodevichy Convent

Just outside the convent’s grounds lies the Novodevichy Cemetery. Here, you can visit the graves of famous Russians, including esteemed authors, composers, and politicians. Probably the most intriguing gravestone belongs to Russian politician Nikita Khruschev!

The Novodevichy Convent is located near the Moscow River and offers a peaceful retreat from the busy city. In 2004, it was proclaimed a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The convent remains remarkably well-preserved and is an outstanding example of Moscow Baroque architecture! 

Insider Tip: To enter the cathedrals inside the complex, women are advised to cover their heads and shoulders, while men should wear long pants.

Day 2 / Stop 2 – Gorky Central Park of Culture and Leisure

  • Why it’s awesome: A large amusement area in the heart of the city offering many attractions!
  • Cost: Free! 
  • Food nearby: Check out Mepkato, located inside Gorky Central Park for a casual meal in a cozy setting. There are indoor and outdoor seating options and the restaurant is child-friendly!

Gorky Central Park of Culture and Leisure is a large green space in the heart of Moscow. The park opened in 1928, and it stretches along the scenic embankment of the Moskva River. It covers an area of 300-acres and offers a lovely contrast from the compact city center.

You’ll find all sorts of wonderful attractions, from boat rides to bike rentals to tennis courts and ping-pong tables, and much more! there are an open-air cinema and festive events and concerts scheduled in the summer months.  A wide selection of free fitness classes is also offered on a regular basis, including jogging, roller skating, and dancing!

Although many of the options you’ll find here are more suited for outdoor leisure during the summer, you’ll also a selection of winter attractions, including one of Europe’s largest ice rinks for ice-skating!

Gorky Central Park of Culture and Leisure

If you’re trying to decide what to do in Moscow with kids, the park also offers several venues designed specifically for kids. Check out the year-round Green School which offers hands-on classes in gardening and art! You can also feed the squirrels and birds at the Golitsinsky Ponds!

The park is very well maintained and kept clean and the entrance is free of charge, although most individual attractions cost money. There is also Wi-Fi available throughout the park.

With so many attractions, you could easily spend all day here! If you’re only planning a 2 day itinerary in Moscow, make sure to plan your time accordingly and map out all the areas you want to see beforehand!

Day 2 / Stop 3 – The State Tretyakov Gallery

  • Why it’s awesome: The gallery’s collection consists entirely of Russian art made by Russian artists!
  • Food nearby : Brothers Tretyakovs is located right across the street from the gallery. It’s a wonderfully atmospheric restaurant serving top quality food and drinks!

The State Tretyakov Gallery was founded in 1856 by influential merchant and collector Pavel Tretyakov.  The gallery is a national treasury of Russian fine art and one of the most important museums in Russia!

It houses the world’s best collection of Russian art and contains more than 130, 000 paintings, sculptures, and graphics! These works have been created throughout the centuries by generations of Russia’s most talented artists!

The State Tretyakov Gallery

The exhibits range from mysterious 12th-century images to politically charged canvases. The collection is rich and revealing and offers great insight into the history and attitudes of this long-suffering yet inspired people!

All pictures are also labeled in English. If you plan to take your time and see everything inside the museum it will take a good 3-4 hours, so make sure to plan your Moscow trip itinerary accordingly! This gallery is a must-see stop for art lovers, or anyone wanting to explore the local culture and history of Russia in a creative and insightful manner! 

Insider Tip: When planning your 2 days in Moscow itinerary, keep in mind that most museums in Moscow are closed on Mondays, this includes The State Tretyakov Gallery!

Day 2 / Stop 4 – All-Russian Exhibition Center

  • Why it’s awesome: This large exhibition center showcases the achievements of the Soviet Union in several different spheres. 
  • Food nearby: Varenichnaya No. 1 serves authentic and homestyle Russian cuisine in an intimate and casual setting.

The All-Russian Exhibition Center is a massive park that presents the glory of the Soviet era! It pays homage to the achievements of Soviet Russia with its many different sites found on the property.

The center was officially opened in 1939 to exhibit the achievements of the Soviet Union. It’s a huge complex of buildings and the largest exhibition center in Moscow. There are several exhibition halls dedicated to different achievements and every year there are more than one hundred and fifty specialized exhibitions!

All Russian Exhibition Center

The Peoples Friendship Fountain was constructed in 1954 and is a highlight of the park. The stunning gold fountain features 16 gilded statues of girls, each representing the former Soviet Union republics. 

The Stone Flower Fountain was also built in 1954 and is worth checking out. The centerpiece of this large fountain is a flower carved from stones from the Ural Mountains! Along the side of the fountain are various bronze sculptures.

You will find many people zipping around on rollerblades and bicycles across the large area that the venue covers. It’s also home to amusement rides and carousels, making it the perfect place to stop with kids on your Moscow itinerary! Make sure to wear comfortable shoes and allow a few hours to explore all the areas that interest you!

Day 2 / Stop 5 – Bolshoi Theater

  • Why it’s awesome: The Bolshoi Theater is a historic venue that hosts world-class ballet and opera performances!
  • Cost: Prices vary largely between USD $2.00 –  USD $228.00 based on seat location.
  • Food nearby: Head to the Russian restaurant, Bolshoi for high-quality food and drinks and excellent service!

The Bolshoi Theater is among the oldest and most renowned ballet and opera companies in the world! It also boasts the world’s biggest ballet company, with more than 200 dancers!

The theater has been rebuilt and renovated several times during its long history. In 2011 it finished its most recent renovation after an extensive six-year restoration that started in 2005. The renovation included an improvement in acoustics and the restoration of the original Imperial decor.

The Bolshoi Theater has put on many of the world’s most famous ballet acts! Tchaikovsky’s ballet Swan Lake premiered at the theater in 1877 and other notable performances of the Bolshoi repertoire include Tchaikovsky’s The Sleeping Beauty and The Nutcracker!

Bolshoi Theater

Today, when you visit the theater, you can expect a magical performance from skilled singers, dancers, and musicians with the highest level of technique!

If you don’t have time to see a show, the theater also provides guided tours on select days of the week. Tours are given in both Russian and English and will provide visitors with a more intimate look at the different areas of the theater!

The stage of this iconic Russian theater has seen many outstanding performances. If you’re a fan of the performing arts, the Bolshoi Theater is one of the greatest and oldest ballet and opera companies in the world, making it a must-see attraction on your Moscow itinerary!

moscow itinerary

Godzillas Hostel

Godzillas Hostel is located in the center of Moscow, just a short walk from all the major tourist attractions and the metro station.

  • Towels Included

Cosmonautics Museum | Alexander Garden | Ostankino Tower | Izmaylovo District | Soviet Arcade Museum

Now that we’ve covered what to do in Moscow in 2 days, if you’re able to spend more time in the city you’re going to need more attractions to fill your time. Here are a few more really cool things to do in Moscow we recommend!

Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics

  • Hear the timeline of the ‘space race’ from the Russian perspective
  • This museum is fun for both adults and children!
  • Admission is USD $4.00

The Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics is a museum dedicated to space exploration! The museum explores the history of flight, astronomy, space exploration, space technology, and space in the arts. It houses a large assortment of Soviet and Russian space-related exhibits, and the museum’s collection holds approximately 85,000 different items!

Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics

The museum does an excellent job of telling the full story of the exciting space race between the USSR and the US! It highlights the brightest moments in Russian history and humanity and is very interesting and fun for all ages!

If you’re a fan of space or just curious about gaining insight into Russia’s fascinating history of space exploration, make sure to add this to your 3 day itinerary in Moscow!

The Alexander Garden

  • A tranquil place to relax near the Red Square
  • Green lawns dotted with sculptures and lovely water features
  • The park is open every day and has no entrance fee

The Alexander Garden was one of the first urban public parks in Moscow! The garden premiered in 1821 and was built to celebrate Russia’s victory over Napoleon’s forces in 1812!

The park is beautiful and well maintained with paths to walk on and benches to rest on. The park contains three separate gardens: the upper garden, middle garden, and lower garden.

The Alexander Garden

Located in the upper garden, towards the main entrance to the park is the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier with its eternal flame. This monument was created in 1967 and contains the body of a soldier who fell during the Great Patriotic War!

The park stretches along all the length of the western Kremlin wall for about half a mile. Due to its central location in the city, it’ll be easily accessible when you’re out exploring The Red Square.

It provides a bit of relief from the city’s high-energy city streets. Bring a picnic lunch, go for a walk, or just sit and people watch, this is one of the best Moscow sites to wind-down and relax!

Ostankino Television Tower

  • Television and radio tower in Moscow
  • Currently the tallest free-standing structure in Europe
  • Make sure you bring your passport when you visit, you can’t go up without it!

For spectacular views of the city, make sure to add the Ostankino Television Tower to your itinerary for Moscow! This impressive free-standing structure provides stunning views of the city in every direction. The glass floor at the top also provides great alternative views of the city!

Ostankino Television Tower

It takes just 58 seconds for visitors to reach the Tower’s observation deck by super fast elevator. The tower is open every day for long hours and is a great site in Moscow to check out! There is even a restaurant at the top where you can enjoy rotating views of the city while you dine on traditional Russian cuisine or European cuisine!

The tower is somewhat of an architectural surprise in a city that is not known for skyscrapers! To see the city from a new perspective, make sure to add this stop to your Moscow itinerary!

Izmaylovo District

  • The most popular attractions in this district are the kremlin and the flea market
  • Outside of the city center and easy to reach via metro
  • Most popular during the summer and on weekends

Travel outside the city center and discover a unique area of the city! The Izmaylovo District is a popular destination for locals and tourists alike, and one of the coolest places to see in Moscow! The two main attractions we recommend checking out are the Kremlin and the flea market.

The Izmailovo Kremlin was established as a cultural center and molded after traditional Russian architecture. This colorful complex is home to several single-subject museums, including a Russian folk art museum and a vodka museum!

Izmaylovo District

Next to the Kremlin is the Izmailovo open-air market, which dates back to the 17th century! The market is connected to the Izmailovo Kremlin by a wooden bridge. Pick up all your Russian souvenirs here, including traditional handicrafts, paintings, books, retro toys, and Soviet memorabilia!

You will find many hand-made and hand-painted options available at higher prices, as well as mass-produced souvenir options at lower prices!

Museum of Soviet Arcade Games

  • Closed on Mondays
  • Filled with old arcade games that visitors get to try out!
  • The museum also includes a small cafe and burger shop

For something a little different, check out the Museum of Soviet Arcade Games! The museum features roughly 60 machines from the Soviet era, including video games, pinball machines, and collaborative hockey foosball! The machines inside the museum were produced in the USSR in the mid-1970s.

Museum of Soviet Arcade Games

The best part is, most of the games are still playable! Purchase tickets and try the games out for yourself! The museum also has a neat little screening room that plays old Soviet cartoons and an area with Soviet magazines! This unique attraction is a fun addition to a 3 day itinerary in Moscow, and an attraction that all ages will enjoy! 

Whether you’re spending one day in Moscow, or more, safety is an important thing to keep in mind when traveling to a big city! Overall, Moscow is a very safe place to visit. However, it is always recommended that tourists take certain precautions when traveling to a new destination!

The police in Moscow is extremely effective at making the city a safe place to visit and do their best to patrol all of the top Moscow, Russia tourist attractions. However, tourists can still be a target for pickpockets and scammers.

Moscow has a huge flow of tourists, therefore there is a risk for pickpocketing. Simple precautions will help eliminate your chances of being robbed. Stay vigilant, keep your items close to you at all times, and don’t flash your valuables!

If you’re planning a solo Moscow itinerary, you should have no need to worry, as the city is also considered safe for solo travelers, even women. Stay in the populated areas, try and not travel alone late at night, and never accept rides from strangers or taxis without a meter and correct signage.

The threat of natural disasters in Moscow is low, with the exception of severe winters when the temperature can dip below freezing! Bring a good, warm jacket if you visit in Winter.

However, please note that Russian views on homsexuality are far less accepting than those in Western Europe. Likewise, Non-Caucasian travellers may sadly encounter racism in Russia .

Don’t Forget Your Travel Insurance for Moscow

ALWAYS sort out your backpacker insurance before your trip. There’s plenty to choose from in that department, but a good place to start is Safety Wing .

They offer month-to-month payments, no lock-in contracts, and require absolutely no itineraries: that’s the exact kind of insurance long-term travellers and digital nomads need.

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SafetyWing is cheap, easy, and admin-free: just sign up lickety-split so you can get back to it!

Click the button below to learn more about SafetyWing’s setup or read our insider review for the full tasty scoop.

Now that we’ve covered all the top things to see in Moscow, we thought we’d include some exciting day trips to other areas of the country!

Sergiev Posad (Golden Ring)

Sergiev Posad Golden Ring

On this 7-hour guided tour, you’ll visit several scenic and historic areas of Russia. Start your day with hotel pick-up as you’re transferred by a comfortable car or minivan to Sergiev Posad. Admire the charming Russian countryside on your drive and enjoy a quick stop to visit the Russian village, Rudonezh!

You’ll see the majestic Saint Spring and the Church of Sergiev Radonezh. You’ll also visit the UNESCO World Heritage Site, Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, one of the most famous Orthodox sites in Russia!

Lastly, you’ll swing by the local Matreshka market and enjoy a break in a nice Russian restaurant before returning to Moscow!

Day Trip to Vladimir and Suzdal

Day Trip to Vladimir and Suzdal

On this 13-hour trip, you’ll discover old Russia, with its picturesque landscapes and white-stoned beautiful churches! You’ll visit the main towns of the famous Golden Ring of Russia – the name for several cities and smaller towns north-east of Moscow.

Your first stop will be in the town of Vladimir, the ancient capital of all Russian principalities. The city dates back to the 11th century and is one of the oldest and the most important towns along the Ring! Next, you’ll visit Suzdal, a calm ancient Russian town north of Vladimir with only 13,000 inhabitants!

The old-style architecture and buildings of Suzdal are kept wonderfully intact. If you’re spending three days in Moscow, or more, this is a great option for exploring the charming areas outside the city!

Zvenigorod Day Trip and Russian Countryside

Zvenigorod Day Trip and Russian Countryside

On this 9-hour private tour, you’ll explore the ancient town of Zvenigorod, one of the oldest towns in the Moscow region! As you leave Moscow you’ll enjoy the stunning scenery along the Moscow River, and make a few stops at old churches along the way to Zvenigorod.

Upon arrival, you’ll explore the medieval center, including the 14th-century Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery. Next, you’ll take a break for lunch (own expense) where you’ll have the chance to try out the Russian cuisine! Next, you’ll visit the Museum of Russian Dessert and sip on tea at a Russian tea ceremony.

The final stop of the day is at the Ershovo Estate, a gorgeous place to walk around and enjoy nature!

Day Trip to St Petersburg by Train visiting Hermitage & Faberge

Day Trip to St Petersburg by Train visiting Hermitage and Faberge

On this full-day tour, you’ll enjoy a a full round trip to St Petersburg where you’ll spend an exciting day exploring another popular Russian city! You’ll be picked up from your hotel in Moscow and be transferred to the train station where you’ll ride the high-speed train ‘Sapsan’ to St Petersburg.

Upon arrival, you’ll start the day by touring the Hermitage Museum and the Winter Palace. Next, you’ll visit the Faberge Museum, where you’ll explore the impressive collection of rare Faberge Eggs! In the afternoon, enjoy a sightseeing boat ride and a traditional 3-course Russian lunch.

If you’re spending 3 days in Moscow, or more, this is an excellent trip to take!

Trip to Kolomna – Authentic Cultural Experience from Moscow

Trip to Kolomna - Authentic Cultural Experience from Moscow

On this 10-hour tour, you’ll escape the city and travel to the historic town of Kolomna! First, you’ll visit the 14th-century Kolomna Kremlin, home to the Assumption Cathedral and an abundance of museums!

Next, enjoy lunch at a local cafe (own expense) before embarking on a tour of the Marshmallow Museum – of course, a marshmallow tasting is provided!  Your final stop is the Museum of Forging Settlements, where displays include armor and accessories for fishing and hunting.

Discover this beautiful Russian fairytale city on a private trip, where all of the planning is taken care of for you!

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Find out what people want to know when planning their Moscow itinerary.

How many days you need in Moscow?

We recommend that you spend at least two or three days in Moscow to take it all in.

What’s the best month to visit Moscow?

The best time to visit Moscow is over the spring, from March to May as temperatures are mild, crowds are thin and prices are reasonable.

What are some unusual things to do in Moscow?

I mean, queuing up to see an almost 100 year old corpse is pretty unsual! Check out Lenin’s Mausoleum if you fancy it!

What are some fun things to do in Moscow?

The Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics is a fun place to explore the famous space race from the perspective of the ‘other side’!

We hope you enjoyed our Moscow itinerary! We’ve made sure to cover all the Moscow must-sees as well as some unique attractions in the city! Our addition of insider tips, favorite food stops, and day trips from Moscow is an added bonus and will guarantee you make the most out of your exciting Russian vacation!

Immerse yourself in the modern and traditional Russian lifestyle! Get lost in museums, witness awe-inspiring architecture, and indulge in Russian cuisine! Spend the day strolling through all of the charming sites of Moscow, admiring the beautiful scenery and discovering the city’s fairytale-like enchantment!

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And for transparency’s sake, please know that some of the links in our content are affiliate links . That means that if you book your accommodation, buy your gear, or sort your insurance through our link, we earn a small commission (at no extra cost to you). That said, we only link to the gear we trust and never recommend services we don’t believe are up to scratch. Again, thank you!

Alya and Campbell

Alya and Campbell

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