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Do I need a vaccination to travel to...?

Use this handy table to quickly determine if you need a vaccination for travel to a country.

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Vaccines for Travelers

Vaccines protect travelers from serious diseases. Depending on where you travel, you may come into contact with diseases that are rare in the United States, like yellow fever. Some vaccines may also be required for you to travel to certain places.

Getting vaccinated will help keep you safe and healthy while you’re traveling. It will also help make sure that you don’t bring any serious diseases home to your family, friends, and community.

On this page, you'll find answers to common questions about vaccines for travelers.

Which vaccines do I need before traveling?

The vaccines you need to get before traveling will depend on few things, including:

  • Where you plan to travel . Some countries require proof of vaccination for certain diseases, like yellow fever or polio. And traveling in developing countries and rural areas may bring you into contact with more diseases, which means you might need more vaccines before you visit.
  • Your health . If you’re pregnant or have an ongoing illness or weakened immune system, you may need additional vaccines.
  • The vaccinations you’ve already had . It’s important to be up to date on your routine vaccinations. While diseases like measles are rare in the United States, they are more common in other countries. Learn more about routine vaccines for specific age groups .

How far in advance should I get vaccinated before traveling?

It’s important to get vaccinated at least 4 to 6 weeks before you travel. This will give the vaccines time to start working, so you’re protected while you’re traveling. It will also usually make sure there’s enough time for you to get vaccines that require more than 1 dose.

Where can I go to get travel vaccines?

Start by finding a:

  • Travel clinic
  • Health department
  • Yellow fever vaccination clinic

Learn more about where you can get vaccines .

What resources can I use to prepare for my trip?

Here are some resources that may come in handy as you’re planning your trip:

  • Visit CDC’s travel website to find out which vaccines you may need based on where you plan to travel, what you’ll be doing, and any health conditions you have.
  • Download CDC's TravWell app to get recommended vaccines, a checklist to help prepare for travel, and a personalized packing list. You can also use it to store travel documents and keep a record of your medicines and vaccinations.
  • Read the current travel notices to learn about any new disease outbreaks in or vaccine recommendations for the areas where you plan to travel.
  • Visit the State Department’s website to learn about vaccinations, insurance, and medical emergencies while traveling.

Traveling with a child? Make sure they get the measles vaccine.

Measles is still common in some countries. Getting your child vaccinated will protect them from getting measles — and from bringing it back to the United States where it can spread to others. Learn more about the measles vaccine.

Find out which vaccines you need

CDC’s Adult Vaccine Quiz helps you create a list of vaccines you may need based on your age, health conditions, and more.

Take the quiz now !

Get Immunized

Getting immunized is easy. Vaccines and preventive antibodies are available at the doctor’s office or pharmacies — and are usually covered by insurance.

Find out how to get protected .

Which Vaccinations Are Required for Travel?

By Cassie Shortsleeve

Mountain hiking

A trip abroad requires you to be up-to-date on a whole checklist of things these days: travel insurance, airline policies, visas, passports , and, as far as your health is concerned, vaccines. Yet while the COVID-19 pandemic has made us acutely aware of the importance of staying healthy on the road, travel vaccines have always been a mainstay of safe travel—a crucial tool in avoiding the (often expensive) headaches of getting sick , and treating sicknesses, abroad.

Whether you have travel on the horizon or want to be prepared for 2023 trips and beyond, this guide will get you up to speed on the vaccinations required for travel depending on your destination, itinerary, and health status. Follow the below steps to protect your immune system in another country.

Make sure you’re current with routine vaccines

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends all travelers be up to date on routine vaccines before travel. Routine vaccines include shots like COVID-19; chickenpox; Hepatitis A and B; Influenza; Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR); Polio; and more. The CDC has a full list of routine vaccines here .

“‘Routinely recommended vaccines’ are vaccines that have been considered very important to prevent common diseases in the population to start,” says Lin H. Chen , M.D. director of the Travel Medicine Center at Mount Auburn Hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and the former president of the International Society of Travel Medicine (ISTM).

Routine vaccines protect against disease that exists at low levels (chickenpox) or barely exists at all (measles) in the U.S. They also protect against severe disease from diseases that are still present in the United States (influenza or COVID-19). Generally, they’re given in childhood or adolescence—though some are given through adulthood—so it’s always a good idea to double-check your vaccination records.

When traveling, routine shots are especially important because international travel increases your chances of both contracting and spreading diseases that aren’t common in the U.S. A good example of this is measles. While it’s practically non-existent in the U.S., international travel increases your risk of exposure and popular destinations including Europe still have measles outbreaks.

It’s worth double checking your status even if you think you’re up to date: “During the pandemic, some routine vaccination programs may have suffered lapses, so there is concern that diseases may become more common,” says Dr. Chen.

The routine vaccination recommendations have also changed over the years (the addition of the COVID-19 vaccine to the list is an example) and it’s easy to let vaccines like tetanus ( generally needed every 10 years ) lapse.

“It is even recommended at this time that certain adults who are traveling who have not had a polio vaccine for many years and are traveling to a risk area get an additional dose of the polio vaccine,” says Elizabeth D. Barnett , M.D., a professor at Boston University Medical School and a leader in the field of travel and tropical Medicine.

If you’re traveling with a child , talk to your pediatrician: Rules around vaccination can be different for babies traveling internationally. A baby who is not leaving the U.S., for example, gets their first dose of the MMR vaccine at 12 months; if they will be leaving the country, they get the first dose at six months .

Utilize official resources to learn more about vaccination recommendations around the world

“Understanding the epidemiology of where diseases are circulating is really important,” says Dr. Chen.

That’s why, generally, she sends travelers to the CDC’s website , which outlines exactly what additional vaccines you may need for essentially every country in the world. All you have to do is plug in your destination and you’ll find information about vaccines and medications, health travel notices, COVID-19 travel information, and more.

Start a conversation with your primary care doctor—then consider seeing a travel medicine specialist

It’s always good to start a conversation with your primary care doctor about vaccines before you travel, but if your itinerary is complex, involving multiple countries, being in rural areas, areas without good hygiene, or areas where you may not be able to protect yourself from mosquito- or food-borne illnesses, or if you have questions based on what you found on the CDC website or your own personal health history, consider asking your physician for a referral to a travel medicine specialist or travel clinic.

After all, when it comes to vaccinations required for travel, it’s not just about where you travel, but how you travel.

“The art of travel medicine is listening to where the person is going, what they're going to be doing, and making a decision based on the risk-benefit ratio,” says Dr. Barnett. A travel medicine doctor will be able to analyze disease trends and trip details such as how long you’ll be traveling or how well you’ll be able to protect yourself against mosquitoes. “You have to really dig into those things,” she says.

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Take a vaccine called the Japanese encephalitis vaccine, which prevents a type of encephalitis (inflammation of the brain). “We can't just say the risk is present in a specific country, because the risk depends on the time of year, whether the disease is being transmitted at that time, the exact location—rural areas, especially farming regions are associated with much higher risk — whether there's a local outbreak situation going on, and more.”

You may not be able to get every shot you need at your primary care doctor’s office either. The yellow fever vaccine, for example (which you may need if you’re traveling somewhere like Sub-Saharan Africa or specific parts of South America), is only available at special travel clinics or public health settings, says Dr. Barnett. You can find a list of travel medicine clinics on the CDC’s website.

Your health background (what diseases you’ve had in the past, whether or not you’re immune-suppressed, and if you’re more predisposed to a certain condition) also play a role in what vaccines to consider. (A very small subset of people vaccinated against yellow fever, for example, experience severe adverse events, says Dr. Barnett.)

The bottom line

For many people and many trips, discussing travel plans with your primary care doctor and using the CDC’s destination feature for vaccine guidance will suffice. Other, more complex trips require a visit to a travel clinic. If you’re aiming to get into one, start the process at least a month before your departure date—appointments can be hard to get and your body needs time to build up immunity from any additional vaccines you may require.

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Get Vaccinated Before You Travel

It’s important to plan ahead to get the shots required for all countries you and your family plan to visit.

Family of three in an airport waiting

Protect your child and family when traveling in the United States or abroad by:

  • Getting the shots required for all countries you and your family plan to visit during your trip
  • Making sure you and your family are up-to-date on all routine U.S. vaccines
  • Staying informed about travel notices and alerts and how they can affect your family’s travel plans

Avoid getting sick or coming back home and spreading the disease to others.

Vaccinate at least a month before you travel

See your doctor when you start to plan your trip abroad. It’s important to do this well in advance.

  • Your body needs time to build up immunity.
  • You may need several weeks to get all the doses of the vaccine.
  • Your primary doctor may not stock travel vaccines. Visit a travel medical clinic .
  • You’ll need time to prepare for your pre-travel appointment .
  • If the country you visit requires a yellow fever vaccine , only a limited number of clinics have the vaccine and will probably be some distance from where you live. You must get it at least 10 days before travel.

Find out which vaccines are recommended or required for the countries you plan to visit .

TIP : Save time by getting routine vaccines during the same doctor visit. Use the Vaccine Self-Assessment Tool and discuss the results with your doctor. It tells you which U.S. recommended vaccines you (19 years and older) or your child (birth – 18 years) might need.

Last-minute travelers

When traveling to another country be aware your doctor may not carry a travel vaccine and you may have to visit a medical clinic.

Many travel vaccines require multiple shots or take time to become fully effective. But some multiple-dose vaccines (like hepatitis A) can still give you partial protection after just one dose. Some can also be given on an “accelerated schedule,” meaning doses are given in a shorter period of time.

  • Discover and learn about specific diseases that can affect you while traveling
  • What to do if you get sick after traveling
  • Vaccines & Immunizations

Exit Notification / Disclaimer Policy

  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website.
  • Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website.
  • You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link.
  • CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website.

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Routine Vaccines

It’s important to be up to date on recommended routine vaccines prior to travel, including Flu, RSV and COVID-19.

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Learn about CDC’s Traveler Genomic Surveillance Program that detects new COVID-19 variants entering the country.  

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Sign up to get travel notices, clinical updates, & healthy travel tips.

See the full list of  Travel Health Notices , including:

Level 2 - Practice Enhanced Precautions

  • Mpox in the Democratic Republic of the Congo February 16, 2024
  • Diphtheria in Nigeria February 16, 2024
  • Chikungunya in Timor-Leste February 08, 2024

Level 1 - Practice Usual Precautions

  • Updated   Dengue in the Americas February 28, 2024
  • Dengue in Africa and the Middle East February 16, 2024
  • Dengue in Asia and the Pacific Islands February 09, 2024

There are no Warning , Alert, Watch, COVID-19 Very High, COVID-19 High, COVID-19 Moderate, COVID-19 Low, COVID-19 Unknown, Level 4, or Level 3 notices currently in effect.

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  • You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link.
  • CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website.
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International Travel Restrictions by Country

Find out where you can travel and covid-19 policies.

Select origin country, search destination or select a country on the map to see travel restrictions.

The travel status of individual countries can change suddenly, and we know it can be hard to stay on top of it all. That's why we're getting you the information you need to consider when planning travel. Learn about country-specific entry requirements such as the border status, COVID-19 testing requirements, and quarantine requirements. Many countries are reopening their borders for international travel. Find out which countries are open to vaccinated travelers.

Just enter your departure country above - the map will update to reflect countries' opening status and any entry requirements for air travelers. Before you book, be sure to double check your country's official government site.

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Filter by region, status and more

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Albania.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Algeria.

American Samoa

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter American Samoa.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Angola.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Anguilla.

Antigua And Barbuda

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Antigua And Barbuda.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Argentina.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Armenia.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Aruba.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Australia.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Austria.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Azerbaijan.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Bahrain.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Bangladesh.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Barbados.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Belgium.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Belize.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Benin.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Bermuda.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Bhutan.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Bolivia.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Botswana.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Brazil.

British Virgin Islands

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter the British Virgin Islands.

Brunei Darussalam

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Brunei Darussalam.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Bulgaria.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Burundi.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Cambodia.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Cameroon.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Canada.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Cape Verde.

Caribbean Netherlands

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter the Caribbean Netherlands.

Cayman Islands

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter the Cayman Islands.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Chad.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Chile.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter China.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Colombia.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter the Comoros.

Cook Islands

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter the Cook Islands.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Costa Rica.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Croatia.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Curaçao.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Cyprus.

Czech Republic

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter the Czech Republic.

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Denmark.

Fully vaccinated visitors from the United States can enter Djibouti without restrictions.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Dominica.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter the Dominican Republic.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, need to quarantine to enter East Timor.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Ecuador.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Egypt.

El Salvador

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter El Salvador.

Equatorial Guinea

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Equatorial Guinea.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Eritrea.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Estonia.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Eswatini.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Ethiopia.

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas).

Faroe Islands

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter the Faroe Islands.

Federated States of Micronesia

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Federated States of Micronesia.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Fiji.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Finland.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter France.

French Guiana

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter French Guiana.

French Polynesia

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter French Polynesia.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Gabon.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter the Gambia.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Georgia.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Germany.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Ghana.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Gibraltar.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Greece.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Greenland.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Grenada.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Guadeloupe.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Guam.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Guatemala.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Guinea.

Guinea-Bissau

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Guinea-Bissau.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Guyana.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Honduras.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Hong Kong.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Hungary.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Iceland.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter India.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Indonesia.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Ireland.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Italy.

Ivory Coast

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Ivory Coast.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Jamaica.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Japan.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Jersey.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Jordan.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Kazakhstan.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Kenya.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Kiribati.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Kosovo.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Kuwait.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Kyrgyzstan.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Laos.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Latvia.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Lesotho.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Liberia.

Liechtenstein

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Liechtenstein.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Lithuania.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Luxembourg.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Macau.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Madagascar.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Malawi.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Malaysia.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter the Maldives.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Malta.

Marshall Islands

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter the Marshall Islands.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Martinique.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Mauritania.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Mauritius.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Mayotte.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Mexico.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Moldova.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Mongolia.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Montenegro.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Montserrat.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Mozambique.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Namibia.

Fully vaccinated visitors from the United States can enter Nauru without restrictions.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Nepal.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter the Netherlands.

New Caledonia

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter New Caledonia.

New Zealand

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter New Zealand.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Nicaragua.

Fully vaccinated visitors from the United States can enter Niger without restrictions.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Nigeria.

North Macedonia

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter North Macedonia.

Northern Mariana Islands

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter the Northern Mariana Islands.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Norway.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Oman.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Pakistan.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Palau.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Panama.

Papua New Guinea

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Papua New Guinea.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Paraguay.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Peru.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter the Philippines.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Poland.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Portugal.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Puerto Rico.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Qatar.

Republic of the Congo

Fully vaccinated visitors from the United States can enter Republic of the Congo without restrictions.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Réunion.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Romania.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Rwanda.

Saint Barthélemy

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Saint Barthélemy.

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Saint Kitts and Nevis.

Saint Lucia

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Saint Lucia.

Saint Martin

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Saint Martin.

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Samoa.

São Tomé and Príncipe

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter São Tomé and Príncipe.

Saudi Arabia

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Saudi Arabia.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Senegal.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Serbia.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Seychelles.

Sierra Leone

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Sierra Leone.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Singapore.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Slovakia.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Slovenia.

Solomon Islands

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter the Solomon Islands.

South Africa

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter South Africa.

South Korea

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter South Korea.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Spain.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Sri Lanka.

St. Maarten

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter St. Maarten.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Sudan.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Suriname.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Sweden.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Switzerland.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Taiwan.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Tajikistan.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Tanzania.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Thailand.

The Bahamas

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter The Bahamas.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Togo.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Tonga.

Trinidad and Tobago

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Trinidad and Tobago.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Tunisia.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Türkiye.

Turkmenistan

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, will not be allowed to enter Turkmenistan.

Turks and Caicos Islands

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter the Turks and Caicos Islands.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Tuvalu.

U.S. Virgin Islands

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter the U.S. Virgin Islands.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Uganda.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter the United Arab Emirates.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter the United Kingdom.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Uruguay.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Uzbekistan.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Vanuatu.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Vietnam.

Wallis and Futuna

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Wallis and Futuna.

Western Sahara

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, will not be allowed to enter Western Sahara.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Zambia.

Most visitors from the United States, regardless of vaccination status, can enter Zimbabwe.

vaccinations for travel by country

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How often is the data on this page updated.

We check for travel restriction information from government authorities daily, and update the page any time we get new information. The following information regarding travel restrictions for each country is correct to the best of our knowledge at the time of publication.

How many countries are closed to visitors?

As of Sep 11, 2 countries have completely restricted entry to non-citizens and 5 are open but require quarantine and/or a negative COVID test.

Where can I travel without COVID restrictions?

Currently you can travel from the United States to 197 countries without restrictions. Please check our map to learn more.

Are there any other types of travel restrictions besides COVID-19 tests and quarantines?

These are the two main types of restrictions or requirements needed to travel into another country. However, the COVID-19 testing options are continually widening as new methods are developed. Different countries may accept results from different or multiple test types, so be sure to check the individual country's specific requirements.

What should I do if I get COVID-19 while in another country?

If you get COVID-19 while in another country, follow the local authority's recommendations. These may include hospitalization, self-isolating and testing in that country. Be sure to contact your travel insurance company and travel provider as well and inform them of your situation.

What should I do if the borders of the country I am visiting close?

Depending on your home country, you may need to change your departure date and return home as soon as possible. If that's the case, contact your travel provider to find the earliest departure.

Additional resources

  • What you need to know
  • Airline policies
  • Hotel policies
  • Car policies
  • Tips for flying
  • Tips for hotel
  • Tips for vacation rental

If you're looking for personalized travel advice for your own travel plans like whether or not a restriction applies to your trip, we won't be able to answer any questions or offer advice. Please consult your local government's resources.

vaccinations for travel by country

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COVID-19 international travel advisories

If you plan to visit the U.S., you do not need to be tested or vaccinated for COVID-19. U.S. citizens going abroad, check with the Department of State for travel advisories.

COVID-19 testing and vaccine rules for entering the U.S.

  • As of May 12, 2023, noncitizen nonimmigrant visitors to the U.S.  arriving by air  or  arriving by land or sea  no longer need to show proof of being fully vaccinated against COVID-19. 
  • As of June 12, 2022,  people entering the U.S. no longer need to show proof of a negative COVID-19 test . 

U.S. citizens traveling to a country outside the U.S.

Find country-specific COVID-19 travel rules from the Department of State.

See the  CDC's COVID-19 guidance for safer international travel.

LAST UPDATED: December 6, 2023

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Immunisation for travel

It’s important to protect your health when travelling overseas. You can avoid diseases and other health conditions by planning ahead for any vaccinations you may need.

If you are looking for information COVID-19 vaccines, please visit the  COVID-19 digital certificate page.

Vaccines needed for travel

If you travel outside Australia, you may get sick from a number of diseases that vaccination can prevent. Travellers can bring these diseases into Australia when they return and cause disease outbreaks.

You should always ask your doctor or travel health clinic about vaccinations before you travel.

Your immunity to some diseases may have changed or reduced with time – you may need a booster.

Different countries have different vaccination requirements. The recommended vaccines for travelling depend on a number of factors, including:

  • pregnancy or planning pregnancy
  • underlying medical conditions
  • vaccination history
  • season of travel.

When to get vaccinated

You should consult your doctor or visit a travel health clinic 6 to 12 weeks before you leave Australia.

It is important to see your doctor early. If you do need vaccinations:

  • your body needs time to develop full immunity
  • you may need several doses of a vaccine to achieve full immunity. 

How to check your vaccination record

You may have already received recommended vaccines from previous travel or routine vaccinations. These may be recorded in the Australian Immunisation Register.

The Australian Immunisation Register (AIR) is a national register that records vaccines given to all people in Australia.

The AIR includes vaccines given:

  • Under the National Immunisation Program
  • through school programs
  • privately, such as for flu or travel.

You can check your immunisation record :

  •  online on MyGov through Medicare
  •  via the Express Plus Medicare mobile app
  •  by calling 1800 653 809 (Monday to Friday 8 am to 5 pm).

Cost of vaccines

The vaccines you need for travel may not be covered by the National Immunisation Program. In this case, you will need to buy them. This may involve:

  • getting a prescription for the vaccine
  • buying it from a pharmacy
  • returning to your doctor to give you the vaccination.

The cost of vaccines varies depending on the type, the formula and where you buy them.

Some doctors might have these vaccines available in their clinics. Some pharmacies also offer vaccination services.

Check with your provider when you book your appointment.

How to stay safe overseas

The vaccine information you find on various websites is only a guide. You should not rely on such information. Talk to your doctor or travel health clinic for advice on travel vaccines and how to stay safe while you are overseas.

Find more information:

  • Travel Health Information  for things to consider before you leave, while you are away and when you return.
  • Smartraveller (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade)
  • Travellers’ health  (US Center for Disease Control & Prevention)

Keep routine vaccinations up to date

Travel is an important time to check whether you and your children are up to date with your vaccinations. This includes routine childhood vaccinations and boosters. Some of these include:

  • measles-mumps-rubella (MMR)
  • diphtheria-tetanus-whooping cough (pertussis)
  • chickenpox (varicella)

Influenza is the most common vaccine-preventable disease caught by travellers.

The chance of getting these diseases may be greater while travelling overseas. Travellers can bring these diseases into Australia. This can lead to disease outbreaks.

Get more about information about routine vaccinations:

  • National Immunisation Program Schedule
  • When to get vaccinated

Diseases to be aware of

Some countries require proof of immunisation for certain infectious diseases before you can legally enter that country. Ask your doctor or travel health clinic if you need proof of immunisation before you travel.

Read about some of the common vaccine-preventable diseases found in other areas of the world.

Cholera is found in places with poor water and waste facilities. It spreads through contaminated food and water and causes severe diarrhoea and dehydration.

Humanitarian disaster workers should get vaccinated for cholera because they are more likely to get infected. Most travellers do not need a cholera vaccination because the risk of getting cholera is very low. 

Your doctor may recommend the cholera vaccine if you have a condition that puts you at greater risk of travellers’ diarrhoea.

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A is one of the most common vaccine-preventable diseases caught by travellers. It is a liver disease spread by contaminated food and water. It is common in parts of India, Africa, Asia, South and Central America and the Middle East where there is poor sanitation and limited access to clean water.

You and your children over 1 year of age should get a Hepatitis A vaccination if you are travelling to an area where Hepatitis A is common.

Japanese encephalitis

Japanese encephalitis is a serious disease spread by mosquitoes in Asia and the Torres Strait region of Australia. We recommend vaccination against this disease if you are travelling to these parts and will be:

  • travelling in rural areas
  • undertaking certain activities with increased risk of exposure
  • spending a month or more in the region.

You should avoid mosquito bites when you are in these areas.

Meningococcal

Meningococcal disease is a serious disease spread by close contact with an infected person. It is commonly found in sub-Saharan Africa.

Rabies is common to Central and South America, Eastern Europe, Africa and Asia. It is spread from infected animals to humans through bites, scratches and licks to open wounds. It is fatal when left untreated. The animal does not have to appear ill to have rabies. Infected animals can include dogs, monkeys, cats, rats, bats, foxes and chipmunks.

Ask your doctor if you need the rabies vaccine before you travel.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious disease spread by close contact with an infected person. It is common in developing countries.

We recommend the TB vaccine called BCG for children aged 5 years or under who are:

  • travelling a lot
  • spending a long time in countries where TB is common .

Typhoid is a disease spread through contaminated food and water. It causes diarrhoea and other symptoms. It is common in parts of India, Africa, Asia, South and Central America and the Middle East where there is poor sanitation and limited access to clean water.

Yellow fever

Yellow fever can be a serious disease. It causes fever, yellowing of the skin (jaundice) and damages the liver and kidneys. Mosquitoes spread yellow fever. It is found in Africa, the Caribbean and Central and South America.

You must be immunised for yellow fever before you can legally enter some countries. Only authorised yellow fever vaccination centres can give yellow fever vaccinations and certification. Ask your doctor about this.

Find more information: Yellow fever fact sheet

  • Immunisation
  • Travel health

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Overview - Travel vaccinations

If you're planning to travel outside the UK, you may need to be vaccinated against some of the serious diseases found in other parts of the world.

Vaccinations are available to protect you against infections such as yellow fever , typhoid and hepatitis A .

In the UK, the  NHS routine immunisation (vaccination) schedule protects you against a number of diseases, but does not cover all of the infectious diseases found overseas.

When should I start thinking about the vaccines I need?

If possible, see the GP or a private travel clinic at least 6 to 8 weeks before you're due to travel.

Some vaccines need to be given well in advance to allow your body to develop immunity.

And some vaccines involve a number of doses spread over several weeks or months.

You may be more at risk of some diseases, for example, if you're:

  • travelling in rural areas
  • backpacking
  • staying in hostels or camping
  • on a long trip rather than a package holiday

If you have a pre-existing health problem, this may make you more at risk of infection or complications from a travel-related illness.

Which travel vaccines do I need?

You can find out which vaccinations are necessary or recommended for the areas you'll be visiting on these websites:

  • Travel Health Pro
  • NHS Fit for Travel

Some countries require proof of vaccination (for example, for polio or yellow fever vaccination), which must be documented on an International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis (ICVP) before you enter or when you leave a country.

Saudi Arabia requires proof of vaccination against certain types of meningitis for visitors arriving for the Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages.

Even if an ICVP is not required, it's still a good idea to take a record of the vaccinations you have had with you.

Find out more about the vaccines available for travellers abroad

Where do I get my travel vaccines?

First, phone or visit the GP practice or practice nurse to find out whether your existing UK vaccinations are up-to-date.

If you have any records of your vaccinations, let the GP know what you have had previously.

The GP or practice nurse may be able to give you general advice about travel vaccinations and travel health, such as protecting yourself from malaria.

They can give you any missing doses of your UK vaccines if you need them.

Not all travel vaccinations are available free on the NHS, even if they're recommended for travel to a certain area.

If the GP practice can give you the travel vaccines you need but they are not available on the NHS, ask for:

  • written information on what vaccines are needed
  • the cost of each dose or course
  • any other charges you may have to pay, such as for some certificates of vaccination

You can also get travel vaccines from:

  • private travel vaccination clinics
  • pharmacies offering travel healthcare services

Which travel vaccines are free?

The following travel vaccines are available free on the NHS from your GP surgery:

  • polio (given as a combined diphtheria/tetanus/polio jab )
  • hepatitis A

These vaccines are free because they protect against diseases thought to represent the greatest risk to public health if they were brought into the country.

Which travel vaccines will I have to pay for?

You'll have to pay for travel vaccinations against:

  • hepatitis B
  • Japanese encephalitis
  • tick-borne encephalitis
  • tuberculosis (TB)
  • yellow fever

Yellow fever vaccines are only available from designated centres .

The cost of travel vaccines that are not available on the NHS will vary, depending on the vaccine and number of doses you need.

It's worth considering this when budgeting for your trip.

Other things to consider

There are other things to consider when planning your travel vaccinations, including:

  • your age and health – you may be more vulnerable to infection than others; some vaccines cannot be given to people with certain medical conditions
  • working as an aid worker – you may come into contact with more diseases in a refugee camp or helping after a natural disaster
  • working in a medical setting – a doctor, nurse or another healthcare worker may require additional vaccinations
  • contact with animals – you may be more at risk of getting diseases spread by animals, such as rabies

If you're only travelling to countries in northern and central Europe, North America or Australia, you're unlikely to need any vaccinations.

But it's important to check that you're up-to-date with routine vaccinations available on the NHS.

Pregnancy and breastfeeding

Speak to a GP before having any vaccinations if:

  • you're pregnant
  • you think you might be pregnant
  • you're breastfeeding

In many cases, it's unlikely a vaccine given while you're pregnant or breastfeeding will cause problems for the baby.

But the GP will be able to give you further advice about this.

People with immune deficiencies

For some people travelling overseas, vaccination against certain diseases may not be advised.

This may be the case if:

  • you have a condition that affects your body's immune system, such as HIV or AIDS
  • you're receiving treatment that affects your immune system, such as chemotherapy
  • you have recently had a bone marrow or organ transplant

A GP can give you further advice about this.

Non-travel vaccines

As well as getting any travel vaccinations you need, it's also a good opportunity to make sure your other UK vaccinations are up-to-date and have booster vaccines if necessary.

People in certain risk groups may be offered extra vaccines.

These include vaccinations against diseases such as:

Read more information on NHS vaccines for adults and children to find out whether you should have any.

Page last reviewed: 16 March 2023 Next review due: 16 March 2026

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  • About the Handbook

Vaccination for international travellers

Ensure that travellers are up to date with routine vaccines. Also consider other vaccines based on travel itinerary, activities and risk of disease exposure.

Recently added

This page was added on  09 June 2018 .

Updates made

This page was updated on 23 October 2023 .  View history of updates

Millions of Australians travel overseas every year. More than half of these trips are to destinations other than New Zealand, North America and Europe. 1

This page helps with making decisions about travel vaccines. Also check the disease-specific chapters in this Handbook for details about specific vaccines.

See also Infographic. Vaccination for international travellers .

Health risks of overseas travel

Health risks associated with international travel include exposure to:

  • infective agents
  • altitude and temperature extremes
  • other physical, psychological and environmental hazards
  • poor-quality or limited access to clean water, shelter, hygiene and sanitation facilities, and health and medical care

The level of health risks depends on factors such as:

  • the traveller’s underlying physical and mental health and physiological state
  • the itinerary and activities undertaken
  • the duration of exposure to various hazards during travel

Travellers at increased risk of serious travel-associated infections include:

  • young children and infants
  • pregnant women
  • people with underlying medical conditions, especially immunocompromising conditions due to disease or medical treatment
  • people spending extended periods in multiple regions with poor resources or in remote areas
  • people participating in events where large numbers of people will gather, such as major sporting, cultural, social or religious events
  • migrant families travelling back to their region of origin to visit friends and relatives

Those travelling to visit friends and relatives are more likely to: 2

  • have closer contact with local populations
  • stay in remote or rural areas
  • consume higher-risk food and beverages

Those travelling to visit friends and relatives are less likely to: 2,3

  • recognise the health risks associated with travelling
  • seek pre-travel health advice
  • obtain the recommended vaccines or prophylaxis

Common infections acquired by travellers

Exposure to infectious diseases is one of the many health hazards of international travel. Some of these diseases are vaccine preventable. Although some of these diseases are present in Australia, the risk of acquiring them overseas may be higher because of:

  • higher disease incidence in other countries
  • increased risk of exposure from participating in certain activities while travelling

Foodborne and waterborne infections

It is common for travellers to ingest contaminated food or beverages, resulting in an illness. 4-6  Practicing safe eating and drinking habits is essential to minimise the risk of contracting food and waterborne diseases while travelling. These include treating water or only drinking bottled water, avoiding undercooked meat, and avoiding raw fruit and vegetables (unless they can be peeled or washed in safe water prior to eating). Most infections are diarrhoeal diseases due to enteric pathogens, but some are due to extra-intestinal microorganisms, such as hepatitis A virus and Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (causing typhoid).

Vaccines are available against hepatitis A, typhoid and cholera.

Vector-borne infections

Insect-borne — especially mosquito-borne — infections, such as malaria and dengue, are important causes of fever in Australian travellers returning from endemic areas, particularly Southeast Asia and Oceania. 4,6

A dengue vaccine (Dengvaxia) is available for the prevention of secondary dengue infections (not primary prevention of initial dengue infection ) in select individuals. See Clinical advice: ATAGI statement on use of Dengvaxia® for Australians .

Japanese encephalitis occurs throughout much of Asia and the Western Pacific region, including eastern Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. 7 Yellow fever occurs only in parts of Africa and South America, 8 and tick-borne encephalitis occurs in parts of Europe and Asia. 9

Vaccines are available against Japanese encephalitis , yellow fever and tick-borne encephalitis .

Some other vector-borne diseases and parasitic (including protozoal and helminthic) diseases are also important for international travellers. Some are preventable through appropriate barrier precautions and chemoprophylaxis (for example, malaria). 9

Aerosol-borne infections

Vaccine-preventable infections transmitted by aerosols and/or droplets include: 9

  • influenza (the most common vaccine-preventable infection among travellers) 10
  • meningococcal disease
  • varicella (chickenpox)

The incidence of measles and mumps is higher in many overseas countries, including some developed countries, than in Australia.

Tuberculosis is a rare infection in travellers. 11 Expatriates who live in endemic areas for a long time are more likely to acquire tuberculosis than short-term visitors. 12

Vaccines are available against all of these diseases.

Bloodborne and sexually transmitted infections

Some Australian travellers may be at risk from bloodborne and sexually transmissible infections, such as chlamydia, gonorrhoea, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV. In some areas, healthcare workers using non-sterile medical equipment or other poor infection control practices may transmit these viruses and other bloodborne agents.

Vaccines are available against hepatitis B.

Exotic infectious agents

Travellers may be exposed to a variety of other exotic infections, such as:

  • rabies from bites or scratches from rabid dogs, bats and other mammals in many countries
  • schistosomiasis from exposure to water infested with the parasites, especially in Africa
  • leptospirosis through activities such as rafting or wading in contaminated streams

Of these diseases, vaccines are available only against rabies.

Recommending travel vaccines

Although recommending appropriate vaccines is important, it is not the only part of a pre-travel medical consultation. Travel vaccines — those relevant for travelling — include all relevant vaccines, not just the ones that prevent diseases that most commonly occur overseas.

Do not recommend a vaccine based only on the destination country, because there is no single ‘correct’ list of vaccines for travel to any particular country.

There are 3 categories of travel vaccines:

  • routinely recommended vaccines (not specific to travelling overseas)
  • selected vaccines based on travel itinerary, activities and likely risk of disease exposure
  • vaccines required by the International Health Regulations 2005 (IHR) or for entry into specific countries

Questions for a pre-travel medical consultation

During a pre-travel medical consultation, ask questions about the traveller’s:

  • personal information, including age and whether they are pregnant or planning pregnancy
  • underlying medical conditions, particularly immunocompromising conditions, and current medicines
  • vaccination history (including adverse events following immunisation) and allergy history
  • purpose of travel and intended activities, especially those associated with various environmental risks and hazards
  • plans for travel insurance

Also ask about their itinerary in detail, including:

  • date of departure and time available for vaccinations
  • specific localities and routes
  • rural versus urban stay
  • duration of stay
  • likely access to health care and other services
  • likelihood of changing the planned itinerary

This information helps to tailor recommendations about preventive vaccination or chemoprophylaxis for exposure risks during the proposed trip. It also allows the clinician to advise about other appropriate preventive health measures (for example, food and water precautions, avoiding bites from mosquitoes or other arthropods) and about managing possible health conditions during travel.

Organisational requirements for vaccination

Some overseas organisations, such as schools, colleges and universities, require evidence of vaccination or immunity against some vaccine-preventable diseases, such as measles and meningococcal disease. Consider these requirements when planning and scheduling vaccines before departure.

Routinely recommended vaccines (not specific to travelling overseas)

Vaccinate all prospective travellers according to the recommended vaccination schedule appropriate for their age, underlying health conditions, occupation and lifestyle. Vaccines might include, for example, pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine for an older person, or hepatitis B vaccine for a first aid officer. 

Also ensure that all children are vaccinated according to the National Immunisation Program schedule. In exceptional circumstances, give the National Immunisation Program vaccines at the minimum age rather than the recommended age (see Table. Minimum acceptable age for the 1st dose of scheduled vaccines in infants in special circumstances ). Children vaccinated using the minimum age rather than the recommended age may need extra vaccine doses to ensure adequate protection. Observe the minimum interval requirements between doses (see Table. Minimum acceptable dose intervals for children <10 years of age ). The chances of being exposed to some diseases, such as measles and mumps, may be greater during overseas travel, even to other developed countries.

For some itineraries, it may be appropriate for the traveller to receive some booster doses earlier than the routine recommended time. An example may be diphtheria-tetanus booster.

Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis

Vaccinate adult travellers against tetanus before departure, particularly if:

  • their risk of sustaining a tetanus-prone wound is high
  • there could be delays in accessing health services where they can receive tetanus toxoid boosters safely, if required

Offer dTpa vaccine during a pre-travel consultation if the traveller has never received a dose of dTpa . This provides protection against pertussis (see Pertussis ). 

For high-risk travel, consider giving a booster dose of either dTpa or dT vaccine if more than 5 years have passed (see Tetanus ).

Hepatitis B

Most Australian children born since 2000 have been vaccinated against hepatitis B under the National Immunisation Program or state and territory school-based vaccination programs.

Hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for long-term or frequent travellers to regions of intermediate or high endemicity of hepatitis B, including:

  • Central and South America

This is because travellers may be exposed to hepatitis B virus through bloodborne routes (including during emergency medical or dental procedures) or sexual routes. According to 1 survey, about half of Australian travellers who spent at least 3 nights in Southeast or East Asia participated in at least 1 activity that had a risk of hepatitis B transmission. 13

See also Hepatitis B .

Influenza and pneumococcal disease

Older travellers and those with any relevant underlying medical or behavioural risk factors should receive pneumococcal vaccine. See Pneumococcal disease for more details.

Consider influenza vaccine for all travellers, especially if they are travelling to a region during its influenza season. Influenza vaccine is particularly relevant if:

  • there is an influenza epidemic at the traveller’s destination
  • the person is travelling in a large tourist group, especially one that includes older people
  • the person is travelling on cruises, where people are relatively confined for days to weeks

See also Influenza. 

Measles, mumps and rubella

Inadequately vaccinated young adult travellers are responsible for most current measles outbreaks in Australia. This occurs when they acquire the infection overseas and bring it back to Australia. Some countries, regions or communities — including developed countries — have a higher incidence of measles and mumps than Australia. 9

Australians born during or since 1966 who have not received the recommended 2 doses of MMR (measles-mumps-rubella)–containing vaccines are recommended to receive MMR vaccine before travelling. This also applies to infants 6–12 months old travelling to areas with measles outbreaks or where measles is endemic . The exception is for pregnant women, because MMR is a live vaccine and is contraindicated in pregnancy. 

People born before 1966 do not need to receive measles-containing vaccine (unless serological evidence indicates that they are not immune). This is because circulating measles virus and disease were prevalent before 1966, so most people would have acquired immunity from natural infection .

However, confirmed cases of measles have occurred in people born before 1966. 14 If in doubt about a person’s immunity, it may be faster and easier to vaccinate the person than conduct serological testing . See Serological testing for immunity to measles . 

See also Measles . 

Unvaccinated travellers are recommended to receive varicella vaccine if they either:

  • have not had clinical disease, or
  • have an uncertain history of clinical disease and serology shows a lack of immunity 

The exception is for pregnant women, because varicella vaccine is a live vaccine and is contraindicated in pregnancy.

See also Varicella .

Meningococcal disease

Vaccination against meningococcal serogroups A, C, W-135, Y and B is recommended for certain age and population groups who are at increased risk of meningococcal disease.

In addition, MenACWY (quadrivalent meningococcal) vaccine is recommended for people who are:

  • planning travel to, or living in, parts of the world where epidemics of serogroup A, C, W-135 or Y meningococcal disease occur, particularly the ‘meningitis belt’ of sub-Saharan Africa 15
  • planning travel to mass gatherings, such as pilgrims travelling to the Hajj in Saudi Arabia

Seek up-to-date epidemiological information to determine whether a traveller needs meningococcal vaccination. See Accessing up-to-date travel information.

The Saudi Arabian authorities require that all pilgrims travelling to Mecca (for the Hajj or Umra) have evidence of recent vaccination with the quadrivalent meningococcal vaccine. 16  See Requirements for travellers to Mecca and Accessing up-to-date travel information .

See also Meningococcal disease .

Poliomyelitis

Ensure that all travellers are age-appropriately vaccinated against polio (see Poliomyelitis ).

If the person is travelling to a country where wild poliovirus is still circulating, they should receive inactivated poliovirus ( IPV ) vaccine if they have not completed a 3-dose primary course of any polio vaccine. Travellers who have completed the primary course should receive a single booster dose.

The World Health Organization (WHO) Global Polio Eradication Initiative website website has an up-to-date list of polio-affected countries.

Documented evidence of polio vaccination is not routinely required for travellers under the International Health Regulations. However, documented evidence of vaccination may be temporarily required according to WHO recommendations in response to new evidence of the spread of wild poliovirus (see Vaccines required by the International Health Regulations or for entry into specific countries and Documentation and certificates ).

International polio epidemiology and associated travel requirements can change. Check the Australian Government Department of Health website for current recommendations for Australian travellers .

Ensure that all travellers are age-appropriately vaccinated against COVID-19. Foreign governments may require evidence of COVID-19 vaccination before a traveller is allowed to enter. The Australian-issued International COVID-19 Vaccination Certificate is a secure way to prove COVID-19 vaccination history that has been developed to meet agreed international travel standards. Parents and carers of children <14 years of age, adolescents ≥14 years of age and adults can get a copy of their COVID-19 vaccination certificate at any time:

  • using their Medicare online account through myGov
  • through the Medicare Express Plus mobile app
  • by calling 1800 653 809 (free call)

See also COVID-19 .

Vaccines based on travel itinerary, activities and likely risk of disease exposure

Use a risk assessment approach when recommending travel vaccines. Weigh the potential risks of disease exposure and protective benefits from vaccination against potential adverse effects, and the non-financial and financial costs of vaccination.

Prioritise vaccines for diseases that are:

  • common and of significant impact, such as influenza and hepatitis A
  • less common, but have severe potential adverse outcomes, such as Japanese encephalitis and rabies

Consider booster doses, where appropriate (see disease-specific chapters in this Handbook for recommendations). If the person is departing for travel soon, consider an accelerated schedule, if appropriate, such as for hepatitis B vaccine or the combination hepatitis A-hepatitis B vaccine (see Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B ). Although immunity may be established sooner with the accelerated schedule, people who receive an accelerated schedule need another dose about a year later to complete the course and ensure long-term protection.

Most travellers do not need cholera vaccine. 16,17  The risk of a traveller acquiring cholera is very low if they avoid contaminated food and water.

No country requires travellers to have certification of cholera vaccination. No country has official entry requirements for cholera vaccination

See also Cholera .

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A vaccine is recommended for all travellers ≥1 year of age travelling to moderately or highly endemic countries (including all developing countries). The exceptions are people who have evidence of natural immunity after previous infection .

Normal human immunoglobulin is no longer used to protect travellers against hepatitis A.

See also Hepatitis A .

Japanese encephalitis

While now considered an emerging disease in Australia, Japanese Encephalitis is more likely in travellers to endemic regions overseas. 18 Japanese encephalitis ( JE ) vaccine is recommended for travellers spending a month or more in endemic areas in Asia, Papua New Guinea or the outer islands of Torres Strait during the JE virus transmission season.

Consider JE vaccination for shorter-term travellers, particularly if:

  • travel is during the wet season 
  • travel may be repeated
  • the person will spend a lot of time outdoors 
  • the person’s accommodation has no air-conditioning, screens or bed nets

Check a reputable source before travel for information about JE virus activity — for example, Health Information for International Travel (the ‘Yellow Book’) . 19

A traveller’s overall risk of acquiring JE in these JE - endemic countries is likely to be low (<1 case per 1 million travellers). Determine the specific risk according to the: 17

  • season of travel
  • regions visited 
  • duration of travel
  • extent of outdoor activity
  • extent to which the person avoids mosquito bites 

See also Japanese encephalitis .

Before travel to rabies- endemic regions, advise people about:

  • the risk of rabies infection
  • avoiding close contact with wild, stray and domestic animals — especially dogs, cats, monkeys and bats 
  • the importance of appropriate immediate wound care of all animal bites and scratches 

See also Rabies and other lyssaviruses, including Australian bat lyssavirus .

Recommendations for rabies vaccination as pre-exposure prophylaxis

When deciding whether to give a pre-travel prophylactic rabies vaccination, assess the:

  • likelihood of exposure to potentially rabid animals
  • access to appropriate health care and availability of post-exposure prophylaxis , including rabies immunoglobulin , should there be an at-risk exposure
  • timeliness of access to health care after exposure

Use a lower threshold for recommending rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis for children travelling to endemic areas.

Benefits of vaccination as pre-exposure prophylaxis

Pre-travel rabies vaccination:

  • ensures that the traveller has received a safe and efficacious vaccine
  • simplifies the management of a subsequent exposure because the person will need fewer doses of vaccine
  • means that rabies immunoglobulin — which is often extremely expensive, and difficult or even impossible to obtain in many developing countries — is not needed
  • reduces the urgency of post-exposure prophylaxis

Tick-borne encephalitis

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is caused by a tick-borne RNA flavivirus. The disease may involve the central nervous system. TBE is prevalent in parts of central and northern European temperate regions, and across northern Asia. Travellers are at risk when hiking or camping in forested areas in endemic regions during the summer months.

Safe and effective vaccines are available. Vaccination is recommended only for people with a high risk of exposure.

TBE vaccine is not registered in Australia, but a small stock of vaccine may be available for use under the Special Access Scheme .

Tuberculosis

Vaccination with BCG (bacille Calmette–Guérin) vaccine is generally recommended for tuberculin-negative children <5 years of age who will be staying in high-risk countries for an extended period (3 months or longer).

Vaccinating older children and adults appears to be less beneficial. However, consider vaccinating tuberculin-negative children aged ≥5 years but <16 years who may be living or travelling for long periods in high-risk countries.

A high-risk country is one that has a tuberculosis incidence of >40 per 100,000 population.

For travellers who need BCG vaccine, consider the following precautions when scheduling their vaccination visits:

  • If possible, give BCG vaccine at least 3 months before the person will arrive in an endemic area.
  • Give other live viral vaccines (for example, MMR , varicella, yellow fever) at the same time or with a minimum 4-week interval after BCG vaccination.
  • A tuberculin skin test (TST; Mantoux), performed by trained and accredited healthcare practitioners, is recommended before receiving BCG vaccine for all individuals (except infants aged <6 months).
  • People may suppress reactions to tuberculin for 4–6 weeks after viral infections or live viral vaccines, particularly measles infection and measles-containing vaccines.

State and territory tuberculosis services can provide tuberculin skin tests and BCG vaccine.

See also Tuberculosis .

Typhoid vaccine may be recommended for travellers ≥2 years of age travelling to endemic regions, including: 

  • the Indian subcontinent
  • most Southeast Asian countries 
  • several South Pacific nations, including Papua New Guinea 

This advice is also relevant for those travelling to endemic regions to visit friends and relatives.

Inactivated parenteral and live oral typhoid vaccine formulations are available.

See also Typhoid fever .

Yellow fever

Yellow fever vaccine is recommended for all people ≥9 months of age travelling to, or living in, an area with a risk of yellow fever virus transmission. 20

To minimise the risk of introducing yellow fever, some countries require documented evidence of yellow fever vaccination for entry, in line with the International Health Regulations (see Vaccines required by the International Health Regulations or for entry into specific countries ).

When assessing the need for yellow fever vaccination, consider:

  • the risk of the person being infected with yellow fever virus
  • country entry requirements
  • individual factors such as age, pregnancy and underlying medical conditions 

Vaccination is generally not recommended for travel to areas with a low probability of yellow fever virus exposure — that is: 

  • where human yellow fever cases have never been reported 
  • where evidence suggests only low levels of yellow fever virus transmission in the past 

However, consider vaccination for a small subset of travellers to lower-risk areas who are at increased risk of exposure to mosquitoes or who are unable to avoid mosquito bites. 20

People aged ≥60 years are at increased risk of severe adverse events after primary yellow fever vaccination. Weigh the adverse effects of vaccinating people in this age group against the potential for yellow fever virus exposure and, in turn, the benefits of vaccination. 17

See also Yellow fever .

Booster doses

Most people do not need a booster dose of yellow fever vaccine. A single dose induces protective antibody levels that last for many decades. However, certain people are recommended to receive a booster if their last dose was more than 10 years ago and they are at ongoing risk of yellow fever virus infection . See Yellow fever .

Vaccines required by the International Health Regulations or for entry into specific countries

Yellow fever requirements.

The International Health Regulations require yellow fever vaccination for travelling in certain circumstances. This is to:

  • protect travellers who are likely to be exposed to yellow fever 
  • stop importation of the virus into countries that have the relevant vectors (see Yellow fever ).

Some countries may require documented evidence of yellow fever vaccination as a condition of entry or exit (see Planning and documenting vaccines ). This includes countries that do not currently have yellow fever circulating.

Australia’s yellow fever travel requirements are detailed in the Australian Government Department of Health’s yellow fever fact sheet .

Contact the relevant embassies or consulates in Australia to confirm the entry requirements for yellow fever vaccination for the countries a traveller intends to enter or transit through. 

Requirements for travellers to Mecca

Each year, Saudi Arabia’s Ministry of Health publishes the requirements and recommendations for entry visas for travellers on pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj and Umra). 16

For pilgrims travelling directly from Australia, only evidence of MenACWY vaccination is currently mandatory. However, check the current requirements when advising prospective Hajj and Umra pilgrims (see Meningococcal disease and Accessing up-to-date travel information ).

Temporary requirements

The International Health Regulations may temporarily introduce requirements for other vaccine-preventable diseases in response to changes in disease epidemiology that are of international health concern. An example is for polio vaccination.

Because country vaccination requirements are subject to change at any time, confirm all current vaccination requirements for the countries a traveller intends to enter or transit through before travel. See Poliomyelitis and Accessing up-to-date travel information .

Planning and documenting vaccines

Ideally, start vaccination courses early enough before departure to allow:

  • monitoring of any possible adverse events 
  • time for adequate immunity to develop

Requirements for multiple vaccines

A traveller may need multiple vaccines before they depart. Apply the standard recommendations and precautions when giving multiple vaccines (see Administration of vaccines ).

A traveller may need more than 1 clinic visit if they need multiple vaccines or doses (for example, rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis or hepatitis B vaccine). Pay special attention to scheduling of these visits, and consider:

  • dose interval precautions (for example, for multiple live vaccines)
  • requirements for pre-vaccination tests (for example, tuberculin skin test)
  • potential interference by some antimalarials, if relevant (for example, rabies vaccine)

Documentation and certificates

It is important to document travel vaccines: 

  • in the clinic’s record
  • in the traveller’s record that they can carry with them 
  • on the Australian Immunisation Register

The record should also include all the other routinely recommended vaccines that the traveller has ever received. 

For yellow fever vaccination, a traveller needs to have an International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis (ICVP), which only Yellow Fever Vaccination Centres can provide under the International Health Regulations (see Yellow fever ). 

Travellers may also need an ICVP for other vaccine-preventable diseases, such as polio, based on temporary recommendations.

See also Accessing up-to-date travel information .

Vaccinating travellers with special risk factors

See Vaccination for women who are planning pregnancy, pregnant or breastfeeding , Vaccination for people who are immunocompromised and the disease-specific chapters in this Handbook for recommendations for travellers who are pregnant or immunocompromised.

Accessing up-to-date travel information

International travellers’ health risks constantly change. Up-to-date information, and knowledge of the changing epidemiology and current outbreaks of infectious and emerging diseases are essential. Reliable online information sources include:

  • World Health Organization (WHO) for disease outbreak news, and its Travel and health section for specific advice on travel and health, including travel vaccination recommendations
  • Travelers’ health , United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
  • Travel health information , Australian Government Department of Health
  • Smartraveller , the Australian Government’s travel advisory and consular information service, which provides up-to-date advice about health, safety and other risks of specific destinations for Australian travellers

The following resources have comprehensive technical advice on international travel and health, including vaccination:

  • the latest edition of WHO’s International travel and health
  • the CDC’s Health Information for International Travel (the ‘Yellow Book’)
  • Australian Bureau of Statistics. 3401.0 – Overseas arrivals and departures, Australia, Mar 2018 (accessed May 2018). 
  • Paudel P, Raina C, Zwar N, et al. Risk activities and pre-travel health seeking practices of notified cases of imported infectious diseases in Australia. Journal of Travel Medicine 2017;24(5):tax044.
  • Heywood AE, Watkins RE, Iamsirithaworn S, Nilvarangkul K, MacIntyre CR. A cross-sectional study of pre-travel health-seeking practices among travelers departing Sydney and Bangkok airports. BMC Public Health 2012;12:321.
  • Chen LH, Leder K, Barbre KA, et al. Business travel-associated illness: a GeoSentinel analysis. Journal of Travel Medicine 2018;25.
  • Angelo KM, Kozarsky PE, Ryan ET, Chen LH, Sotir MJ. What proportion of international travellers acquire a travel-related illness? A review of the literature. Journal of Travel Medicine 2017;24.
  • Freedman DO, Weld LH, Kozarsky PE, et al. Spectrum of disease and relation to place of exposure among ill returned travelers. New England Journal of Medicine 2006;354:119-30.
  • Halstead SB, Hills SL, Dubischar K. Japanese encephalitis vaccines. In: Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, Offit PA, Edwards KM, eds. Plotkin's vaccines. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018.
  • Staples JE , Monath TP, Gershman MD, Barrett AD. Yellow fever vaccines. In: Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, Offit PA, Edwards KM, eds. Plotkin's vaccines. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Chapter 6: Vaccine-preventable diseases and vaccines . In: International travel and health. Geneva: WHO; 2017. 
  • Steffen R. Travel vaccine preventable diseases-updated logarithmic scale with monthly incidence rates. Journal of Travel Medicine 2018;25.
  • Denholm JT, Thevarajan I. Tuberculosis and the traveller: evaluating and reducing risk through travel consultation. Journal of Travel Medicine 2016;23.
  • Lachish T, Tenenboim S, Schwartz E. 35 - Humanitarian Aid Workers. In: Keystone JS, Kozarsky PE, Connor BA, et al., eds. Travel Medicine (Fourth Edition). London: Elsevier; 2019. (Accessed 6 July 2023). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323546966000355
  • Leggat PA, Zwar NA, Hudson BJ. Hepatitis B risks and immunisation coverage amongst Australians travelling to Southeast Asia and East Asia. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 2009;7:344-9.
  • Winkler NE, Dey A, Quinn HE, et al. Australian vaccine preventable disease epidemiological review series: measles, 2012-2019. Commun Dis Intell (2018) 2022;46.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Epidemic meningitis control in countries of the African meningitis belt, 2017. Weekly Epidemiological Record 2018;93:173-84.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). International travel and health: health conditions for travellers to Saudi Arabia for the pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) . 2017 (accessed May 2018). 
  • Freedman DO, Chen LH. Vaccines for International Travel. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2019;94:2314-39.
  • Furuya-Kanamori L, Gyawali N, Mills DJ, et al. The Emergence of Japanese Encephalitis in Australia and the Implications for a Vaccination Strategy. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022;7.
  • Hills SL, Rabe IB, Fischer M. Infectious diseases related to travel: Japanese encephalitis . In: CDC yellow book 2018: health information for international travel. New York: Oxford University Press; 2017. 
  • World Health Organization (WHO). International travel and health (accessed Apr 2018). 

Page history

Minor updates to clinical guidance around routinely recommended vaccines (not specific to travelling overseas), including the addition of advice regarding COVID-19.

Editorial update to reflect changes to pneumococcal vaccine recommendations for older adults and people with medical risk factors.

Guidance on vaccination of travellers against measles, mumps and rubella updated to reflect advice in the Measles chapter.

Help us improve the Australian Immunisation Handbook

Printed content may be out of date. For up to date information, always refer to the digital version:

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Acknowledgement

The Department of Health and Aged Care acknowledges First Nations peoples as the Traditional Owners of Country throughout Australia, and their continuing connection to land, sea and community. We pay our respects to them and their cultures, and to all Elders both past and present.

© Commonwealth of Australia | Department of Health and Aged Care

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Travel vaccinations

When travelling outside Canada, you may be at risk for a number of vaccine preventable illnesses.

You should consult a health care provider or visit a travel health clinic preferably six weeks before you travel. This is an opportunity to:

  • review your immunization history
  • make sure your provincial/territorial vaccination schedule is up-to-date
  • discuss any trip-related health concerns you may have
  • assess your needs based on where you plan to travel and what you plan to do

You may need additional vaccinations depending on your age, planned travel activities and local conditions. Preventing disease through vaccination is a lifelong process.

Use the reference below to determine which vaccinations may be recommended or required for your destination.

Vaccination recommendations by destination

Yellow fever vaccination.

Some countries require proof that you have received a yellow fever vaccination before allowing you to enter the country. Consult an embassy or consulate of your destination country in Canada for up-to-date information on its entry and exit requirements before you travel abroad.

Other countries may require you to have been vaccinated for yellow fever if you have passed through an area where yellow fever may occur .

Proof of vaccination must be documented on an International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis . You must carry the original certificate with you.

In Canada, the vaccination is only given at designated yellow fever vaccination centres .

Immunization records

  • Download the free CANImmunize app from the iOS App Store or Google Play, and manage your family’s vaccination records on the go.
  • Carry copies of your family’s immunization records while you travel and leave the originals at home.
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  • Well on Your Way - A Canadian’s Guide to Healthy Travel Abroad
  • Yellow Fever Vaccination Centres in Canada , Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)
  • Recommended Immunization Schedules , PHAC
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CentraCare

Traveling Internationally Over Spring Break? Make An Appointment with A Travel Medicine Provider First

Woman packing for a trip

Spring break is right around the corner and that means vacation season is nearly here. If you’re planning to take a trip outside of the U.S., add a visit with a Travel Medicine provider to the top of your vacation checklist.

When you make your appointment, let the scheduler know what area you’re traveling to and all the countries you’ll be visiting during that time. That way, your Travel Medicine provider can prepare for your visit.

We’ll discuss health concerns in the area you’re going to, how to protect yourself against native wildlife and bugs in the area, proper sun protection, whether travel health insurance is needed, and you’ll even talk about any potential political unrest in that region.

While political unrest isn’t a huge part of the visit, I usually just let patients know if it’s a concern in the country they’re going to so they can be cautious and aware that it’s happening. We will also talk about overall safety in the area if crime is a bigger issue.

In certain countries, people don’t have access to the same health care available in the United States. For most countries, getting vaccinations ahead of time is not required but it’s highly recommended. We advise being up to date on all the routine vaccines. In addition to that, there are a couple travel specific vaccines we may suggest.

Potential vaccines:

  • The typhoid vaccine is recommended in areas that do not have clean drinking water. This is an infection that you can get from contaminated food and water that causes traveler’s diarrhea.
  • Yellow fever is another recommended vaccine that is sometimes required in certain African or South American countries. It’s not available at all our clinics, that’s why it’s important to let schedulers know where you’re traveling so you can be seen at the right clinic.
  • The Measles-Mumps-Rubella vaccine is recommended if you’re traveling anywhere outside the U.S. Measles is still common in many countries and unvaccinated travelers bring the disease back to the U.S. where it can easily spread to unvaccinated people.
  • Depending on what time of year you’re traveling, influenza and COVID-19 vaccines are recommended.

For a health care checklist, I recommend bringing the following items with you on your trip:

  • Pain relievers such as ibuprofen and Tylenol
  • Imodium for diarrhea
  • Meclizine or Dramamine for nausea and motion sickness
  • Mosquito repellant
  • First-aid kit
  • Benadryl for allergic reactions and itching
  • Hydrocortisone cream for rashes
  • Prescription medications you may need

When you return home, you don’t have to be evaluated by a health care provider unless you’re having symptoms of an illness that aren’t improving. If you’re concerned about specific exposures including sexually transmitted diseases, you should be seen by your primary care provider to be tested and treated appropriately.

It’s common to develop traveler’s diarrhea. If this happens to you, it’s important to stay hydrated. If you have dehydration concerns, then you should be evaluated by a health care provider and treated promptly.

It’s recommended that you make an appointment with a Travel Medicine provider at least 30 days before your planned trip. This will ensure that any recommended vaccines you get prior to traveling will have had enough time to work in your system and give you the most benefit. This also provides enough time to order any medication refills you may need.

For more information about immunizations required for travel, please visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Travelers’ Health website or make an appointment to speak with your local Travel Medicine provider.

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Regions & Countries

How americans view the coronavirus, covid-19 vaccines amid declining levels of concern, continued decline in share of u.s. adults with up-to-date vaccination.

vaccinations for travel by country

Pew Research Center conducted this study to understand Americans’ views of the coronavirus and COVID-19 vaccines. For this analysis, we surveyed 10,133 U.S. adults from Feb. 7 to 11, 2024.

Everyone who took part in the survey is a member of the Center’s American Trends Panel (ATP), an online survey panel that is recruited through national, random sampling of residential addresses. This way, nearly all U.S. adults have a chance of selection. The survey is weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, education and other categories. Read more about the ATP’s methodology .

Here are the questions used for this report , along with responses, and its methodology .

A new Pew Research Center survey finds that just 20% of Americans view the coronavirus as a major threat to the health of the U.S. population today and only 10% are very concerned they will get it and require hospitalization. This data represents a low ebb of public concern about the virus that reached its height in the summer and fall of 2020, when as many as two-thirds of Americans viewed COVID-19 as a major threat to public health.

Just 28% of U.S. adults say they have received the updated COVID-19 vaccine, which the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended last fall to protect against serious illness. This stands in stark contrast to the spring and summer of 2021, when long lines and limited availability characterized the initial rollout of the first COVID-19 vaccines. A majority of U.S. adults (69%) had been fully vaccinated by August 2021.

Chart shows Declining share of Americans have the most up-to-date level of protection against the coronavirus

Underscoring the limited demand for the updated COVID-19 vaccines, a larger share of U.S. adults say they’ve gotten a flu shot in the last six months than the updated coronavirus vaccine (44% vs. 28%). And despite a public health push encouraging adults to get both vaccines at the same time, almost half of those who received a flu shot from a health care provider chose not to get the updated COVID-19 vaccine.

The vast majority of Americans have some level of protection from the coronavirus because of vaccination, prior infection or a combination of the two. This has led to a decline in severe illness from the disease.

Still, the virus continues to circulate widely in the United States , with wastewater data suggesting that cases in the early part of 2024 were among the highest they have been since the first omicron wave in 2022.  

Long COVID ranks among the concerns of public health experts. Long COVID refers to a variety of symptoms such as fatigue and brain fog that last longer than a month after a COVID-19 infection.

The survey – conducted among 10,133 U.S. adults from Feb. 7 to 11, 2024 – finds that 50% of Americans say it is extremely or very important for medical researchers and health care providers to understand and treat long COVID; 27% see this as a less important issue and 22% of Americans say they haven’t heard of long COVID.

Continuity and change: Partisan views of COVID-19

Partisanship remains one of the most powerful factors shaping views about COVID-19 vaccines and the virus. But the size and nature of differences between Republicans and Democrats have evolved since earlier stages of the outbreak.

Chart shows Amid waning public concern, smaller partisan gap in views of the public health threat posed by the coronavirus

For instance, the gap between the shares of Democrats and Republicans who view the coronavirus as a major threat to public health has fallen from 37 percentage points in May 2022 to 16 points today. In the pandemic’s first year, Democrats were routinely about 40 points more likely than Republicans to view the coronavirus as a major threat to the health of the U.S. population. This gap has waned as overall levels of concern have fallen.

When it comes to vaccination, Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents remain more likely than Republicans and GOP leaners to say they’ve received an updated COVID-19 vaccine (42% vs. 15%). This 27-point gap in recent vaccination is about the same as in January 2022 when 62% of Democrats and 33% of Republicans said they were up to date (i.e., fully vaccinated and recently boosted).

In addition to partisanship, age continues to matter a great deal in attitudes and behaviors tied to the coronavirus. And the intersection of partisanship and age reveals one of the biggest recent changes in the public’s response to the outbreak: a growing divergence between the oldest Republicans and oldest Democrats in vaccine uptake, which is explored below.

COVID-19 vaccination among adults ages 65 and older, by party

Older adults continue to be one of the most at-risk groups for severe illness and death from COVID-19.

Chart shows Sharp decline in share of older Republicans who are up to date on COVID-19 vaccinations

When vaccines first became available in 2021, large majorities of both Republicans and Democrats ages 65 and older said they had received the vaccine. But as additional doses have become available, uptake among older Republicans has declined at a faster rate than among older Democrats.

In the current survey, 66% of Democrats ages 65 and older say they have received the updated COVID-19 vaccine, compared with 24% of Republicans ages 65 and older.

This 42-point partisan gap is much wider now than at other points since the start of the outbreak. For instance, in August 2021, 93% of older Democrats and 78% of older Republicans said they had received all the shots needed to be fully vaccinated (a 15-point gap). Go to the Appendix for more details .

How COVID-19 vaccination varies by age within parties

Chart shows Younger Democrats much less likely than older Democrats to have received new COVID-19 vaccine

The impact of age is also striking when looking within political parties.

Among Democrats, about three-in-ten adults under 50 have received an updated COVID-19 vaccine, compared with 48% of those ages 50 to 64 and 66% of Democrats ages 65 and older.

Age differences within the GOP run in the same direction, but are much more modest, reflecting, in part, low overall levels of vaccine uptake.

How COVID-19 vaccination varies by race and ethnicity

Similar shares of White (28%), Black (29%) and Hispanic (27%) adults say they have gotten the updated vaccine. English-speaking Asian adults (35%) are slightly more likely to report receiving the updated vaccine.

As in past Center surveys, there are racial and ethnic differences in vaccine uptake among Democrats.

For instance, 50% of White Democrats and 42% of English-speaking Asian Democrats report having received the updated vaccine, compared with somewhat smaller shares of Black and Hispanic Democrats (32% each).

Views of long COVID

Half of Americans say it is extremely or very important for medical researchers and health care providers to understand and treat long COVID, considering all the different priorities they face.

Chart shows Half of Americans say it is extremely or very important for medical professionals to address long COVID

About two-in-ten (21%) say it’s somewhat important for those in medicine to address long COVID, while 6% say it is not too or not at all important. Another 22% say they haven’t heard of long COVID.

More Democrats (61%) than Republicans (37%) say it is extremely or very important for medical researchers and health care providers to understand and treat long COVID.

A majority of women (56%) consider this extremely or very important; a smaller share of men (44%) say the same. The CDC has reported that women are more likely than men to develop long COVID symptoms.

Awareness of long COVID also shapes views on its importance: Those who have heard a lot about long COVID are more likely than those who have heard a little about it to say it’s extremely or very important for medical professional to address it (76% vs. 60%).

Views of the threat posed by the coronavirus

Chart shows 1 in 5 Americans now say the coronavirus is a major threat to public health

One-in-five Americans now say the coronavirus is a major threat to the health of the U.S. population, down from a high of 67% in July 2020.

Concern about the coronavirus as a major threat to the U.S. economy has also declined dramatically. Today, 23% of Americans say it’s a major threat to the economy, compared with 88% in May 2020. The pandemic spurred an economic recession in 2020 and a spike in unemployment that reached the highest levels since the Great Recession.

Federal policy on the coronavirus has changed as public concern – and the incidence of severe illness – has fallen. The Biden administration ended the public health emergency for the coronavirus pandemic in May 2023. And the CDC recently released updated guidelines with shorter isolation periods for adults testing positive for the disease.

While large partisan gaps characterized views of the coronavirus as a major threat to public health for much of the pandemic, those gaps were far smaller on views of the virus as a major threat to the economy. In the current survey, just a 6-point gap separates Republicans and Democrats with this view (20% vs. 26%, respectively) – similar to the 9-point party gap seen in May 2022.

Personal concern about getting or spreading COVID-19

About a quarter of Americans (27%) are very or somewhat concerned about getting a serious case of COVID-19 that would require hospitalization. A somewhat higher share (40%) say they are very or somewhat concerned they might spread the coronavirus to other people without knowing it.

Chart shows Long-term decline in concern about getting a serious case of COVID-19 or unknowingly spreading it

Levels of concern for getting or spreading the coronavirus are about the same as they were in March 2023 and remain down dramatically from early in the pandemic.

The share of Americans who are very or somewhat concerned about getting a serious case is 26 points lower than in November 2020, before a COVID-19 vaccine was available to the public. And the share of Americans who are at least somewhat concerned about spreading COVID-19 without knowing it is down 24 points since November 2020.

Still, the current data shows how the virus remains a concern in daily life for many Americans, more than four years after the first confirmed coronavirus cases appeared in the U.S.

Consistent with past Center surveys, there are demographic and political differences in personal concern about getting a serious case of COVID-19 and unknowingly spreading the virus:

Chart shows Democrats much more concerned than Republicans about risk of unknowingly spreading COVID-19

  • Income: Lower-income Americans continue to be particularly concerned (38%) about getting a serious case of COVID-19. They’re also more likely than middle- and upper-income Americans to worry about unknowingly spreading COVID-19, but the differences are more modest.
  • Party: Democrats (54%) are more than twice as likely as Republicans (24%) to be very or somewhat concerned about unknowingly spreading COVID-19. And they’re 16 points more likely to express concern about getting a serious case of the disease.
  • Race and ethnicity: White Americans (20%) are less likely to be concerned about getting a serious case of COVID-19 than Black (43%), Hispanic (39%) and English-speaking Asian Americans (36%).

Some of the groups most personally concerned about getting a severe case of COVID-19 are also among the groups most concerned about the public health threat from the coronavirus. For example, Black adults and adults with lower incomes express more concern about the personal health and public health impact of the coronavirus than White adults and those with upper incomes.

Uptake of the flu shot

Chart shows Majorities of the oldest U.S. adults got a flu shot this year and say they typically get one annually

The survey finds 44% of U.S. adults say they have gotten a flu shot since August. This share is down slightly from last March, when 49% of Americans said they had recently gotten a flu shot.

Uptake varies by the following factors:

  • Age: Older Americans continue to be more likely to report getting the flu shot. Two-thirds of Americans ages 65 and older say they have gotten the flu shot since August. By comparison, only about a third of those under age 50 say the same. These large age differences are seen among both Democrats and Republicans.
  • Race and ethnicity: English-speaking Asian Americans (52%) and White Americans (48%) are more likely than Black Americans (38%) and Hispanic Americans (33%) to say they have gotten a flu shot since August. These racial and ethnic differences are consistent with past Center surveys.
  • Partisan affiliation: Democrats are more likely than Republicans to say they got a flu shot this year (53% vs. 37%). This 16-point gap is twice as big now as it was in November 2020, during the pandemic’s first year. The current partisan difference in flu shot uptake is similar to the one recorded in March 2023.

The flu shot and updated COVID-19 vaccines are both recommended to protect against severe illness, but Americans approach these vaccines differently.

Chart shows Republicans are much more likely to get the flu shot than the updated COVID-19 vaccine

Americans are more likely to report that they received a flu shot than the updated COVID-19 vaccine this year (44% vs. 28%).

This gap in uptake between the flu shot and updated COVID-19 vaccine is more pronounced among Republicans than Democrats.

Republicans are more than twice as likely to say they’ve gotten a flu shot since August as to say they’ve received an updated COVID-19 vaccine (37% vs. 15%). Among Democrats, this difference is more modest (53% vs. 42%).

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About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts .

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15 Countries Where You Can Travel Without a Passport

Posted: February 15, 2024 | Last updated: February 15, 2024

<p>Ever wondered if your great-grandma’s tales could unlock a new passport for you? Well, you might be in for a surprise! Around the world, some countries say, “Welcome back, long-lost relative!” and might just give you citizenship because of your ancestors. Let’s explore these 21 countries where your family tree is more than just a history lesson—it’s a golden ticket to a new passport!</p>

For American citizens traveling internationally, possessing a passport is generally a requirement to enter another country. However, exceptions exist for certain independent countries and US territories operating somewhat autonomously. Before planning visits to such places, it is essential to thoroughly research entry requirements. Some locations may necessitate an enhanced ID or proof of specific vaccinations. While a passport is a typical prerequisite, understanding and adhering to particular entry conditions for each destination is crucial for a smooth and compliant travel experience. So don’t grab your passport, because you won’t need it, and check these 15 countries you can travel to passport-free.

<p>The Northern Mariana Islands form a US commonwealth in the Pacific Ocean. This island region boasts diverse attractions such as mountains, sandy beaches, coral reefs, and significant WWII battle sites. The unique blend of natural wonders and historical landmarks makes the Northern Mariana Islands a destination of interest. Its affiliation as a US commonwealth offers a distinctive combination of scenic beauty and historical significance for those seeking a varied and engaging travel experience.</p>

Northern Marianas Islands

The Northern Mariana Islands form a US commonwealth in the Pacific Ocean. This island region boasts diverse attractions such as mountains, sandy beaches, coral reefs, and significant WWII battle sites. The unique blend of natural wonders and historical landmarks makes the Northern Mariana Islands a destination of interest. Its affiliation as a US commonwealth offers a distinctive combination of scenic beauty and historical significance for those seeking a varied and engaging travel experience.

<p><span>The law could face a significant roadblock if the Mexican government refuses to accept non-Mexican immigrants deported by Texas. Mexico is not obligated to accept these individuals, which could create diplomatic tensions​​. However, Abbott claims he will “be able to work that out.”</span></p>

Thanks to the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative, entering Mexico, a beautiful and historic country to our south, is possible with an enhanced driver’s license or passport card, eliminating the need for a full passport. This streamlined process facilitates travel to Mexico, allowing individuals to use alternative identification documents for entry. Travelers must know these accepted alternatives to ensure a smooth experience when crossing the border into this culturally rich and picturesque neighboring country.

<p>Comprising the US territory of American Samoa are seven South Pacific islands. The National Park of American Samoa offers exploration opportunities amid tropical landscapes, including beaches, reefs, and rainforests. As of 2022, entry requirements have become more stringent, but visiting without a passport is still possible under specific conditions. The <a href="https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/international-travel/International-Travel-Country-Information-Pages/Samoa.html">US State Travel</a> provides comprehensive reports on these conditions, guiding potential travelers through the necessary steps and considerations for exploring this unique and picturesque territory.</p>

American Samoa

Comprising the US territory of American Samoa are seven South Pacific islands. The National Park of American Samoa offers exploration opportunities amid tropical landscapes, including beaches, reefs, and rainforests. As of 2022, entry requirements have become more stringent, but visiting without a passport is still possible under specific conditions. The US State Travel provides comprehensive reports on these conditions, guiding potential travelers through the necessary steps and considerations for exploring this unique and picturesque territory.

<p><span>According to the 2021 census,</span><a class="editor-rtfLink" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/canada/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%202021%20census,(1.2%20percent)%2C%20and%20Christian" rel="noopener"><span> 34.6% of Canadians</span></a><span> identified no religious affiliation, a significant increase from the previous year. As well as generational shifts, Canada welcomes diverse populations with a broader range of religious beliefs and non-religious perspectives.</span></p>

Canada, as the world’s second-largest country with the longest coastline, offers ample opportunities for exploration. While it’s possible to visit without a passport, specific conditions apply. Notably, air travel necessitates a passport. According to Statistics Canada , in July 2023, US residents made 3.1 million trips to Canada, marking a 42.8% increase from July 2022 (2.2 million) and reaching 86.6% of the trips taken during the same month in 2019. These statistics reflect a notable and steady rise in travel to Canada from the United States.

<p>The tropical archipelago of Turks and Caicos, located just southeast of the Bahamas, comprises forty low-lying coral islands. As a British territory, it is often hailed as an island paradise. This destination holds particular appeal for scuba divers, with its prized 12-mile barrier reef along the north shore of Provo, a gateway island. Grand Turk Island boasts an impressive underwater wall, often called the Grand Canyon of the Caribbean, characterized by a sudden drop-off in the ocean floor plunging to depths of 7,000 feet.</p>

Turks and Caicos

The tropical archipelago of Turks and Caicos, located just southeast of the Bahamas, comprises forty low-lying coral islands. As a British territory, it is often hailed as an island paradise. This destination holds particular appeal for scuba divers, with its prized 12-mile barrier reef along the north shore of Provo, a gateway island. Grand Turk Island boasts an impressive underwater wall, often called the Grand Canyon of the Caribbean, characterized by a sudden drop-off in the ocean floor plunging to depths of 7,000 feet.

<p>Experience the natural allure of the Caribbean Sea through the captivating St. John Island. This destination is a primary vacation spot in the archipelago, making it a top choice for those exploring the US Virgin Islands. Notably, it is one of the prominent locations where US citizens can visit without needing a passport or visa. The island’s significance is accentuated by Laurence Rockefeller’s 1956 contribution of 5,000 acres for a public park, now covering two-thirds of the emerald expanse of St. John.</p>

St. John Island

Experience the natural allure of the Caribbean Sea through the captivating St. John Island. This destination is a primary vacation spot in the archipelago, making it a top choice for those exploring the US Virgin Islands. Notably, it is one of the prominent locations where US citizens can visit without needing a passport or visa. The island’s significance is accentuated by Laurence Rockefeller’s 1956 contribution of 5,000 acres for a public park, now covering two-thirds of the emerald expanse of St. John.

<p>Being a US territory, entry to the US Virgin Islands doesn’t require a passport. Yet, the appropriate ID is necessary, so ensure you verify the requirements in advance. Once arrive, savor the experience of white-sand beaches, reefs, and rolling hills adorned with vibrant plant life. The combination of these natural features contributes to the appeal of the US Virgin Islands, offering visitors a chance to appreciate the beauty and diversity of this captivating Caribbean destination.</p>

US Virgin Islands

Being a US territory, entry to the US Virgin Islands doesn’t require a passport. Yet, the appropriate ID is necessary, so ensure you verify the requirements in advance. Once arrive, savor the experience of white-sand beaches, reefs, and rolling hills adorned with vibrant plant life. The combination of these natural features contributes to the appeal of the US Virgin Islands, offering visitors a chance to appreciate the beauty and diversity of this captivating Caribbean destination.

<p>Entry to the US island territory in the Western Pacific, Guam, is possible for US citizens without a passport, given proof of citizenship or appropriate ID. Although once a pivotal site during WWII, Guam is now renowned for its villages, latte-stone pillars, and tropical beaches. The War in the Pacific National Historical Park provides an opportunity to connect with Guam’s historical past, allowing visitors to appreciate both its wartime significance and the natural beauty it offers today.</p>

Entry to the US island territory in the Western Pacific, Guam, is possible for US citizens without a passport, given proof of citizenship or appropriate ID. Although once a pivotal site during WWII, Guam is now renowned for its villages, latte-stone pillars, and tropical beaches. The War in the Pacific National Historical Park provides an opportunity to connect with Guam’s historical past, allowing visitors to appreciate both its wartime significance and the natural beauty it offers today.

<p>Bermuda, renowned for its pink-sand beaches, is a British territory with a culture blending American and British influences. As a popular destination for cruises and resorts, it attracts visitors. According to the <a href="https://www.royalgazette.com/tourism/news/article/20230217/bta-on-tourism-data-shows-strong-forward-momentum/">Royal Gazette</a>, the US remains Bermuda’s primary market, with 73 percent of air visitors arriving from America. This steady influx of visitors reflects the island’s enduring popularity among American travelers seeking a blend of natural beauty and a distinctive cultural experience.</p>

Bermuda, renowned for its pink-sand beaches, is a British territory with a culture blending American and British influences. As a popular destination for cruises and resorts, it attracts visitors. According to the Royal Gazette , the US remains Bermuda’s primary market, with 73 percent of air visitors arriving from America. This steady influx of visitors reflects the island’s enduring popularity among American travelers seeking a blend of natural beauty and a distinctive cultural experience.

<p>Situated in the North Atlantic’s West Indies, the Commonwealth of the Bahamas is an island country encompassing 97% of the Lucayan Archipelago’s land. The entire nation is classified as tropical despite certain parts being just above the Tropic of Cancer. Renowned for its popularity among vacationers and cruise enthusiasts, the Bahamas offers a sought-after destination with its picturesque islands, attracting those seeking the allure of tropical landscapes and the relaxation associated with this well-known and frequented region.</p>

The Bahamas

Situated in the North Atlantic’s West Indies, the Commonwealth of the Bahamas is an island country encompassing 97% of the Lucayan Archipelago’s land. The entire nation is classified as tropical despite certain parts being just above the Tropic of Cancer. Renowned for its popularity among vacationers and cruise enthusiasts, the Bahamas offers a sought-after destination with its picturesque islands, attracting those seeking the allure of tropical landscapes and the relaxation associated with this well-known and frequented region.

<p>Fearing a surge in kidnappings and violent crime, including clashes between gangs and police, the U.S. Department of State <a href="https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2023-07-27/us-orders-government-personnel-family-members-to-depart-haiti">evacuated all non-essential personnel</a> and families from the Port-au-Prince embassy in July 2023. The travel advisory warns of ransom demands and physical harm experienced by U.S. citizens during kidnappings, painting a grim picture of safety in Haiti.</p>

Haiti, an independent nation on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola alongside the Dominican Republic, faced devastation from a 2010 earthquake. Despite the challenges, many historic structures endured. Nevertheless, the US State Department strongly advises against travel to Haiti for American citizens. The caution stems from concerns about kidnapping, crime, civil unrest, and inadequate healthcare infrastructure. These multiple issues highlight the considerable risks associated with visiting Haiti, emphasizing the importance of prioritizing safety when considering travel to this region.

<p>St. Thomas Island holds prominence in the Virgin Islands hierarchy, enveloping the Water Island in its maritime embrace. Commonly known as the “Last Virgin,” it became the final island to join the US Virgin Islands in 1996. The ferry service, reminiscent of a cruise ship experience, seamlessly connects travelers from the shore to Water Island, with no fees imposed on US citizens. Upon arrival, the option to explore the island’s nearly 500 acres, teeming with marine life and resilient flora, is facilitated by golf trucks. While camping is not permitted, visitors can secure accommodation in advance through island estates, glamping, or paying guests.</p>

St. Thomas Island

St. Thomas Island holds prominence in the Virgin Islands hierarchy, enveloping the Water Island in its maritime embrace. Commonly known as the “Last Virgin,” it became the final island to join the US Virgin Islands in 1996. The ferry service, reminiscent of a cruise ship experience, seamlessly connects travelers from the shore to Water Island, with no fees imposed on US citizens. Upon arrival, the option to explore the island’s nearly 500 acres, teeming with marine life and resilient flora, is facilitated by golf trucks. While camping is not permitted, visitors can secure accommodation in advance through island estates, glamping, or paying guests.

<p>An enhanced driver’s license or passport card is sufficient for entering Mexico. However, a passport becomes necessary if you plan to travel to Jamaica by plane. Interestingly, a passport is not required if you choose to visit by ship. Jamaica offers three cruise ship ports: Port Antonio, Ocho Rios, and Montego Bay, all providing access to bars, shopping, and beautiful beaches. Understanding the specific entry requirements for different modes of travel is crucial for a hassle-free experience in these destinations.</p>

An enhanced driver’s license or passport card is sufficient for entering Mexico. However, a passport becomes necessary if you plan to travel to Jamaica by plane. Interestingly, a passport is not required if you choose to visit by ship. Jamaica offers three cruise ship ports: Port Antonio, Ocho Rios, and Montego Bay, all providing access to bars, shopping, and beautiful beaches. Understanding the specific entry requirements for different modes of travel is crucial for a hassle-free experience in these destinations.

<p>As a US territory, Puerto Rico stands out with a distinct atmosphere, different from any US state, attracting many travelers. The island’s diverse landscape is characterized by mountains, waterfalls, and rainforests. San Juan, the capital, offers a range of amenities, including hotels, beach bars, and casinos, contributing to its popularity as a travel destination. The unique blend of natural beauty and urban attractions makes Puerto Rico a sought-after location for those seeking a varied and appealing vacation experience.</p>

Puerto Rico

As a US territory, Puerto Rico stands out with a distinct atmosphere, different from any US state, attracting many travelers. The island’s diverse landscape is characterized by mountains, waterfalls, and rainforests. San Juan, the capital, offers a range of amenities, including hotels, beach bars, and casinos, contributing to its popularity as a travel destination. The unique blend of natural beauty and urban attractions makes Puerto Rico a sought-after location for those seeking a varied and appealing vacation experience.

<p>St. Croix Island beckons with remarkable attractions despite being identified as the least visited among the Virgin Islands, as indicated by travel industry reports. Like other islands in the region, St. Croix allows travelers to see without needing passport formalities. Those seeking tranquility and serenity can immerse themselves in the local experience, spending time in traditional houses or thatch huts. This island stands out for its relatively low pollution levels compared to its counterparts, offering visitors a serene and peaceful environment.</p>

St. Croix Island

St. Croix Island beckons with remarkable attractions despite being identified as the least visited among the Virgin Islands, as indicated by travel industry reports. Like other islands in the region, St. Croix allows travelers to see without needing passport formalities. Those seeking tranquility and serenity can immerse themselves in the local experience, spending time in traditional houses or thatch huts. This island stands out for its relatively low pollution levels compared to its counterparts, offering visitors a serene and peaceful environment.

<p>Each generation has its quirks. Most label it as an “old person thing” when asked why grandpa or grandma does something unusual. The defense from the other side is that “it was the way things were back in our day.” With that in mind, here are some things that Boomers do that millennials find annoying....</p> <p><a class="more-link" href="https://becausemomsays.com/from-ok-boomer-to-ugh-boomer-10-habits-that-irritate-millennials/">Read More</a></p> <p><a rel="nofollow" href="https://becausemomsays.com/from-ok-boomer-to-ugh-boomer-10-habits-that-irritate-millennials/">From ‘OK Boomer’ to ‘Ugh Boomer’: 10 Habits That Irritate Millennials</a> first appeared on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://becausemomsays.com">Because Mom Says</a></p>

“No Boomers Allowed”: 15 States Where Retirees Are NOT Welcome

If you’re planning a significant change during retirement, it’s crucial to think about the kind of home you desire and the aspects you should steer clear of. “If you’re thinking about making a big move in retirement, it’s important to consider what characteristics you want in your new home and which ones to avoid at all costs,” suggests experts. To assist you, we’ve compiled a catalog of the 15 least favorable states for retirement.

<p>Looking back on the childhood of the boomer generation, it becomes evident that certain things once considered appropriate would never pass today’s standards. The cultural landscape has evolved significantly, leading us to recognize 16 aspects of their upbringing that would be deemed wholly unacceptable today. From unsupervised outdoor adventures to unfiltered television content, the boomer generation got away with various experiences that would undoubtedly raise eyebrows in today’s world. Let’s delve into these intriguing elements of their upbringing and reflect on how far society has come.</p>

16 UNACCEPTABLE THINGS BOOMERS GOT AWAY WITH IN THEIR YOUTH THAT WOULD SPARK OUTRAGE TODAY

Looking back on the childhood of the boomer generation, it becomes evident that certain things once considered appropriate would never pass today’s standards. The cultural landscape has evolved significantly, leading us to recognize 16 aspects of their upbringing that would be deemed wholly unacceptable today. From unsupervised outdoor adventures to unfiltered television content, the boomer generation got away with various experiences that would undoubtedly raise eyebrows in today’s world. Let’s delve into these intriguing elements of their upbringing and reflect on how far society has come.

<p>Name a better (or more bitter) feud than the boomer-millennial one. We’ll wait.  While cross-generation angst and disapproval is no new thing, the war between baby boomers and generation Y is a particularly bloody one. Both generations are known to have more than a few choice words about the other. Let’s look at why.  Climate Change...</p>  <p><a rel="nofollow" href="https://becausemomsays.com/reasons-millennials-boomers-cant-get-along/">The Great Separation: How 10 Reasons Are Fueling the Millennial-Boomer Divide</a> first appeared on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://becausemomsays.com">Because Mom Says</a></p>

STUCK IN THE 60S: 10 THINGS BABY BOOMERS REFUSE TO LET GO OF

Memories of the “good old days” keep us trapped in the past. Baby boomers love to retell tales of how it was “in my day.” At the same time, millennials will tell them to get with the times. Being stuck in a time warp from which they don’t want to snap out of, here are things that baby boomers still think are fantastic. STUCK IN THE 60S: 10 THINGS BABY BOOMERS REFUSE TO LET GO OF

<p>There’s no denying that society often moves in waves, with popular trends rising and falling. However, not everyone rides these waves. There are those who, for various reasons, refuse to get on board with certain popular things. Here, we explore some of these trends and the reasons people give for opting out. Smartphones While smartphones...</p>  <p><a rel="nofollow" href="https://becausemomsays.com/popular-trends-people-arent-buying-into/">Trend Resistors: 20 Popular Trends People Are Boldly Bypassing</a> first appeared on <a rel="nofollow" href="https://becausemomsays.com">Because Mom Says</a></p>

IT’S TIME TO LET GO: 30 OUTDATED BOOMER HOME TRENDS THAT DESPERATELY NEED TO BE SHOWN THE EXIT!

With the advances of social media, home trends, décor, and fads change faster than ever before. While some trends become instant classics, others can be redundant, unsensible, or just downright hideous. In a popular online forum, users shared the home fads they’re tired of seeing. We’ve compiled a list of these most disliked home décor fads, so grab a cup of coffee, and let’s look into these less-than-inspiring home design options!

vaccinations for travel by country

BOOMERS FED UP: THE NEVER-ENDING SAGA OF MILLENNIAL BLAME FOR FINANCIAL FAILURES – ENOUGH IS ENOUGH!

Millennials look at their current economic situation with despair. The feeling amongst them is that the boomers are the cause of their woes. Boomers are considered to be a group of individuals who are self-serving, greedy, and short-sighted. But is this the case?

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St. Lucia Introduces New Entry Requirement for Visitors

Travelers to the Caribbean Island of St. Lucia will need to complete a new digital form ahead of arrival.

Starting Wednesday, travelers to the Caribbean Island of St. Lucia will need to complete a new digital form ahead of arrival.

The new Electronic Immigration Form, requires travelers to submit their itinerary and contact information within 72 hours of arrival. The form also asks the nature of travel, such as business, convention, wedding, or visiting friends. 

Despite the fact that St. Lucia removed all COVID-19 entry restrictions, the new form has several health related questions such as if a traveler has any symptoms or contact with someone who had a communicable disease. The form states that any false declarations will be fined XCD $1,000 (or $370 USD). 

The tourism department for St. Lucia shares on its website that they strongly encourage all travelers to submit the digital form within 3 days of arrival, but for those who do not submit in advance, they will be required to complete and submit a paper version on-site at the airport. 

“We have been listening to our nationals, visitors, and investors who are seeking seamless travel experiences backed by confidence in the management of the destination’s entry processes," assistant superintendent in charge of the Department of Immigration for the island, Sean Alexander, said in a statement provided to Travel + Leisure. " This is a unified approach, ensuring that our commitment to welcoming travelers is of a global standard.”

Travelers only need to submit one form on behalf of an entire family or group, and after submitting the form travelers will receive an emailed receipt with a QR Code to present to local authorities upon arriving, according to the government’s website. 

Testing out the form both on a desktop and mobile device, T+L found that the process was very responsive and straightforward. The island's tourism department points out that the form can even be completed upon an arriving flight with in-flight wifi, to help expedite the arrival process for passengers. 

Travelers looking to plan a trip to the island may want to consider checking out the upcoming St. Lucia Jazz & Arts Festival in May, or taking advantage of winter travel specials curated by the local tourism board, which include hotel discounts of up to 40% off.  

vaccinations for travel by country

How to check if you need a measles vaccine, as cases occur in Canada

vaccinations for travel by country

While most of Canada's current measles case have been linked to international travel, some in Quebec and one in Ontario have not, meaning the virus is being transmitted in communities. Eric Risberg/The Associated Press

The discovery of measles cases in several provinces is prompting public health officials to recommend Canadians check their vaccination status before travelling abroad.

Ten cases of measles have been confirmed in the Greater Montreal area over the past few weeks, while five cases have been reported in Ontario, and at least one in both B.C. and Saskatchewan.

While most of the cases have been linked to international travel, some in Quebec and one in Ontario have not, meaning the virus is being transmitted in communities.

The measles virus is airborne and highly communicable, with symptoms that at first mimic those of a cold or flu: fever, cough, runny nose and red, watery eyes. Around two to three days after symptoms begin, small white spots may appear inside the mouth and throat. Around three to seven days later, a rash develops on the face and spreads down the body, arms and legs. The incubation period is around 10 days, and those infected are contagious from four days prior to a rash appearing and four days after.

The virus can lead to serious complications, including pneumonia and respiratory failure. According to the Public Health Agency of Canada. about one in 1,000 people infected with measles will develop encephalitis, or brain inflammation, which can cause deafness, blindness and development disability in children.

One to three out of every 1,000 people with measles will die as a result of the disease.

Canada’s Chief Public Health Officer, Theresa Tam, has strongly advised Canadians to get vaccinated with two doses of the measles vaccine, especially before travelling. In 1998, measles was declared eliminated in Canada, meaning cases were no longer originating in this country. But this year, more than a dozen cases have been reported. In 2023, only 12 cases were reported for the entire year.

Preventing the spread of measles within a community requires 95 per cent of the population to be vaccinated. But measles vaccination coverage has dropped below that mark in the country, partly because of the disruption to routine childhood immunizations during the COVID-19 pandemic, Canada’s public health agency said.

Here’s what to know about checking your vaccine history and where to get a dose if needed.

How many doses of the vaccine should people get?

Both measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) and measles, mumps, rubella and varicella (MMRV) vaccines are available. The efficacy of a single dose given at 12 or 15 months of age is estimated to be 85 to 95 per cent. With a second dose, it’s nearly 100 per cent effective.

Unlike COVID-19 or the flu, the measles virus is stable and does not mutate. This means that people who had two doses as a child are still immune today, and people who have recovered from measles have permanent immunity.

Babies are one of the highest risk groups for measles and aren’t eligible for the vaccine until their first birthday. But infants who are six months to 11 months can get a dose of the MMR vaccine if they are travelling to an area with measles spread. Public health experts say caregivers should speak to a health professional to determine eligibility.

Two doses of the vaccine are recommended for routine childhood immunization. The first dose of either MMR or MMRV vaccine should be administered at 12 to 15 months of age, and the second dose at 18 months of age or any time before starting school (around four to six years old).

If a child or adolescent who is younger than 18 years old misses the routine vaccinations, they should receive two doses of the vaccine, administered at least four weeks apart.

Adults born after 1970

Adults born in or after 1970 should receive one dose of the vaccine. However, if travelling abroad, Canada’s public health agency recommends this age group receive a total of two doses. People who are pregnant should not get the MMR or MMRV vaccines because of the theoretical risk to the fetus.

Adults born before 1970

These adults can be presumed to have acquired natural immunity to measles because they likely were infected while the disease was endemic in Canada. If you know you did not have measles or have not been immunized and are travelling internationally, you can get one dose of the vaccine. The World Health Organization issued an alert in December about what it described as an “alarming” rise in measles cases in Europe.

Adults with greater risk of exposure

All adults who are at a greater risk of measles exposure – such as health care workers and military personnel – are recommended to get two doses of the MMR vaccines.

For more information, the government of Canada has a full breakdown of immunity criteria.

How to check your or your child’s vaccination records:

To obtain your vaccination records, contact your family doctor or any previous primary health care providers. You can also contact your local public health authority.

Where can I get a vaccine?

You can get the MMR or MMRV vaccine from your family doctor, provincial public health units or offices, and some pharmacies, depending on the province. Pharmacies in British Columbia, New Brunswick and Newfoundland currently offer the measles vaccine for adults and children four years and older.

I can’t find my vaccine records. What now?

Canada’s public health agency says that if you don’t remember whether you received a second dose, or if there’s any doubt, talk to a health care provider about getting a booster shot.

There is no harm in getting another dose of MMR vaccine even if it turns out you did have two shots, said Shelly Bolotin , director of the Centre for Vaccine Preventable Diseases at the University of Toronto’s Dalla Lana School of Public Health. “There’s no relationship between adverse events and more doses that you have. It’s a very, very, very safe vaccine.”

More reading:

André Picard: The return of measles is cause for concern – not disdain

Dr. Dawn Bowdish: Measles is not some harmless childhood infection

With reports from Carly Weeks, Frédérik-Xavier Duhamel and The Canadian Press

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West Virginia lawmakers OK bill drawing back one of the country's strictest child vaccination laws

West Virginia’s GOP-controlled state Legislature has voted to allow some students who don’t attend traditional public schools to be exempt from state vaccination requirements

CHARLESTON, W.Va. -- West Virginia's GOP-controlled state Legislature voted Saturday to allow some students who don't attend traditional public schools to be exempt from state vaccination requirements that have long been held up as among the most strict in the country.

The bill was approved despite the objections of Republican Senate Health and Human Resources Chair Mike Maroney, a trained doctor, who called the bill “an embarrassment” and said he believed lawmakers were harming the state.

“I took an oath to do no harm. There's zero chance I can vote for this bill,” Maroney said before the bill passed the Senate 18-12. The House already approved a version of the bill in February and swiftly approved the Senate bill on Saturday, the last day of the state's 60-day legislative session.

“It’s a bad bill for West Virginia, it’s a step backward. There’s no question, no question there will be negative effects," Maroney said. He added, “It’s an embarrassment for me to be a part of it, it should be an embarrassment to everybody.”

West Virginia, with some of the lowest life expectancy rates in the U.S. and a quarter of all children living in poverty, is one of only two states, along with California, that don't permit nonmedical exemptions to vaccinations as a condition for school entry.

Mississippi had the same policy until July, when a judge allowed people to start citing religious beliefs to seek exemptions from state-mandated vaccinations that children must receive before attending day care or school.

The new proposed vaccine law in West Virginia, which now heads to the desk of Republican Gov. Jim Justice, allows virtual public school students to be exempt and for private and parochial schools to institute their own policies either exempting students or not.

All students participating in West Virginia school activities that result in competition, including but not limited to sports, still need to be vaccinated.

The bill stipulates parents can’t sue private schools and school owners, administrators, boards and staffers for deciding whether to allow exemptions or not, as long as the school provides families with a notice for parents to sign acknowledging the policy annually and upon enrollment.

“I personally do not urge passage, but your health committee urged passage of this bill,” Maroney said before introducing the bill in the Senate.

The bill’s original intent, as introduced in the state House of Delegates, was to eliminate vaccine requirements for students in public virtual schools. It was expanded in a House committee to allow private schools to set their own vaccination standards, unless a student participates in sanctioned athletics.

The bill also created a religious exemption for any child whose parents or guardians present a letter stating the child cannot be vaccinated for religious reasons. That was taken out in the Senate.

During the Senate Health Committee meeting earlier this week, West Virginia University School of Medicine Professor Dr. Alvin Moss argued for the bill, saying the state's current compulsory vaccination policy is medically unethical because it doesn’t allow informed consent.

The number of parents who don't want their children to receive vaccinations is growing, Moss said.

In 2017, the anti-vaccine requirement group West Virginians for Health Freedom had 300 families included in his members. That number has grown to at least 3,000 members in 2024, Moss said.

Former West Virginia Republican Delegate Chanda Adkins, a group member, said during the meeting that religious families who don't want to vaccinate their children deserve to be able to live their convictions.

Former West Virginia Medical Association Dr. Lisa Costello disagreed, saying West Virginia’s current vaccine policy is the "gold standard" across the nation.

“West Virginia is seen as a national leader when it comes to our routine, child immunizations," she said, later adding, “Measles does not care if you go to private school or public school. Measles does not differentiate depending on where you go to school."

West Virginia law requires children to receive vaccines for chickenpox, hepatitis-b, measles, meningitis, mumps, diphtheria, polio, rubella, tetanus and whooping cough, unless they receive a medical exemption. West Virginia does not require COVID-19 vaccinations.

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  1. Travel Health » Raffles Medical Group

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  2. How important are travel vaccinations?

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  3. COVID-19 vaccinations: What′s the progress?

    vaccinations for travel by country

  4. Travel Vaccinations

    vaccinations for travel by country

  5. Vaccinations for Traveling Abroad

    vaccinations for travel by country

  6. The countries producing the most vaccines, and more trends in this week

    vaccinations for travel by country

COMMENTS

  1. Need travel vaccines? Plan ahead.

    Many diseases prevented by routine vaccination are not common in the United States but are still common in other countries. Check CDC's destination pages for travel health information . Check CDC's webpage for your destination to see what vaccines or medicines you may need and what diseases or health risks are a concern at your destination.

  2. Think Travel Vaccine Guide

    Vaccination (with oral or injectable vaccines): Recommended for travelers going to a country that is endemic for typhoid.--Administer injectable vaccine at least 2 weeks before travel.--Complete 4 doses of oral vaccine (taken 2 days apart) at least 10 days before travel.

  3. Vaccination Requirements by Country

    South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. NO, no vaccinations are required. Check visa requirements, application forms and more for trips to South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. South Sudan. YES! Vaccination Certificate for Yellow Fever Required if arriving from an infected area within 5 days.

  4. Your Travel Vaccine Checklist

    The traveler's health section of the CDC web site has extensive information about which vaccines are recommended or required for each country, special travel alerts, a travel clinic locator, and ...

  5. Vaccines

    Vaccines. Vaccination is the administration of agent-specific, but safe, antigenic components that in vaccinated individuals can induce protective immunity against the corresponding infectious agent. Before departure, travelers should have a medical consultation to learn about the risk of disease in the country or countries they plan to visit ...

  6. Destinations

    If you need help finding travel information: Call CDC-INFO (1-800-232-4636) Email CDC-INFO. Message & data rates may apply.

  7. Vaccines for Travelers

    The vaccines you need to get before traveling will depend on few things, including: Where you plan to travel . Some countries require proof of vaccination for certain diseases, like yellow fever or polio. And traveling in developing countries and rural areas may bring you into contact with more diseases, which means you might need more vaccines ...

  8. Which Vaccinations Are Required for Travel?

    That's why, generally, she sends travelers to the CDC's website, which outlines exactly what additional vaccines you may need for essentially every country in the world. All you have to do is ...

  9. Vaccination requirements and recommendations for international

    The country list is a compilation of key information to facilitate safe international travel. The information provided for each country includes any State health requirements as well as WHO recommendations for yellow fever vaccination, polio vaccination, and malaria prophylaxis.

  10. Travel Vaccines to Protect Your Family

    Protect your child and family when traveling in the United States or abroad by: Getting the shots required for all countries you and your family plan to visit during your trip. Making sure you and your family are up-to-date on all routine U.S. vaccines. Staying informed about travel notices and alerts and how they can affect your family's ...

  11. What Vaccines Do I Need for Travel?

    Non-routine vaccinations required for travel to some countries Staying up to date on typical vaccines like those for COVID-19, flu, tetanus and hepatitis A and B is a smart choice for everyone.

  12. Travelers' Health

    CDC Travelers' Health Branch provides updated travel information, notices, and vaccine requirements to inform international travelers and provide guidance to the clinicians who serve them. ... Learn about CDC's Traveler Genomic Surveillance Program that detects new COVID-19 variants entering the country. Sign up to get travel notices ...

  13. Travel advice

    Air travel advice. Air travel exposes passengers to a number of factors that may have an impact on health. Some medical conditions and lifestyle choices may affect the safety and comfort of air travel and should be considered before planning a trip. Sea travel advice. Travelling by sea, whether on a short voyage on a small vessel or a lengthy ...

  14. Vaccination requirements for international travel

    From some countries. Travellers who wish to enter or leave certain countries must be vaccinated against polio, usually at most twelve months and at least four weeks before crossing the border, and be able to present a vaccination record/certificate at the border checks. [3] : 25-27 Most requirements apply only to travel to or from so-called ...

  15. Where can I travel to? Travel Restrictions by Country

    Many countries are reopening their borders for international travel. Find out which countries are open to vaccinated travelers. Just enter your departure country above - the map will update to reflect countries' opening status and any entry requirements for air travelers. Before you book, be sure to double check your country's official ...

  16. COVID-19 international travel advisories

    COVID-19 testing and vaccine rules for entering the U.S. As of May 12, 2023, noncitizen nonimmigrant visitors to the U.S. arriving by air or arriving by land or sea no longer need to show proof of being fully vaccinated against COVID-19. As of June 12, 2022, people entering the U.S. no longer need to show proof of a negative COVID-19 test. U.S. citizens traveling to a country outside the U.S.

  17. Immunisation for travel

    When to get vaccinated. You should consult your doctor or visit a travel health clinic 6 to 12 weeks before you leave Australia. It is important to see your doctor early. If you do need vaccinations: your body needs time to develop full immunity. you may need several doses of a vaccine to achieve full immunity.

  18. Travel vaccinations

    Some countries require proof of vaccination (for example, for polio or yellow fever vaccination), which must be documented on an International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis (ICVP) before you enter or when you leave a country. ... Not all travel vaccinations are available free on the NHS, even if they're recommended for travel to a ...

  19. Vaccination for international travellers

    Travel vaccines — those relevant for travelling — include all relevant vaccines, not just the ones that prevent diseases that most commonly occur overseas. Do not recommend a vaccine based only on the destination country, because there is no single 'correct' list of vaccines for travel to any particular country.

  20. Travel vaccinations

    Travel vaccinations. When travelling outside Canada, you may be at risk for a number of vaccine preventable illnesses. You should consult a health care provider or visit a travel health clinic preferably six weeks before you travel. This is an opportunity to: review your immunization history. make sure your provincial/territorial vaccination ...

  21. PDF International Travel and Health

    6.1.7 Choice of vaccines for travel Vaccines for travellers include: (1) routine vaccines for review before travelling, (2) vaccines for certain destinations and (3) vaccines demanded by certain countries. Pre-travel precautions should include booster doses of routine vaccines if the regular schedule has not been followed

  22. Vaccine Recommendations by AOR

    A summary of vaccinations recommended for travel into each Combatant Command's area of responsibility. The page includes a link to CDC's travel notices to inform travelers and clinicians about current health issues related to specific destinations. ... Required if you are residing in / traveling to a designated NH vaccine country by the WHO ...

  23. Traveling Internationally Over Spring Break? Make An ...

    For most countries, getting vaccinations ahead of time is not required but it's highly recommended. We advise being up to date on all the routine vaccines. In addition to that, there are a couple travel specific vaccines we may suggest. Potential vaccines: The typhoid vaccine is recommended in areas that do not have clean drinking water. This ...

  24. How Americans View the Coronavirus, COVID-19 Vaccines Amid Declining

    Age differences within the GOP run in the same direction, but are much more modest, reflecting, in part, low overall levels of vaccine uptake. How COVID-19 vaccination varies by race and ethnicity. Similar shares of White (28%), Black (29%) and Hispanic (27%) adults say they have gotten the updated vaccine.

  25. 15 Countries Where You Can Travel Without a Passport

    The Statue of Liberty and the National Mall are moving tributes to America's past. For American citizens traveling internationally, possessing a passport is generally a requirement to enter ...

  26. St. Lucia Introduces New Entry Requirement for Visitors

    Updated on March 3, 2023. Starting Wednesday, travelers to the Caribbean Island of St. Lucia will need to complete a new digital form ahead of arrival. The new Electronic Immigration Form ...

  27. Vaccination requirements and recommendations for international

    The country list is a compilation of key information to facilitate safe international travel. The country list is a compilation of key information to facilitate safe international travel. Global; ... Vaccination requirements and recommendations for international travellers; and malaria situation per country - 2022 edition ...

  28. How to check if you need a measles vaccine, as cases occur in Canada

    Canada's Chief Public Health Officer, Theresa Tam, has strongly advised Canadians to get vaccinated with two doses of the measles vaccine, especially before travelling. In 1998, measles was ...

  29. West Virginia lawmakers OK bill drawing back one of the country's

    The number of parents who don't want their children to receive vaccinations is growing, Moss said. In 2017, the anti-vaccine requirement group West Virginians for Health Freedom had 300 families ...

  30. China to extend visa exemption to six European countries

    Kyodo News via Getty Images. CNN —. It's about to get easier for some foreign travelers to visit China, with the government announcing plans to extend its visa exemption policy to six ...